退行性脊柱侧凸患者椎旁肌退变与脊柱-骨盆参数的关系

目的 :分析退行性脊柱侧凸(adult degenerative scoliosis,ADS)患者椎旁肌(多裂肌、竖脊肌)MRI影像退变程度与脊柱-骨盆参数之间的关系,为ADS患者矢状位失平衡评估提供新的线索。方法:回顾性分析在我院就诊的女性ADS患者52例,年龄55～65岁,收集患者人口统计学资料,分别测量患者腰椎MRI上L1～S1椎间盘层面椎旁肌(多裂肌、竖脊肌)横截面积(cross-sectional area,CSA)、脂肪化比例(fat saturation fraction,FSF),并在患者脊柱全长X线片上测量冠状位和矢状位的影像学参数,包括冠状位Cobb角、矢状位垂直偏距(sagittal vertical axis,SVA)、胸椎后凸角(thoracic kyphosis,TK)、腰椎前凸角(lumbar lordosis,LL)、骨盆倾斜角(pelvic tilt,PT)、骨盆入射角(pelvic incidence,PI)、骶骨倾斜角(sacral slope,SS)、PI-LL,对椎旁肌L1～S1各层面FSF行单因素方差分析并进行LSD事后多重比较,利用Pearson相关分析比较椎旁肌退变程度和脊柱-骨盆参数之间的关系。结果:L1～S1各层面FSF有显著性差异(P0.01),L5/S1层面椎旁肌FSF明显大于其他层面(P0.05)。冠状位Cobb角与L1/2、L2/3、L3/4、L4/5椎间盘层面CSA呈负相关(r=-0.358、-0.367、-0.329、-0.283,P0.05)。椎旁肌FSF与PT在L1～S1各层面呈正相关(r=0.487、0.394、0.354、0.356、0.355,P0.05),而与SS呈负相关(r=-0.494、-0.440、-0.373、-0.301、-0.300,P0.05)。椎旁肌FSF与LL在L1/2、L2/3层面呈负相关(r=-0.398、-0.328,P0.05)。椎旁肌总体FSF(TFSF)与PT呈正相关(r=0.395,P0.01),与LL呈负相关(r=-0.345,P0.05)。L1～S1各层面椎旁肌CSA、FSF与SVA、PI、TK的Pearson相关分析结果无统计学意义(P0.05)。BMI与L1～S1各层面椎旁肌CSA呈正相关(P0.05),而与椎旁肌各层面FSF的Pearson相关分析结果无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:在ADS患者中,椎旁肌FSF与PT有明显的正相关性,提示椎旁肌的退变可能参与了脊柱退变和代偿机制的过程,椎旁肌FSF可能反映了ADS患者矢状位失平衡的严重程度。     

L_5轻度峡部裂型滑脱患者脊柱-骨盆矢状面参数与椎间盘退变的关系

[目的]探讨L5轻度峡部裂型滑脱患者中脊柱-骨盆矢状面参数与其椎间盘退变之间的关系。[方法]回顾性分析2011年7月~2014年5月间79例L5轻度峡部裂型滑脱患者的临床资料。在站立位脊柱侧位X线片上进行矢状面参数的测量(包括LSA、LL、PI、PT、SS、L5I及SVA等),在腰椎MRI的矢状位T2WI图像中观察L4/L5及L5/S1节段椎间盘退变的等级。分别按滑脱程度的不同、PI的大小以及L5/S1椎间盘退变的等级不同进行分组对比。[结果]与L5滑脱程度<25%组相比,滑脱>25%组的L5/S1椎间盘退变程度更重;两组L4/L5椎间盘退变程度的差异无统计学意义。按PI大小进行分组,大PI组的L5/S1椎间盘退变等级与小PI组或正常PI组相比均更重。按L5/S1椎间盘退变不同等级进行分组,中重度退变组的LSA明显小于无退变组,而PI、PT、SS和L5I值均明显大于无退变组。三组的LL及SVA对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。[结论]在L5轻度峡部裂型滑脱患者中,L5/S1椎间盘退变的等级与脊柱-骨盆矢状面参数之间存在密切关系。     

