双向调节蛋白与肿瘤的相关性研究进展

双向调节蛋白(amphiregulin,AREG)参与机体生理性发育及肿瘤病理性演进过程,特别是在肿瘤细胞的增殖、凋亡、迁移、侵袭等方面有着重要的调控作用。越来越多的研究结果表明,AREG的表达与肿瘤病人的预后及药物疗效预测相关。本文就AREG的结构、功能及在肿瘤发生发展中的相关研究作一综述。     

Oestrogen receptor and epidermal growth factor receptor expression in male breast carcinoma.

Male breast carcinomas are probably hormone-dependent, but receptor studies are few because this is a relatively rare tumour. We have studied 21 cases of male breast carcinoma immunohistochemically for oestrogen receptor (ER) and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression employing the antibodies ER-ICA and 12E on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded material. In our series, 86 per cent of male breast cancers were ER-positive and 76 per cent were EGFR-positive. Male breast carcinomas do not exhibit the inverse correlation between ER and EGFR expression that characterizes female breast carcinomas. Owing to the limitations of a small series, we were unable to comment on the relationship between ER and EGFR expression and patient survival. However, the relatively high incidence of ER expression may provide a growth advantage for this tumour in a male environment characterized by low levels of oestrogen. In addition, high EGFR expression may also contribute to a poor prognosis independent of ER status.     

Immunohistochemical evaluation of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 and estrogen and progesterone receptors in invasive breast cancer in women

Introduction

Estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) expression are crucial in the biology of breast carcinoma. HER-2/neu gene is amplified and overexpressed in 15-30% of invasive breast cancers. HER-2-positive breast cancers have worse prognosis than HER-2 negative tumors and possess distinctive clinical features. The aim of this study was to assess the expression of HER2 in cancer tissue of patients with invasive breast cancer in correlation with tumor type, histological grade, tumor size, lymph node status, and expression of estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor.

Material and methods

Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from 40 patients with invasive HER-2-positive breast cancer and from 191 patients with HER-2-negative breast cancer were used in this study. HER2 expression was determined using the test HerceptTest™ DAKO.

Results

Among 231 cases of breast cancer, 18 invasive lobular carcinomas and 213 invasive ductal carcinomas were diagnosed. Sixty percent of HER-2-positive breast cancers were ER-positive compared with 77% in the HER-2-negative group (p = 0.002). The expression of PR was observed in 43% of HER-2-positive breast cancers and in 72% of HER2-negative tumors (p = 0.003). Excessive expression of HER2 protein was detected in 60% of patients positive for estrogen receptors, which may worsen prognosis in these patients.

Conclusions

Determination of HER2 overexpression in breast cancer patients, allows for a determination of a group of patients with a worse prognosis.     

Transforming growth factor alpha and epidermal growth factor in human pancreatic cancer.

Overexpression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been reported as an important molecular abnormality in human pancreatic cancer. There is in vitro evidence that simultaneous overproduction of one of its ligands, transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha), might result in an autocrine loop with an increased proliferation signal. We analysed by immunocytochemical staining a retrospective series of human pancreatic cancers, chronic pancreatitis, and normal fetal and adult pancreatic tissues for the presence of TGF-alpha and epidermal growth factor (EGF). Ductal epithelial cells showed TGF-alpha immunoreactivity in both normal tissue and chronic pancreatitis, and 95 per cent of tumours showed strong immunoreactivity. In contrast, EGF immunoreactivity was not found in normal pancreas, but was expressed in 12 per cent of pancreatic carcinomas. Well-defined areas of EGF immunoreactivity in exocrine ducts showing reactive changes in pancreatitis might represent a benign response to tissue damage similar to that previously described in the gastric mucosa.     

