青少年学生性生理、性心理发展现状研究

目的 :研究青少年学生性生理和性心理发展的现状及其规律。方法 :采用统一编制的《初中学生性心理教育状况调查表》和《高中学生性心理教育状况调查表》 ,采用分层抽样方法 ,对浙江省杭州市(市区及淳安县 )和上虞市 8所中学的 2 10 7名学生进行问卷调查。结果 :青少年学生性生理发展表现为 :(1)女生月经初潮平均年龄为 13 0 8岁 ,男生首次遗精平均年龄为 14 15岁 ;(2 )我国学生手淫行为发生率和手淫频率较国外学生低 ,但有手淫行为的学生却体验到较多消极情绪 ;(3 )学生性冲动已具一定强度。青少年学生性心理发展表现为 :①有较广泛的异性交往愿望和交往范围 ;②与异性性交往的意愿远高于实际发生率。上述发展存在着性别差别。结论 :中学生性生理发育正常 ,在性心理方面存在积极情绪 ,尤其对手淫、性冲动的认知和异性交往等问题较多     

485名大学生性知识调查

本文对我校本科生95级254人,97级231人,其中女生136人,男生349人,进行了性知识调查。采用问卷法,内容包括:对性知识想了解的内容、性行为情况、对性欲的理解、择偶标准等。结果表明:1.95级学生对性知识想了解的内容中性心理占70.87%,异性交往占61.42%,性生理占52.76%,性道...     

马基雅维利主义对攻击行为的影响:同伴信念的中介作用

目的:考察马基雅维利主义与青少年攻击行为的关系,以及同伴信念在其中的中介作用。方法:采用整群抽样法选取553名青少年为被试,采用自我报告法分别测量马基雅维利主义、同伴信念和攻击行为。结果:1马基雅维利主义、同伴信念和攻击行为均存在显著的性别差异,男生的马基雅维利主义、攻击行为显著高于女生,同伴信念低于女生;2马基雅维利主义显著预测攻击行为,且同伴信念在马基雅维利主义与攻击行为之间起到部分中介作用;3同伴信念的中介效应存在性别差异,男生同伴信念对马基雅维利主义与攻击行为关系的中介效应显著大于女生。结论:青少年攻击行为与马基雅维利主义有关,且男生的同伴信念在马基雅维利主义与攻击行为之间起到部分中介作用。     

南京城区儿童青少年功能性躯体化症状及其相关因素

目的:调查南京城区6~16岁在校儿童青少年功能性躯体化症状(FSS)的发生率及其影响因素。方法:采取分层整群随机抽样法,采用自编一般情况调查表和Achenbach儿童行为量表(Child Behavior Checklist,CBCL)对南京市6个区7017名在校儿童进行评估。结果:(1)功能性躯体化症状的总检出率为7.6%;(2)6~11岁与12~16岁年龄组、男生与女生组的功能性躯体化症状的检出率差异有统计学意义(χ~2=49.329,48.883;均P0.001);(3)家庭结构(χ~2=36.460,P=0.000)、教养方式(χ~2=13.628,P=0.009)、与家人关系(χ~2=14.984,P=0.001)、与周围人关系(χ~2=37.679,P=0.000)显著影响着儿童FSS的发生率;(4)Logistic回归分析结果显示,矛盾型的教养方式(OR=0.911,95%CI:0841~0.987)、不和睦的家庭关系(Or=0.780,95%CI:0.614~0.992)、不和睦的老师/同学关系(ORF=0.684,95%CI:0.549~0.852)是儿童青少年功能性躯体化症状的危险因素。结论:(1)南京城区儿童青少年的功能性躯体化症状的检出率为7.6%,小年龄组的儿童比大年龄组的表现出更多的躯体化症状,男生比女生表现出更多的躯体化症状;(2)教养方式、与家人和周围人关系是儿童青少年功能性躯体化症状的主要预测指标。     