下腰椎小关节退变与脊柱-骨盆矢状面平衡的相关性研究

目的探讨下腰椎各节段椎小关节退变程度与脊柱-骨盆矢状面各平衡参数间的关系。方法回顾性分析2014年6月-11月符合选择标准的120例腰椎退行性疾病患者临床资料,其中男58例,女62例;年龄24~77岁,平均53岁。病程3~96个月,平均6.6个月。病变节段:L3、4 32例,L4、5 47例,L5、S1 52例。患者均摄腰椎CT及站立位腰椎侧位X线片,依据Pathria分级系统对下腰椎小关节退变程度进行分级,并测量以下矢状面参数:脊柱参数——腰椎前凸角(lumbar lordosis,LL)、上腰弯前凸角(upper lumbar lordosis,ULL)、下腰弯前凸角(lower lumbar lordosis,LLL)和骨盆参数——骨盆倾斜角(pelvic tilt,PT)、骨盆入射角(pelvic incidence,PI)、骶骨倾斜角(sacral slope,SS)。将所有患者按PI测量值分为小于正常范围组(A组)、正常范围组(B组)和大于正常范围组(C组),分节段比较各组小关节退变程度;同时,将所有患者分节段依据小关节退变程度分为轻度退变(0、Ⅰ级)组(N组)及重度退变(Ⅱ、Ⅲ级)组(M组),比较矢状面参数与各节段小关节退变之间的关系。结果在L4、5和L5、S1节段,A、B、C组间小关节退变程度比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05),C组小关节退变更严重;但在L3、4节段,各组间小关节退变程度比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。各节段N、M组间除PT比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)外,其余各脊柱-骨盆矢状面参数两组间比较差异均无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论大于正常范围的PI可导致或加重L4、5及L5、S1节段小关节的退变;PT及PI与下腰椎小关节退变程度显著相关。     

椎旁肌退变在峡部裂性腰椎滑脱与退变性腰椎滑脱的比较

目的比较峡部裂型腰椎滑脱患者和退变性腰椎滑脱患者椎旁肌退变参数之间的差异, 并分析椎体滑移率(SP)与椎旁肌退变的相关性。方法分析2018年1月至2022年12月于郑州大学第一附属医院骨科住院并接受手术治疗的腰椎滑脱症患者的临床资料, 分为峡部裂组(83例)和退变组(118例)。用ImageJ软件测量L3椎弓根水平MRI图像L3椎体、竖脊肌(ES)、多裂肌(MF)以及腰大肌(P)的横截面积(CSA)及各肌肉脂肪浸润面积(FCSA), 计算各椎旁肌的脂肪浸润率(FIR)。椎旁肌横截面积与L3椎体横截面积之比定义为相对面积(RCSA)。腰椎侧位数字化X光片上测量滑移距离, 计算相应SP。用SPSS软件行数据录入及分析。分析两组间椎旁肌RCSA和FIR差异, 以及SP与椎旁RCSA和FIR的相关性。结果退变组MF-RCSA、ES-RCSA及P-RCSA均显著低于峡部裂组(0.61±0.19比0.71±0.23、2.12±0.54比2.32±0.71、0.81±0.29比0.93±0.34, t=3.173、2.525、2.681, P<0.05)。退变组ES-FIR和P-FIR均显著高...     

退变性脊柱侧凸患者后路矫形术后腰椎前凸指数对矢状面平衡的预测作用

目的:探讨术后腰椎前凸指数(lumbar lordosis index,LLI)对退变性脊柱侧凸患者后路矫形术后矢状面平衡的预测作用。方法:回顾性分析2005年1月~2011年12月在我院行单一后路矫形术的57例退变性脊柱侧凸患者,其中男9例,女48例,年龄56.3±10.8岁(48~70岁)。纳入标准为年龄45岁以上、内固定节段≥5个节段且随访≥2年的患者。在术前、术后即刻和末次随访的站立位全脊柱X线片上测量矢状面垂直轴(SVA)、胸椎后凸角(TK)、腰椎前凸角(LL)、骨盆入射角(PI)、骨盆倾斜角(PT)和骶骨倾斜角(SS),计算腰椎前凸指数(LLI=LL/PI)。根据末次随访时患者矢状面平衡情况分为正常组(A组,末次随访时SVA≤5cm且PT≤25°)和失代偿组(B组,末次随访时SVA5cm或PT25°)。应用相关性分析研究57例患者术前、术后即刻和末次随访时LLI与其他脊柱骨盆矢状面参数的相关性,使用独立样本t检验分别比较A组和B组患者术前、术后即刻和末次随访的矢状面参数,P0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果:A组患者41例,B组16例。术后随访时间4.4±1.9年(2~8年),其中A组随访4.3±1.8年,B组随访4.6±1.9年,两组随访时间无统计学差异(P=0.725)。57例患者LLI与相应时间点的PI、LL、PT、SVA和LL丢失值均有显著相关性(P0.05),但与TK和SS无相关性。两组间术前LLI的差异无统计学意义(0.45±0.18 vs.0.47±0.21,P=0.638);A组术后即刻LLI为0.89±0.13,显著大于B组术后即刻的LLI(0.61±0.14)(P=0.005)。A组末次随访时SVA为2.73±2.62cm、PT为20.34°±4.28°,而B组患者末次随访时SVA为7.81±3.26cm、PT为29.81±5.13°,两组间SVA和PT的差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论:术后即刻LLI重建不良的退变性脊柱侧凸患者在随访中可能出现矢状面失代偿的风险,而良好的术后LLI重建可以降低随访中脊柱矢状面失平衡的风险。     