Oestrogen receptor/progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status in breast cancer: a 9-year study at Princess Noorah Oncology Center, Saudi Arabia

Satti M B
(2011) Histopathology 59 , 537–542 Oestrogen receptor/progesterone receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 status in breast cancer: a 9‐year study at Princess Noorah Oncology Center, Saudi Arabia Objective: To determine the oestrogen receptor/progesterone receptor (ER/PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status in Saudi Arabian patients presenting with breast cancer to Princess Noorah Oncology Center (PNOC) and to explore the correlation of these markers to each other, to tumour type and to grade. Methods and results: Pathology material and records of symptomatic patients presenting to the centre during 2001–2009 were reviewed for patients’ age, tumour size, type and grade and ER/PR and HER2 immunohistochemistry (IHC) status using the Dako HercepTest Kit as well as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for HER2 IHC 2+ score cases, as per the 2007 American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists (ASCO/CAP) guidelines. There were 852 cases, with a mean age of 49 years and a mean tumour size of 3.0 cm with 75% node positivity. Of all cases, 772 (90.6%) were ductal carcinoma; 64% were ER/PR⁺ and 23% were HER2⁺; triple‐negative cases accounted for 24%. Conclusions: ER/PR and HER2 status did not differ from that reported previously, showing a direct correlation to tumour type and grade of ductal carcinoma. However, a difference exists in the relatively lower ER positivity in patients aged >50 years and the higher percentage of triple‐negative cases. This study would serve as a baseline for other future national studies and for planning strategies to targeted therapy.     

Expression of insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor in primary breast cancer: immunohistochemical analysis

Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) has been implicated in regulation in tumor growth. The results of previous studies performed by radioimmunoassay are conflicting, and the prognostic significance of IGF-1R expression in primary breast cancer is still controversial. IGF-1R expression was evaluated in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue of 210 primary breast cancer patients by using anti-IGF-1R antibody. The clinicopathologic variables and 5-year disease-free survival were studied, and their correlations between IGF-1R expressions were investigated. IGF-1R overexpression was observed in 43.8% of tumors. IGF-1R overexpression had no correlation with prognosis or with other clinicopathologic parameters, such as age, tumor size, nodal status, histologic grade, hormone receptor status, and human epidermal growth factor 2 status. Though its prognostic value in breast cancer is limited, immunohistochemical evaluation of IGF-1R by using this monoclonal antibody may be useful in translational research using archived material.     

Exon 8 amplification of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in invasive breast carcinomas

Souka E, Alexiadis E, Theohari I, Giannopoulou I, Papadimitriou C & Nakopoulou L
(2012) Histopathology  61, 644–651 Exon 8 amplification of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in invasive breast carcinomas Aims: The rate of EGFR amplification in breast cancer ranges between 0% and 15%. Recent studies have focused on the amplification status of cytosine–adenine (CA) repeats in intron 1 of the gene and correlated it with increased EGFR protein. The aim of this study was to investigate, for the first time, the significance of coding exon 8 amplification of EGFR in invasive breast cancer. Methods and results: We investigated, by means of real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the amplification status of exon 8 of the EGFR gene in 148 paraffin‐embedded tissue sections, 115 with invasive breast carcinoma and 33 controls. Immunohistochemistry was utilized to detect EGFR and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) expression. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were performed for the evaluation of our results. EGFR amplification was observed in 7.8% of the patients, and EGFR was immunodetected in 9.6%. EGFR amplification was correlated positively with EGFR expression (P < 0.0001), HER2 expression (P = 0.023), coexpression of EGFR/HER2 (P < 0.0001) and nuclear grade (P = 0.047), and inversely with ER protein expression (P = 0.047). Conclusions: It appears that amplification of the coding sequence exon 8 exhibits similar biological behaviour to amplification of the regulatory sequence in intron 1, leading to elevated levels of EGFR protein.     

