伴胸腺瘤重症肌无力的临床特点(附96例分析)

目的　研究伴胸腺瘤重症肌无力的临床特点。方法　对经手术病检证实的 96例MG伴胸腺瘤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析 ,并采用 χ2 检验及t检验与 114 9例经影像学检查无胸腺瘤表现的MG患者进行比较。结果　胸腺瘤组男性发病者多 (男∶女 =1 82∶1) ,且多于 30岁后发病 (71 9% ) ,以肢体无力和延髓症状首发者多见 (4 3 8% ) ,按改良Os serman分型 ,以Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型为主 (4 5 8% ) ,危象发生率高 (38 5 % ) ,病死率高 (8 3 % )。结论　伴胸腺瘤的重症肌无力有其独特临床特点 ,充分认识这些特点将有利于指导对这类患者的临床诊断和治疗     

非手术免疫抑制疗法治疗伴胸腺瘤的重症肌无力患者的远期疗效观察

目的评价非手术的免疫抑制疗法对伴有胸腺瘤的重症肌无力（MG）的远期疗效。方法采用类固醇、化学疗法、放射疗法治疗84例MG伴胸腺瘤患者,作回顾性研究,经诊断治疗后1－21年（平均4．8年）长期随访,评价其远期有效率、存活率和存活质量。结果远期有效率为86．9％（73／84）,即31例（36．9％）获完全缓解,37例（44．0％）获药物缓解,5例（6．0％）获明显改善。5年存活率76．5％,10年存活率54．5％。完全缓解期0．5－20．0年（平均4．6年）。总病死率为13．1％（11／84）。结论非手术免疫抑制疗法治疗MG伴胸腺瘤患者远期疗效良好,从远期存活率和存活质量来看并不亚于手术疗法。死因大多仍为危象,不是瘤转移。     

Acetylcholine-receptor-like protein from human thymoma associated with myasthenia gravis

Summary Cobrotoxin-binding protein was isolated by affinity chromatography from human thymoma which had been surgically removed from patients with myasthenia gravis. The protein was composed of polypeptides with a molecular mass of 40, 51, 65, and 74 kilodaltons as determined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl-sulphate. Isoelectric focusing of the protein gave pI values of 5.2–5.6 and 11. This is the first report of the isolation of the protein from human thymoma. These findings suggest that the cobrotoxin-binding protein from human thymoma patients with myasthenia gravis has subunits similar to those of fish electric organs or mammalian muscles.     

Giant cell polymyositis associated with myasthenia gravis and thymoma

We report a case of a 40-year-old woman who developed generalized muscle weakness over a period of 2 months. Physical examination revealed palpable masses in her arms and hands. Serum creatine kinase levels were elevated. Electromyography showed myopathic changes and 3 Hz repetitive nerve stimulation revealed a decremental pattern on repetitive nerve stimulation. Muscle MRI demonstrated increased signal intensity in the biceps brachii on T1-weighted images. Chest CT scan showed a mediastinal mass suggestive of thymoma. Muscle biopsy revealed giant cell polymyositis. The patient was treated with cholinesterase inhibitors and corticosteroids with improvement of strength, and subsequently underwent thymectomy followed by radiotherapy.     

Effects of thymectomy on late-onset myasthenia gravis without thymoma

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate whether thymectomy is beneficial for late-onset (>50 years) myasthenia gravis patients with no thymoma, particularly for those with mild generalized weakness. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A total of 34 patients were included in the study. The clinical course and long-term outcomes over 2 years were reviewed in 20 patients who underwent thymectomy and in 14 without thymectomy. RESULTS: Of the 34 patients, 20 (59%) underwent thymectomy. Thymectomized patients had more severe disability at entry than non-thymectomized patients, but outcome measures did not significantly differ between the two patient groups. Moreover, subgroup analyses including 22 patients with mild generalized weakness at entry showed that the thymectomized group (n=10) showed a greater percentage of clinical remission (no symptoms; 50% versus 17%; p=0.11) and a lower frequency of the presence of generalized symptoms (30% versus 75%; p<0.05) than the non-thymectomized group (n=12) at the end of follow-up (means 9.6 years after onset). CONCLUSIONS: Thymectomy is a potentially effective treatment for late onset, non-thymomatous patients with mild generalized myasthenia gravis.     