退变性腰椎侧凸患者矢状面平衡的特点及对腰椎侧凸的影响

目的 :分析退变性腰椎侧凸矢状面平衡参数的特点及其对腰椎侧凸的影响,探讨矢状面平衡参数改变在退变性腰椎侧凸进展中的作用。方法:回顾分析2012年3月～2017年3月经我院诊治的退变性腰椎侧凸患者(病例组)90例,男37例,女53例,年龄51～77岁(57.1±5.8岁)。选取同时期、同年龄段及同性别比的无腰椎侧凸的55例腰椎退行性疾病患者作为照组(对照组),男31例,女24例,年龄50～76岁(56.8±6.1岁)。所有患者均行脊柱全长X线检查,同时填写Oswestry功能障碍指数(Oswestry disability index,ODI)、视觉模拟评分(visual analogue scale/score,VAS)及脊柱侧凸研究学会22项(scoliosis research society-22,SRS-22)量表。测量矢状面平衡相关参数:(1)脊柱参数,脊柱矢状轴(sagittal vertical axias,SVA)、胸椎后凸角(thoracic kypho-sis,TK)、腰椎前凸角(lumbar lordosis,LL)、骶骨倾斜角(sacrum slop,SS);(2)骨盆参数,骨盆入射角(prlbrv in-cidence,PI)、骨盆倾斜角(pelvic tilt,PT);(3)脊柱-骨盆参数,T1骨盆角(T1 pelvic angle,TPA)、L1骨盆角(L1pelvic angle,LPA)。比较两组患者各矢状面平衡参数是否具有统计学差异,分析各矢状面平衡参数与生活质量及腰椎侧凸Cobb角的相关性。结果:两组患者的SVA、TK、PI、PT及TPA差异无统计学意义(P0.05);SS、LL及LPA差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组患者ODI、VAS及SRS-22差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。病例组资料相关性分析显示,ODI、VAS及SRS-2与矢状面平衡参数SS、LL及LPA有显著相关性(-1r1,P0.05),与SVA、TK、PI、PT及TPA无显著相关性(P0.05);侧凸Cobb角与LL呈负相关(-1r0,P0.05);与SS及LPA均呈正相关(0r1,P0.05)。进一步回归分析显示,侧凸Cobb角与SS、LL及LPA存在直线回归关系(F=417.331,P0.01),其回归方程为Cobb角=19.526-8.223×LL+3.727×SS+1.618×LPA。结论:退变性腰椎侧凸患者矢状面平衡参数以LL和SS改变为主,表现为LL减小及SS增大并随侧凸的加重而进展,降低了患者的生活质量。     

退变性脊柱侧弯外科治疗重点问题

退变性脊柱畸形是指由于脊柱退变性改变而逐渐出现的脊柱侧凸、脊柱-骨盆矢状面失平衡或脊柱椎体间滑移的一组疾病,多见于中老年患者,它包括：①退变性脊柱侧弯（ de-novo degenerative scoliosis,DDS）;②脊柱-骨盆矢状位失平衡致矢状面畸形;③退变性腰椎滑脱症。DDS多由1个或多个椎间盘和/或关节突关节的不对称性退变导致,主要发生在50岁以上的中老年人群,较少在40岁之前发病;发病率约为6％;女性多于男性,且多见于腰段及胸腰段。     