中学生性心理调查及健康教育

中学生正处于青春发育期 ,对性有着朦胧好奇心理 ,即身心发展错综复杂的“危机期”。我国传统教育性学是个禁区 ,青少年得不到良好的性知识教育。为了弄清中学生性心理特点及存在的问题 ,我们对五所中学的部分学生进行了问卷调查。1　一般资料调查 2 0 1 0人 ,实得完整资料 1 786份 ,其中男 1 1 2 8份 ,女 658份 ;年龄最小 1 1岁 ,最大 2 0岁 ,平均 1 5.75岁。2　调查结果2 .1　男生首次遗精在 1 2～ 2 0岁之间 ,平均 1 5.0 3± 1 .1 5岁 ;女生月经初潮在 1 1～ 1 9岁之间 ,平均 1 4 .64± 1 .2 8岁。性愚昧无知 3 68人 (占 2 0 .60 % ) ,如…     

非适应性认知对青少年网络成瘾间接效应的性别特异性研究

目的:以往研究表明,男性比女性更容易发生网络成瘾行为,但是该性别特异性的心理机制却少有涉及。本研究通过建立非适应性认知对青少年网络成瘾影响的动机中介模型,考察该模型中各变量及模型本身的性别差异。方法:采用整群抽样的方法抽取1148名初中生为被试,匿名填写网络成瘾问卷、非适应性认知问卷、网络使用危险动机问卷。结果:(1)非适应性认知、危险动机与青少年网络成瘾显著正相关,并且该相关关系存在性别一致性。(2)男生的非适应性认知、危险动机及网络成瘾得分均显著高于女生。(3)非适应性认知通过危险动机的中介作用间接影响网络成瘾,并且该间接效应存在性别差异。具体而言,非适应性认知对网络成瘾的直接影响男生显著强于女生,男生的非适应性认知显著预测网络成瘾,而女生的非适应性认知对网络成瘾的影响不显著;危险动机对网络成瘾的影响存在显著性别差异,危险动机对女生网络成瘾的影响显著强于男生;非适应性认知对危险动机的影响性别差异不显著。结论:针对青少年网络成瘾的预防和干预需要考虑性别特异性因素的作用。     

学校认同与青少年领导力的关系：自尊的中介作用及其性别差异

目的:探讨学校认同与青少年领导力的关系及自尊的中介作用与性别差异。方法:采用学校认同问卷、二维自尊量表、青少年领导力问卷,对湖南、湖北、广东三省的部分中学初一至高二年级学生共789人进行调查。结果:(1)学校认同与青少年领导力正相关,对青少年领导力具有显著的正向预测作用。(2)自尊在青少年学校认同与其领导力之间有部分中介作用。(3)男女生的自尊在学校认同与其领导力之间均有部分中介作用,但女生中介作用的效应量(51.2%)占比大于男生(39.8%)。结论:学校认同可通过激发青少年自尊进而促进其领导力发展;且女生的这种影响效应更大些。     

安徽省某县农村中学生生活事件与自尊的关系

目的:了解农村中学生的生活事件、自尊及二者的关系。方法:采用自尊量表(SES)、青少年自评生活事件量表(ASLEC)和自编调查表,对整群抽取的安徽省无为县两所中学的2489名中学生(男1319名,女1170名)进行调查。结果:农村中学生中存在低自尊问题者472人,占19·0%。男生低自尊比例低于女生(15·7%对22·6%,χ2=19·52,P<0·01),不同年级间低自尊男生检出率分布不均(χ2=20·20,P<0·01),初一到初三年级,低自尊者的百分比分别为15·2%、15·4%和19·7%;高一到高三分别为23·0%,18·8%和25·6%。低自尊的中学生生活事件量表6个因子分和应激总分均高于高自尊的中学生(如应激总分51·7±12·1/45·8±11·3,t=9·55,P<0·01)。多元Logist回归分析显示,可能影响中学生自尊的因素有人际关系因子、学习压力因子、性别等(偏回归系数分别为0·045、0·127、0·571)。结论:农村中学生存在一定程度的自尊问题,生活事件和自尊有关。     