重症肌无力患者血清Titin抗体的研究

目的探讨重症肌无力患者血清titin抗体检测的临床意义,并了解其对预后判断的价值。方法应用酶联免疫吸附法检测80例MG患者、30例其他神经系统疾病患者及30例健康对照者血清titin抗体水平,并对比胸腺手术前后变化。结果 MG组、MG伴胸腺瘤(MGT)组、晚发型MG患者、其他神经系统疾病组titin-Ab阳性率分别为42.5%、77.3%、77.8%、3.3%,健康对照者titin-Ab均为阴性;对其中54例进行胸腺手术的MG患者手术前后titin-Ab滴度下降,差异具有显著性(P0.05)。结论 titin-Ab阳性多见于晚发型MG、MGT,特别是B型胸腺瘤患者,血清titin-Ab检测可作为MG诊断的参考指标,尤其对MG伴胸腺瘤患者可能更具有临床意义,对胸腺手术预后判断有一定帮助。     

重症肌无力胸腺异常的影像学诊断(附120例临床分析)

评价重症肌无力胸腺异常的影像学检查手段。方法：对经手术病检证实的１２０例重症肌无力伴胸腺异常患者的影像学改变与病诊断进行对比研究。结果：ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ诊断胸腺瘤、胸腺增生的灵敏度明显高于传统Ｘ线检查（Ｃ线平片及体层摄影）（Ｐ〈０．０５）,而ＣＴ和ＭＲＩ之间无明显差异;     

胸腺瘤病理分型与重症肌无力关系的研究

目的 探讨胸腺瘤最新WHO病理分型与重症肌无力（MG）发生率、其他病理分型及手术预后的关系。方法 回顾分析1974－2000年105例因胸腺瘤行胸腺切除的患者，分别应用胸腺瘤的传统病理分类法、Levine-Rosai分类法及最新WHO分型标准对胸腺瘤进行分类，并在MG发生率及手术预后等方面分析比较。结果 （1）WHO病理分型A型＋AB型良性病例较多，B型恶性病例较多，体现出A型及AB型胸腺瘤良性的特点。（2）B3型较A型及AB型易合并MG（P＜0．05），C型13例均未合并MG。B3型胸腺瘤合并MG的手术危象发生率比A型＋AB型组、B1＋B2型组高，但统计学上无显著差异。（3）Masaoka分期的良、恶性程度与手术危象明显相关（P＜0．05）。手术危象主要集中在Ⅱb型及Ⅲ型中（P＜0．001）。结论 胸腺瘤最新WHO病理分型对于区别良、恶性肿瘤及预后有指导意义，结合Masaoka病理分期对提示术后危象有一定的应用价值。     

Myasthenia gravis with thymoma and autoimmune haemolytic anaemia. A case report

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction and leads to weakness of the skeletal muscles. Associated autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and pernicious anaemia are present in approximately 5% of the myasthenic patients. This report presents a 64-year-old man with autoimmune haemolytic anemia associated with myasthenia gravis and thymoma. The patient developed a severe Coomb's positive autoimmune haemolytic anaemia, which was resistant to treatment with large doses of prednisone. Haemolytic anaemia entered remission one month following thymectomy, and the patient has maintained a normal haemoglobin and a negative Coomb's test without the need for steroid or immunosuppressive therapy. In conclusion, thymectomy may induce a striking improvement of therapyresistant autoimmune haemolytic anemia in patients with MG and thymoma, but in terms of remission, a long follow-up is needed as autoimmune diseases can show spontaneous fluctuations. Received: 19 December 2001 / Accepted in revised form: 27 December 2002 Correspondence to: N. Tuncer Elmaci     