非小细胞肺癌表皮生长因子受体及其靶向治疗研究进展

非小细胞肺癌是目前全球最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,尽管手术治疗和化学治疗技术不断发展,但非小细胞肺癌患者生存率却没有明显改变。表皮生长因子受体 (epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)是一种受体型酪氨酸激酶,在非小细胞肺癌中有过表达,且与非小细胞肺癌的发生、发展、侵袭等方面密切相关,是最有前途的特异性肿瘤靶向治疗分子之一。此外,在非小细胞肺癌中常检测到EGFR基因突变,尤其是在女性、非吸烟者、肺腺癌和亚洲人种中,这与非小细胞肺癌患者对吉非替尼治疗的敏感性密切相关。     

DNA flow cytometry of human breast carcinomas and its relationship to transferrin and epidermal growth factor receptors

The expression of transferrin and epidermal growth factor receptors in breast carcinomas, as detected by immunohistochemistry, has been compared with DNA ploidy and S-phase content of the same tumours as determined by DNA flow cytometry of fixed, paraffin embedded tissue, and with tumour differentiation. Good correlations have been found between DNA ploidy, S-phase content and differentiation. The expression of transferrin receptor appears to relate to DNA ploidy, but only to a limited extent to S-phase content, indicating that in breast carcinomas immunoreactive transferrin receptor may not be directly related to proliferation. The presence of epidermal growth factor receptor shows a close correlation with high S-phase content, but only a lesser association with DNA ploidy, and no correlation with tumour differentiation. DNA flow cytometry provides a more reliable method of assessing the relationship of such growth factor receptors in breast carcinomas to cell proliferation, than that obtained from more subjective tumour grading criteria.     

Mechanisms of human cytomegalovirus infection with a focus on epidermal growth factor receptor interactions

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a widespread opportunistic herpesvirus that causes severe diseases in immunocompromised individuals. It has a high prevalence worldwide that is linked with socioeconomic factors. Similar to other herpesviruses, HCMV has the ability to establish lifelong persistence and latent infection following primary exposure. HCMV infects a broad range of cell types. This broad tropism suggests that it may use multiple receptors for host cell entry. The identification of receptors used by HCMV is essential for understanding viral pathogenesis, because these receptors mediate the early events necessary for infection. Many cell surface components have been identified as virus receptors, such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which is characterized by tyrosine kinase activity and plays a crucial role in the control of key cellular transduction pathways. EGFR is essential for HCMV binding, signaling, and host cell entry. This review focuses on HCMV infection via EGFR on different cell types and its implications for the cellular environment, viral persistence, and infection.     

异种表皮生长因子受体胞外段的表达及其抗肿瘤效果研究

目的:构建异种EGFR蛋白疫苗并研究其抗肿瘤效果.方法:用PCR方法获得鸡EGFR胞外片段, 与pGEX- 4T-2载体连接, 并在E.coli BL21(DE3)中表达鸡的EGFR胞外片段与GST的融合蛋白, 融合蛋白经Ni2 亲和层析柱纯化、复性后, 免疫小鼠, 免疫3次后, 接种小鼠Lewis细胞, 观测肿瘤生长情况, ELISA检测小鼠血清中抗EGFR蛋白的抗体效价.结果:成功构建了EGFR胞外段基因的原核表达载体; SDS-PAGE显示成功表达了目的融合蛋白; 融合蛋白免疫小鼠后, ELISA法检测到特异性抗EGFR抗体; 实验组与对照组肿瘤体积的比较结果显示, 融合蛋白疫苗能够在一定程度上抑制肿瘤的生长.结论:异种EGFR蛋白能够克服免疫耐受问题, 诱导机体产生抗体, 有一定的抗肿瘤效果, 为后续的肿瘤疫苗研究打下了基础.     

表皮生长因子受体与胃癌的研究进展

胃癌的发生与发展机制十分复杂,涉及多种细胞病理改变。表皮生长因子受体(epidermal growth factor receptor,EGFR)及其参与的信号转导通路在胃癌的发生发展中起着重要的作用。近年来,发现多数肿瘤对放化疗存在的耐药性,因此在肿瘤的基因水平寻找诊断指标以及靶向治疗,已经成为近年来研究热点之一。本文综述表皮生长因子与胃癌的研究进展。     

Immunohistochemical investigation of epidermal growth factor receptor expression in ameloblastomas

Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to determine the localization of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in ameloblastomas. Ameloblastoma samples were classified into follicular, plexiform, and basal cell types. The number of cases in each category was 17, 19 and 3, respectively. Ameloblastomas, disregarding their histological type, consist of two cell forms: peripheral columnar cells and central stellate cells. The frequency of EGFR expression was much higher in the latter than in the former (P<0.005). On analysis with respect to histological types, the frequency of EGFR expression in columnar cells was not significantly different between the follicular and the plexiform types, but was observed more frequently in the stellate cells in the follicular than in the plexiform ameloblastomas (P<0.05). This pattern of EGFR expression was not consistent with the PCNA staining pattern, but was similar to that of keratin expression which we have reported previously. The present study suggests that EGFR expression in ameloblastomas is closely associated with tumour differentiation, and squamous differentiation in particular.     

Gene expression and immunolocalization of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor and human epidermal growth factor receptors in human corpus luteum

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to elucidate gene expression and immunolocalization of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) and human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER) family in the human ovary during luteal growth and regression. METHODS: Ovaries obtained from pre-menopausal women were used for immunohistochemistry and semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis. RESULTS: Immunoreactive HB-EGF was not detected in follicles or oocyte, while HB-EGF became apparent in granulosa luteal cells in the early luteal phase, and most abundant in the mid-luteal phase, but less abundant in the late luteal phase. Immunostaining for HER1 was very weak in granulosa luteal cells in the early and mid-luteal phases, and was not detected in the late luteal phase. Immunoreactive HER4 was abundant in the early luteal phase and became less abundant in the mid-luteal phase, whereas it was negative in the late luteal phase. Semiquantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that HB-EGF and HER1 mRNA levels were high in the mid-luteal phase, whereas HER4 mRNA expression was high in the early luteal phase. CONCLUSIONS: HB-EGF may play a vital role in regulating luteal growth in a juxtacrine manner and through activating HER4 signalling.     

Dependence of activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor on its affinity and oligomerization

R. E. Kavetskii Institute for Problems in Oncology and Radiobiology, Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Kiev. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR A. S. Efimov.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 113, No. 1, pp. 84–87, January, 1992.     

Expression of epidermal growth factor receptor in benign and malignant primary tumours of the breast

Summary Using the monoclonal antibody EGFR1, normal mammary gland and a series of 213 unselected primary breast tumours were investigated immunohistochemically for expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). In normal breast EGFR was expressed in variable patterns in lobular, ductal, and myoepithelial cells. In fibroadenoma, EGFR was detectable in variable numbers of ductal and myoepithelial cells and in stromal fibroblasts. The myoepithelial compartment of 2 cystosarcomas phyllodes also expressed EGFR. Among the 197 carcinomas tested only 20.3% contained EGFR expressing tumour cells which represented a minority in 12.2%, the majority in 2.1%, and the entire neoplastic population in 6.1% of the cases. Again, non-neoplastic ductal remnants often contained EGFR positive myoepithelial and ductal cells whereas stromal fibro-blasts expressed EGFR only occasionally. We conclude that in contrast to the normal state, EGFR-expression is a rather rare phenomenon in breast carcinoma cells, positively correlated with a declining grade of differentiation (p<0.025) and at least occasionally associated with squamous metaplasia within the tumour, that EGFR expression is not exclusively restricted to cells of the epithelial lineage, and that EGFR may have other functions not related to proliferation, since it is commonly detectable in myoepithelial cells.     

The epidermal growth factor receptor in human pancreatic cancer.

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its ligands are thought to be important in the control of proliferation of many epithelial systems, including the exocrine pancreas. Abnormalities in expression of two of the known ligands of the EGFR, transforming growth factor alpha and epidermal growth factor, occur frequently in ductal adenocarcinoma of the human pancreas. We have examined an archival series of cases of pancreatic pathology for expression of the EGFR using the anti-EGFR antiserum 12E and found that there is almost ubiquitous overexpression of EGFR in pancreatic cancer and in chronic pancreatitis. Southern blot analysis showed no evidence of amplification or rearrangement of the EGFR gene. We conclude that an autocrine loop involving the EGFR system may be involved in the genesis of both neoplasia and reactive hyperplasia of pancreatic ductal epithelium.