L_4 退变性滑脱患者脊柱-骨盆矢状面参数的特点与相关性分析

[目的]探讨L4退变性滑脱患者脊柱-骨盆矢状面参数的特点及各参数之间的相关性。[方法]回顾性分析2011年1月~2014年6月间44例L4单节段退变性滑脱患者的临床资料,并选取41例健康志愿者做为对照。在站立位脊柱侧位X线片上进行矢状面参数的测量(包括骨盆入射角PI、骨盆倾斜角PT、骶骨倾斜角SS、腰椎前凸角LL、矢状面轴向垂直距离SVA及T1骨盆角TPA等)。按PI大小进行分组对比,并观察腰椎矢状面曲度的Roussouly分型。[结果]DS组的PI、PTNC组,SSNC组(P0.05);两组的LL、SVA及TPA差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。在DS组中进一步发现:正常PI亚组的PT、TPA均大于NC组及大PI亚组的相应值,而SS均小于NC组及大PI亚组(P0.05)。按Roussouly分型,NC组中1~4型所占比例分别为9.8%、56.1%、26.8%和7.3%;DS组中1~4型的比例分别为4.5%、25%、43.2%和27.3%。相关性分析显示:两组中均可见PI与PT、SS存在密切相关性(P0.05);而TPA与PI、PT、LL及SVA之间有密切相关性(P0.05)。[结论]L4退变性滑脱患者较正常人群的骨盆入射角更大,且存在骨盆后倾的代偿机制;T1骨盆角是评价患者整体矢状面平衡的理想指标。     

退行性脊柱侧凸患者冠状面和矢状面影像学参数分析

目的 :分析退行性脊柱侧凸(DS)患者的影像学特征,探讨与DS患者冠状面影像学参数与矢状面平衡之间的关系。方法:回顾性分析99例DS患者的人口统计学资料和影像学资料,包括年龄、性别、冠状位Cobb角、顶椎椎体/椎间盘的位置、侧凸的方向、顶椎旋转度、侧凸节段、胸椎后凸角(TK)、腰椎前凸角(LL)、胸腰椎后凸角(TL)、骶骨角(SS)、骨盆倾斜角(PT)、骨盆入射角(PI)、矢状位垂直轴(SVA)和PI-LL。根据矢状面平衡情况将患者分为两组:失平衡组(A组),SVA5cm;平衡组(B组),SVA≤5cm,比较两组患者的人口学和影像学参数。结果:99例患者中女83例,男16例;年龄41~92岁(中位数为67岁);冠状位Cobb角10°~75°(中位数为23°);侧凸长度3~7个椎体(中位数为5个椎体)。顶椎最常见的位置在L2/3(81%),顶椎椎体旋转程度的中位数为Ⅱ度(Ⅰ~Ⅲ度)。冠状位Cobb角和侧凸节段相关(r=0.23,P0.005),和顶椎旋转亦相关(r=0.53,P0.005)。A组33例,B组66例;两组间年龄、LL、PT、冠状位Cobb角、顶椎旋转度和PI-LL均有显著性差异(P0.05),两组间性别、TK、TL、SS和PI无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论:DS患者冠状位Cobb角与侧凸节段和顶椎旋转间有相关关系;矢状位平衡和失衡患者的年龄、冠状位Cobb角、LL、PT和PI-LL均不同。     