父母严厉管教与青少年学业成绩的关系:青少年自我表露的中介作用

目的:探讨父母严厉管教、青少年自我表露与青少年学业成绩之间的关系。方法:采用中文版亲子冲突解决策略量表和青少年自我表露问卷对469名初中生进行测查,并收集其半年后的学业成绩。结果:(1)男生遭受的父亲严厉管教及母亲体罚的频繁性均显著高于女生;(2)女生对父母自我表露的程度及其学业成绩均显著高于男生;(3)父亲和母亲的心理攻击及体罚与青少年自我表露和青少年学业成绩均呈显著负相关,青少年自我表露与青少年学业成绩呈显著正相关;(4)青少年自我表露在父亲和母亲的心理攻击及体罚与青少年半年后的学业成绩之间均起中介作用,并且中介作用模型不存在性别差异。结论:父母严厉管教可通过青少年自我表露间接影响青少年学业成绩。     

青少年强迫现象及其发展特点

目的 :探讨青少年强迫现象及其发展特点。方法 :以班为单位用 L OI- CV调查北京市四所中学六个年级 72个班的学生 ,收回有效问卷 31 85份。平均年龄 1 4 .68± 1 .75岁 ,男生占 52 .2 %。结果 :中学生L OI- CV是 /否得分 :男 8.65± 3.56,女 8.61± 3.40 ;干扰分 :男 9.42± 7.42 ,女 8.50± 6.97。整齐清洁因子是 /否分女生高于男生 (F3 1 0 4,1 =1 3.85,P<0 .0 0 1 )而检查重复因子男生高于女生 (F3 1 1 5,1 =1 5.52 ,P<0 .0 0 1 )。总干扰分男生高于女生 (P<0 .0 5) ,年级对总干扰分及其四个因子的主效应均达显著性水平(F3 0 76～ 3 0 92 ,5=3.0 2～ 1 8.59,P<0 .0 5)。强迫症状总检出率为 1 3.6% ,且男生高于女生 (χ2 =5.40 ,P<0 .0 5)。男生各年级间强迫症状检出率的差异具有显著性 (χ2 =2 2 .81 ,df=5,P<0 .0 1 ) ,女生年级间的差异无显著性(χ2 =5.50 ,P>0 .0 5)。结论 :中学生普遍存在强迫性体验 ,男生以检查与重复内容多见 ,女生以整齐与清洁内容的几率较高。强迫现象具有随年龄增长而呈似‘W’型的发展曲线。强迫症状总检出率为 1 3.6% ,具有在新入学和即将毕业的年级学生中较高的特点 ,提示在中学开展心理健康教育干预是非常必要和紧迫的     

Risk factors for wheezing in early adolescence: a prospective birth cohort study in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Many asthma studies are available in the literature, but few investigated whether risk factors for asthma differ by sex. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate risk factors for wheezing in early adolescence, with emphasis on sex differences. METHODS: A prospective birth cohort study was initiated in 1993; 87.5% of the original cohort was traced at 11 years, totaling 4,452 adolescents. Current wheezing was defined as at least 1 crisis in the previous 12 months. The following independent variables were analyzed: maternal smoking during pregnancy, wheezing at 4 years, maternal wheezing, and adolescent body mass index. RESULTS: Current wheezing affected 13.5% (95% confidence interval [CI], 12.4%-14.5%) of the cohort. The prevalence of current wheezing was 15.3% (95% CI, 13.7%-16.8%) in boys and 11.7% (95% CI, 10.4%-13.1%) in girls (P < .001). Maternal smoking was related to an increased risk of wheezing for boys but not for girls. There was a significant tracking of wheezing from 4 to 11 years in both sexes, although the magnitude was stronger for boys. A dose-response association between maternal wheezing and adolescent wheezing was observed in boys but not in girls. Finally, obesity was associated with an increased risk of wheezing in boys but not in girls. CONCLUSIONS: The variables explored in this investigation had a stronger effect on adolescent wheezing in boys than in girls. Public health strategies aimed at minimizing the burden of wheezing should take these sex differences into account.     