重症肌无力患者胸腺瘤内Titin、Ryanodine受体表位表达

目的 研究重症肌无力（MG）患者血清连接素抗体（Titin—ab）和Ryanodine受体抗体（RyR—ab）的水平，并探讨胸腺瘤内Titin、RyR表位的表达。方法 应用ELISA法检测62例MG患者血清中Titin—ab、RyR—ab水平，以45例非MG的其他神经系统疾病患者和50名健康志愿者为对照组，采用免疫组织化学技术，对19例合并胸腺异常者[9例MG合并胸腺瘤（MGT）、6例MG合并胸腺增生（MGH）、2例MG合并胸腺萎缩（MGA）以及2例非MG胸腺癌（NMGTC）]的冰冻胸腺组织进行Titin、RyR染色。结果ELISA法显示，MG患者Titin—ab总阳性率为35．5％（22／62），其中以MGT组阳性率最高（82．3％，14／17）；而RyR—ab阳性率为24．2％（15／62），也以MGT组阳性率最高（76．5％，13／17）。9例MGT的肿瘤上皮细胞中有7例存在Titin表位的膜表达和胞质内表达，有6例存在RyR表位的膜表达；而MGH组、MGA组、NMGTC组和对照组均无阳性表达。结论 Titin—ab和RyR—ab主要见于MGT患者。MGT肿瘤上皮细胞存在Titin、RyR表位的表达。MGT患者体内Titin—ab和RyR—ab很可能是胸腺瘤内微环境的改变激活Titin、RyR特异性T细胞，致敏Titin、RyR表位使其发生自身鱼疳反廊的结果．     

Myasthenia gravis developing after discovery of thymoma

We report 4 cases of myasthenia gravis in which myasthenic symptoms developed after a thymoma was known to be present. They include 3 invasive thymomas and one thymoma. In 3 of them, myasthenic symptoms developed 2–7 months after removal of the thymoma; in 1 case, myasthenic symptoms developed 11 years after the thymoma was known to be present. We also discuss here the possible pathogenetic mechanism of post-thymomectomic myasthenia gravis, and propose that it is due to the natural course of the disease.     

Treatment of myasthenia gravis

Summary In the treatment of myasthenia gravis (MG) considerable progress has recently been achieved. Our experience is based on the observation of 139 patients with an average follow-up of 3 years and 4 months.A treatment plan and results are presented.Indications for thymectomy: all cases of MG in adult life, apart from ocular myasthenia without radiological thymoma and without electrophysiological and pharmacological signs of generalization; before puberty only cases with radiological thymoma and severely incapacitating or life-threatening signs.Median sternotomy is preferable for thymoma, the transcervical approach with a sternal split for non-neoplastic thymus. Mediastinal radiotherapy is indicated after removal of an invasive or adhesive thymoma.Indications for corticosteroids: 1) before thymectomy: respiratory weakness; 2) soon after thymectomy: life-threatening signs; 3) later after thymectomy: incapacitating or life-threatening signs; 4) as an alternative to thymectomy: when surgery cannot be performed or it is not indicated. Oral Prednisone was nearly always preferred: alternate-day high single dose (75 to 115 mg) has given good results in most cases even if in some cases a small dose was required in the off day; inversely a lower alternate-day or daily dose was often sufficient.Long-term results: following this schedule for adult patients good results were scored in 67% of thymomas, in 94% of hyperplasias, and in 62% of unthymectomized patients: in prepuberal life the few cases of severe MG have all shown a favorable evolution.

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Zusammenfassung Bei der Behandlung der Myasthenie wurden in letzter Zeit beachtliche Fortschritte erzielt. Wir teilen hier unsere Erfahrungen anhand von 139 Patienten mit einer durchschnittlichen Katamnese von 3 Jahren und 4 Monaten mit.Wir betrachten als Indikationen für eine Thymektomie: alle Fälle von Myasthenie beim Erwachsenen mit Ausnahme der rein okulären Formen ohne radiologisch nachweisbares Thymom und ohne elektrophysiologische oder pharmakologische Zeichen einer Generalisierung; bei Kindern vor der Pubertät empfehlen wir die Thymektomie nur in Fällen mit radiologisch nachweisbarem Thymom und mit schwerer Beeinträchtigung oder gar Lebensgefährdung durch die Symptome.Die mediane Sternotomie ist beim Thymom vorzuziehen, der transzervikale Zugang mit Spaltung des Sternums für die nicht neoplastischen Thymusvergrößerungen. Mediastinale Strahlentherapie ist nach Exstirpation eines invasiven Thymoms oder eines Thymoms mit Adhäsionen angezeigt.Als Indikation für die Corticosteroidtherapie betrachten wir: 1. wenn vor der Thymektomie Atemstörungen bestehen; 2. wenn bald nach der Thymektomie lebensbedrohliche Symptome auftreten; 3. wenn später nach Thymektomie nennenswert behindernde oder lebensbedrohliche Symptome in Erscheinung treten; 4. als Alternative zur Thymektomie, wenn diese nicht durchgeführt werden kann oder nicht indiziert ist. Die orale Prednisontherapie wurde fast immer vorgezogen: wir gaben an alternierenden Tagen jeweils hohe Einzeldosen (75–115 mg) mit gutem Erfolg in den meisten Fällen. In gewissen Fällen war eine kleine Dosis an den Tagen zwischen der Hauptdose aber genügend, ebenso in Einzelfällen eine allgemein niedrigere Dosierung. Die Langzeiterfolge mit diesem therapeutischen Vorgehen betrugen 67% gute Ergebnisse bei Thymomen und 94% bei Thymushyperplasie. Unter den nicht thymektomierten Patienten wiesen 62% ein gutes Ergebnis auf. Vor der Pubertät zeigten die allerdings wenigen Fälle schwerer Myasthenie alle ein gutes Ansprechen auf die Therapie.