北京市部分高中生性状况初步调查及其与亲子依恋的关系

目的:调查北京市部分高中生性发育状况及其性行为和性态度与亲子依恋的关系。方法:对北京市两所学校847名高中生用自编青少年性状况信息调查表和修订的青少年-父母依恋问卷(IPPA)进行调查。结果:研究对象报告第一次月经初潮/遗精的平均年龄分别为男生13.2岁,女生12.7岁;性行为发生率为3.3%(男生16人,女生12人),第一次发生性行为的平均年龄为16.0岁;谈恋爱人数占到39.1%;研究对象获取性信息的主要途径为朋友38.8%,科普书籍和报纸24.5%,学校的有关课程(老师)15.8%。在看待同龄人的性态度以及自身性行为方面男生比女生对同龄人性行为持更赞同的态度(14.4±3.9/16.7±3.2,5.8±1.41/5.5±1.1,t=-8.88、3.26,P<0.01)。与父母亲情感依恋不安全的高中生相比,与父亲和母亲都是安全依恋的高中生对同龄人性行为持显著不赞同态度;其自身性行为水平也显著低于前者。结论:北京市部分高中生的性行为和性态度与亲子依恋有关,但关系微弱。     

Lower mother-to-child HIV-1 transmission in boys is independent of type of delivery and antiretroviral prophylaxis: the Italian Register for HIV Infection in Children

The relationship between infant's gender and rate of HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) was evaluated in a prospective cohort of 4151 children (2166 boys and 1985 girls) born to HIV-1-infected mothers enrolled in the Italian Register for HIV Infection in Children. Logistic regression models were performed to estimate crude odds ratios (ORs) and adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and 95% CIs for factors potentially influencing MTCT separately for the period 1985-1995 and the period 1996-2001. To evaluate rates of MTCT by gender in specific subgroups, separate logistic regression models by mode of delivery and antiretroviral prophylaxis were performed. Among children born in 1985-1995, 15.5% boys (95% CI: 13.6-17.7) and 17.9% girls (95% CI: 15.7-20.3) were infected (P = 0.1181). After 1995, a lower proportion of boys (3.1% [95% CI: 2.0-4.4]; AOR: 0.43 [95% CI: 0.26-0.71], P = 0.0008) than girls (AOR: 6.3%, 95% CI: 4.8-8.1) was infected. Lower AORs for boys persisted independently of elective cesarean delivery (AOR: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.14-0.71); other than elective cesarean (AOR: 0.38, 95% CI: 0.19-0.78) and antiretroviral prophylaxis (zidovudine monotherapy (AOR: 0.11, 95% CI: 0.03-0.38); none (AOR: 0.43, 95% CI: 0.21-0.90). No difference was observed when combined therapy in the mother was administered (AOR: 1.14, 95% CI: 0.30-4.32), but results were likely to be biased by the very low rate of infected children in this group. A lower proportion of HIV-1-infected boys in children born after 1995 was found. Factor(s) intrinsic to gender (rather than type of delivery or maternal antiretroviral prophylaxis) may be involved, because the risk of infection in boys was lower independent of interventions. A possible explanation is that, among infected fetuses, more girls survive up to the end of pregnancy and may take advantage of the benefits of preventive strategies.     

Influence of male sex and parental allergic disease on childhood wheezing: role of interactions

BACKGROUND: Boys have been reported to be more susceptible to childhood wheezing, whereas girls are more susceptible later in life. This difference might be related to both genetic and environmental factors. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the influence of male sex and parental allergic disease on the development of childhood wheezing. METHODS: Infants (n=4089) born in Stockholm were recruited in a prospective study, BAMSE. Data on parental allergic diseases were obtained from questionnaires answered at the children's birth and on symptoms of wheezing at 1, 2 and 4 years of age. Sensitization to inhalant allergens and lung function was investigated at the age of 4 years. RESULTS: Children were classified as having recurrent, transient (n=266), early-onset persistent (n=319) and late-onset wheezing (n=195). Boys were over-represented in all groups of wheezing (odds ratio, OR=1.4-1.5) and both maternal and paternal allergic disease was of importance for the wheezing outcomes. A dominating influence from maternal allergic disease was only seen in children with persistent wheezing. An interaction exceeding additivity was found between male sex and parental allergic disease, particularly in children with persistent wheezing (OR=2.9 and 95% confidence interval, CI 95% 2.1-4.0 for boys with any parental history vs. OR=1.4, CI 95% 1.0-2.1 for girls). Interaction between male sex and parental allergic disease was also observed in children who wheezed at the age of 4 years and were sensitized to inhalant allergens. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest an interaction between male sex and parental allergic disease in childhood wheezing, which may represent a sex-specific genetic influence.     

Genetic and Environmental Factors in Breakfast Eating Patterns

Despite many studies on the prevalence of breakfast eating, we know little about factors that determine breakfast eating patterns. Our aim was to find out to which extent breakfast eating frequency is influenced by genetic and environmental factors using twin and twin-family models in a population sample of 16-year-old twins (n = 5250) and their parents (n = 4663). In common effects sex-limitation models, additive genetic effects explained 41% (95% CI: 21-63%) of the variance in breakfast eating in girls and 66% (95% CI: 47-79%) in boys, and common environmental effects 45% (95% CI: 23-62%) in girls and 14% (95% CI: 5-29%) in boys. Of twin-family models, phenotypic assortment models fitted the data best. Heritability estimates increased somewhat (72%, 95% CI: 46-98% in girls and 63%, 95% CI: 38-89%) in boys. Common family environment remained substantial in both sexes. Cultural transmission was nonsignificant. The relative influence of genetic and family factors on adolescent breakfast eating frequency differs by sex and is generation-specific.     

Gender differences in adherence and metabolic control in urban youth with poorly controlled type 1 diabetes: the mediating role of mental health symptoms

OBJECTIVE: To examine gender differences in adherence and metabolic control and test the mediating role of mental health symptoms in a sample of predominantly African-American, low-income youth with chronically poor metabolic control. METHODS: Baseline questionnaire data from an intervention study were collected from 119 youth and their primary caregiver. RESULTS: Boys had worse adherence than girls, but there were no gender differences in hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C). Boys had more externalizing symptoms, whereas girls had more anxiety; there were no gender differences in depression. Externalizing symptoms were associated with poor adherence and metabolic control. Although anxiety was correlated with poor adherence, this relationship was not significant in the invariate analysis. Results of structural equation modeling (SEM) suggested that externalizing symptoms mediated the relationship between gender and adherence. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that gender differences in adherence may be attributed, in part, to gender differences in externalizing symptoms in urban youth with poor metabolic control. Interventions targeting these symptoms may be necessary to improve adherence and HbA1C in both boys and girls.     