     

Thymectomy in the treatment of myasthenia gravis: report of 247 patients

Summary We made a retrospective assessment of the long-term outcome in 247 consecutive patients with myasthenia gravis (MG) who underwent thymectomy in the period January 1971–December 1985. In 84 cases a thymoma was found at surgery, while 163 patients had a non-neoplastic thymus. The duration of symptoms before surgery, the age at onset of the disease and the presence of germinal centres in the thymus did not appear to influence the prognosis. Patients with a non-neoplastic thymus showed a better response to thymectomy. Thymoma was associated with more severe disease and with a higher mortality; moreover, more thymoma patients required corticosteroid treatment in order to achieve good therapeutic results. In our opinion, thymectomy is indicated in the treatment of generalized MG, while ocular myasthenia seems not to be improved by the removal of the thymus.     

Stiff-persons' syndrome associated with thymoma and subsequent myasthenia gravis

We report the first case of stiff-persons' (-man) syndrome in the setting of a histologically proven thymoma. Muscular hyperactivity was abolished under general anesthesia and the symptoms of stiffness resolved after thymectomy and three courses of intravenous immunoglobulins. After thymectomy, the patient developed ocular myasthenia gravis which later resolved spontaneously. We suggest that thymoma be sought for in cases with neuromuscular hyperactivity syndromes. Myasthenia gravis may develop subsequently in these cases. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Muscle Nerve, 20, 493–498, 1997     

Muscle lymphocytic infiltrates in thymoma-associated myasthenia gravis are phenotypically different from those in polymyositis

The aim of the study is to provide evidence that the lymphocytic infiltration of myasthenia gravis (MG) muscle do not represent a true autoimmune myositis, rather an infiltration by naive lymphocytes derived from lymphocyte-rich thymomas. Muscle biopsies from 179 patients with pure MG, 6 thymoma patients without MG and 15 patients with definite polymyositis were analyzed. In 18 patients with MG (all associated with lymphocyte-rich thymomas) and in two thymoma patients without MG, lymphocytic infiltrates were identified in muscles. By use of immunohistochemistry, we demonstrated that the lymphocytes in MG differ from those in polymyositis, being mature but in contrast to polymyositis naive CD45RA+ T lymphocytes. We suggest that the lymphocytic infiltrates in patients with MG and thymoma represent an infiltration of muscle by thymoma-derived mature but naive T cells. The finding of CD8+CD45RA+ lymphocytes in muscle may signify an underlying thymoma and should not be misdiagnosed as polymyositis.     

延髓型重症肌无力166例的临床特点

目的 研究延髓型重症肌无力（MG）的临床特点。方法 回顾性分析1983年5月至2005年10月间我院诊治的166例延髓型MG患者的临床资料，并与本院MG资料库中其他类型的NG患者2722例进行比较。结果 延髓型MG在本组患者中的发生率为5．7％（166／2888）。女性多于男性（男：女=1：1．35），发病年龄高峰为20～40岁。危象发生率高（44／166，26．5％），18例（10．8％）延髓型MG患者半年内发生危象，总病死率达6．0％（10／166）。肺部感染发生率高（30／166，18．1％）。早期误诊率高达19．9％（33／166）。治疗相对困难，激素“中剂量冲击、小剂量维持”疗法和中剂量环磷酰胺疗法短期疗效较好，胸腺切除术远期缓解达80．0％（20／25）。结论 本组结果显示，延髓型MG具有不同于其他类型MG的临床特点，充分认识其临床特点有助于降低误诊率，提高诊断水平和治疗效果。     