Higher in utero and perinatal HIV infection risk in girls than boys

OBJECTIVE: This study analyzed mother-to-child HIV transmission rates by sex and exposure time for babies born to HIV-infected, untreated African women. METHODS: Data were analyzed from 2 independent studies done in Malawi during the 1990s. Infections were established by polymerase chain reaction on blood samples. Odds ratios (ORs) for transmission were examined by period at risk: in utero (infected in umbilical cord blood), perinatal (infected in 1st postnatal blood > or =4 weeks), and postnatal (later postnatal infection). RESULTS: Among 1394 singleton births, girls were more likely to become infected than boys. For in utero transmission, the OR was 1.4 (95% CI: 0.9 to 2.2). For transmission during early life (umbilical cord blood not available) the OR was 2.7 (95% CI: 1.5 to 4.9). However, transmission risks in the perinatal and postnatal infection periods did not differ in boys and girls. Among 303 tested twin-birth pairs, girls were at higher risk than boys for in utero (OR: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.2 to 5.8) and perinatal (OR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.0 to 3.7) infection. Recognized mother-to-child transmission risk factors did not explain the higher risk of infection in girls. CONCLUSIONS: Girls were at higher risk of early (in utero and perinatal) HIV infection than boys. It is proposed that minor histocompatibility reactions between maternal lymphocytes and infant Y chromosome-derived antigens reduce the risk of HIV transmission in boys.     

家长对高中生异性交往的态度和做法

目的：研究家长对高中生异性交往的态度和做法，提高家长的指导子女异性交往的能力。方法：在广东番禺中学随机选取3个高中教学班，对学生家长(有效样本136个)采用自编问卷进行调查。结果：家长对高中生性心理特点的认识水平较低，对异性交往、青春期恋爱和婚前性行为的部分态度做法不当；相对年轻、受教育程度较高、相关认识正确的家长．在态度和做法上更加恰当；母亲比父亲做法更恰当。结论：家长的受教育水平、接受新事物的能力和富于母爱是恰当性教育的促进因素。     

Preconception sex selection for non-medical reasons:a representative survey from Germany

BACKGROUND: Preconception sex selection for non-medical reasons raises serious moral, legal and social issues. The main concern is based on the assumption that a freely available service for sex selection will distort the natural sex ratio and lead to a severe gender imbalance. However, for a severe gender imbalance to happen, at least two conditions have to be met. First, there must be a significant preference for children of a particular sex, and second, there must be a considerable demand for preconception sex selection. To ascertain whether or not these two conditions are met, we have conducted a survey in Germany. METHODS: As a representative sample of the German population, 1094 men and women aged 18-45 years were asked about their gender preferences and whether or not they could imagine selecting the sex of their children through flow cytometric separation of X- and Y-bearing sperm followed by intrauterine insemination. RESULTS: 58% of respondents stated that they do not care about the sex of their offspring. 30% wish to have a family with an equal number of boys and girls. 4% would like to have more boys than girls, 3% more girls than boys, 1% only boys and 1% only girls. For first-borns, however, there is still a preference for boys over girls. While 75.6% claimed to have no gender preference, 14.2% would like their first child to be a boy and 10.1% would like their first child to be a girl. Whereas 6% could imagine taking advantage of preconception sex selection, 92% found this to be out of the question. Even in the hypothetical case that a medication for sex selection were ever to become available, 90% stated that they would not want to use it. CONCLUSION: Given that a majority does not seem to care about the sex of their offspring and only a minority seem to be willing to select the sex of their children, a freely available service for preconception sex selection for non-medical reasons is rather unlikely to cause a severe gender imbalance in Germany.     

咸宁市中学生交往行为调查

目的 :探讨中学生与其父母、老师及同学间的交往行为特点。方法 :对咸宁市 185 0名初中学生进行自拟问卷调查。结果 :中学生在与其父母、老师及同学间不良交往行为问题检出率分别为 12 3 %、1 9%和 3 8% ,且男生都显著高于女生 (P <0 0 1)。独生子女与非独生子女的不良交往行为问题检出率无显著性差别 (P >0 0 5 )。城镇中学生与同学间不良交往行为问题检出率显著高于农村中学生 (P <0 0 1)。非父母亲生中学生与其父母及老师间的不良交往行为问题检出率显著高于父母亲生中学生 (P <0 0 1)。结论 :中学生不良交往行为存在性别差异 ,并提示男生较女生提前进入社会角色倾向 ,城镇中学生和农村中学生在与同学间的不良交往行为存在差异 ,可能受不同经济、文化及家庭环境的影响 ,亲子关系是影响中学生交往行为的重要因素之一