胸腺瘤旁胸腺组织Fas及其配体表达在重症肌无力发病中的意义

目的　探讨Fas及其配体 (FasL)蛋白表达与胸腺瘤合并重症肌无力的关系。方法利用免疫组织化学染色方法,分析各期胸腺瘤伴有和不伴有重症肌无力患者胸腺组织内Fas及FasL蛋白表达程度,利用显微图像分析系统对结果进行量化统计分析。结果　各期胸腺瘤伴有重症肌无力者胸腺组织内Fas及FasL蛋白表达(Ⅳ期分别为 1 75% ±0 85%和 4 96% ±2 01% )明显低于不伴有重症肌无力者(Ⅳ期Fas及FasL分别为 25 80%±13 43%和 25 75%±13 13% ),差异有统计学意义(P<0 01)。结论　胸腺瘤伴有重症肌无力者,胸腺内T淋巴细胞凋亡能力下降,导致自身反应性T淋巴细胞克隆清除障碍从而引发重症肌无力等自身免疫性疾病。     

重症肌无力患者血清Ryanodine受体抗体与临床的相关性研究

目的 探讨血清Ryanodine受体抗体(RyR-Ab)与重症肌无力(MG)的关系.方法 应用ELISA和Western blot法分别检测81例MG患者、45例非MG神经系统其他疾病(NMG)患者和50例健康对照者(HC)血清中RyR-Ab水平.结果 ELISA法显示:MG组RyR-Ab阳性率为23.4%.明显高于HC组和NMG组(均为阴性),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);MG伴胸腺瘤(MGT)组阳性率最高(77.2%),MG伴胸腺萎缩(MGA)者次之(14.2%),MG伴胸腺增生(MGH)者为6.6%;而且RyR-Ab水平与肌无力的严重程度成正相关(r=0.547.P<0.05);RyR-Ab诊断MGT的敏感性(77.2%)低于胸腺CT(88.2%),但特异性(91%)高于后者(72.2%),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).Westemblot法显示:MGT组RyR-Ab阳性条带检出率最高(81.8%),明显高于非胸腺瘤MG(NTMG)组(4.5%)和NMG组(0),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 RyR-Ab阳性多见于MGT,检测RyR-Ab可以弥补影像学的不足,有助于诊断MGT和评估病情.     

Late onset myasthenia gravis

Late onset myasthenia gravis (MG) is defined as the onset of the disease after the age of 50 in a patient with no clinical or paraclinical evidence of a thymoma. Myasthenia gravis has a bimodal appearance for both sexes with a peak age of onset located in the early onset group and another peak for late onset of MG. Early onset of MG in men is approximately 10 years later than in females. In late onset MG, the thymus is smaller than in early onset and much of the lymphoid tissue has been substituted with fat. There is no morphological evidence that the thymus atrophy seen in late onset MG is any different from the thymus involution which is age-related. The AChR antibody concentration is lower in cases with late onset MG than it is in early onset and in thymoma-associated MG. Sera from late onset MG patients can be divided in 2 groups; those with and those without striated muscle (MGT 30) antibodies. Their presence is not an effect of age since they are not detected among old healthy individuals. Nor is it an effect of long MG duration, since there is no relation between titre and duration. Non-thymoma MG patients who demonstrate an immune response to titin identical to that observed in thymoma, have a worse prognosis and seem to do less well after thymectomy than late onset MG patients without muscle antiboides.     

Assessment of the value of thymic scan in myasthenia gravis

Summary Fifty-three patients were investigated by ⁷⁵Se methionine scan in order to evaluate the role of the thymus gland in myasthenia gravis. The thymus of 28 of the above patients was examined histologically. Five out of six thymomas were detected with this technique and eight out of twelve hyperplasias were revealed. The above data suggests that ⁷⁵Se methionine scan is a useful, innocuous tool for diagnosing neoplasms and abnormal germinal centers in thymus glands.

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Zusammenfassung 53 Patienten wurden mit einem ⁷⁵Se-Methionin-Scan untersucht, um die Rolle der Thymusdrüse bei der Myasthenia Gravis zu beurteilen. Die Thymusdrüsen von 28 dieser Patienten wurden histologisch untersucht. Fünf von sechs primären Thymustumoren konnten mit dieser Technik nachgewiesen werden, und 8 von 12 Hyperplasien wurden festgestellt. Die oben genannten Daten sprechen dafür, daß ⁷⁵Se-Methionin-Scan eine nützliche, nicht schädliche Untersuchung ist, um Neoplasien und abnorme Keimzentren zu diagnostizieren.