退变性腰椎侧凸脊柱-骨盆矢状位影像学特点

目的 :观察退变性腰椎侧凸(DLS)患者脊柱-骨盆矢状位影像学特点,探讨脊柱-骨盆矢状位参数变化对DLS发生的影响。方法:回顾性分析103例DLS患者术前资料,男36例,女67例,年龄62.6±7.4(43~78)岁,并选取139例正常青年人群作为正常青年对照组,145例单纯颈椎病患者作为成年对照组,在脊柱全长正侧位X线片上测量各组冠状位、矢状位参数,包括L3倾斜角、侧凸Cobb角、冠状位平衡(CVA)、腰椎前凸角(LL)、矢状位平衡(SVA)、胸椎后凸角(TK)、骨盆入射角(PI)、骨盆倾斜角(PT)、骶骨倾斜角(SS)等,采用独立样本t检验比较DLS组与两对照组的各矢状位参数,并用Pearson相关分析DLS组各参数间相关性。结果:DLS组PI为50.4°±10.2°,显著高于正常青年对照组(45.1°±9.6°,P0.01)和成年对照组(46.9°±9.1°,P0.01)。与青年及成年对照组相比,DLS组LL、SS较小(P0.01),PT、SVA较大(P0.01);TK小于成年对照组(P0.01)。DLS组中合并退变性腰椎滑脱者37例(占35.9%),PI为53.1°±8.8°;无退变性腰椎滑脱者66例,PI为48.9°±10.6°,二者相比有统计学差异且均显著高于正常青年对照组(P0.05)。DLS组侧凸Cobb角与PT显著相关(P0.05),余冠状位参数与矢状位参数间未发现相关性;LL、PI、SS、PT两两之间显著相关(P0.01),LL、PT与TK显著相关(P0.01),SS与TK显著相关(P0.05),LL与SVA显著相关(P0.01)。结论 :DLS患者PI高于正常青年及颈椎病患者,高PI可能参与了DLS的发病机制;DLS患者退变、侧凸的腰椎仍存在调节矢状位平衡的能力。     

The use of the T1 sagittal angle in predicting overall sagittal balance of the spine

Background context

A balanced sagittal alignment of the spine has been shown to strongly correlate with less pain, less disability, and greater health status scores. To restore proper sagittal balance, one must assess the position of the occiput relative to the sacrum. The assessment of spinal balance preoperatively can be challenging, whereas predicting postoperative balance is even more difficult.

Purpose

This study was designed to evaluate and quantify multiple factors that influence sagittal balance.

Study design

Retrospective analysis of existing spinal radiographs.

Methods

A retrospective review of 52 adult spine patient records was performed. All patients had full-column digital radiographs that showed all the important skeletal landmarks necessary for accurate measurement. The average age of the patient was 53 years. Both genders were equally represented. The radiographs were measured using standard techniques to obtain the following parameters: scoliosis in the coronal plane; lordosis or kyphosis of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine; the T1 sagittal angle (angle between a horizontal line and the superior end plate of T1); the angle of the dens in the sagittal plane; the angle of the dens in relation to the occiput; the sacral slope; the pelvic incidence; the femoral-sacral angle; and finally, the sagittal vertical axis (SVA) measured from both the dens of C2 and from C7.

Results

It was found that the SVA when measured from the dens was on average 16 mm farther forward than the SVA measured from C7 (p<.0001). The dens plumb line (SVA_dens) was then used in the study. An analysis was done to examine the relationship between SVA_dens and each of the other measurements. The T1 sagittal angle was found to have a moderate positive correlation (r=0.65) with SVA_dens, p<.0001, indicating that the amount of sagittal T1 tilt can be used as a good predictor of overall sagittal balance.When examining the other variables, it was found that cervical lordosis had a weak correlation (r=0.37) with SVA_dens that was unexpected, given that cervical lordosis determines head position. Thoracic kyphosis also had a weak correlation (r=0.26) with SVA_C1, which was equally surprising. Lumbar lordosis had a slightly higher correlation (r=0.38), p=.006, than the cervical or thoracic spine.A multiple regression was run on the data to examine the relationship that all these independent variables have on SVA_dens. SPSS (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) was used to create a regression equation using the independent variables of T1 sagittal angle, cervical lordosis, thoracic kyphosis, lumbar lordosis, sacral slope, pelvic incidence, and femoral-sacral angle and the dependent variable of SVA_dens. The model had a strong correlation (r=0.80, r²=0.64) and was statistically significant (p<.0001).The T1 sagittal angle was the variable that had the strongest correlation with the SVA_dens Spearman r=0.65, p<.0001, followed by pelvic incidence, p=.002, and lumbar lordosis, p=.006. We also observed that when the T1 tilt was higher than 25°, all patients had at least 10 cm of positive sagittal imbalance. In addition, patients with negative sagittal balance had mostly low T1 tilt values, usually lower than 13°. The other variables were not shown to have a statically significant influence on SVA.

Conclusions

This analysis shows that many factors influence the overall sagittal balance of the patient, but it may be the position of the pelvis and lower spine that have a stronger influence than the position of the upper back and neck. Unfortunately, to our knowledge, there are no studies to date that have established a normal sagittal T1 tilt angle. However, our analysis has shown that when the T1 tilt was higher than 25°, all patients had at least 10 cm of positive sagittal imbalance. It also showed that patients with negative sagittal balance had mostly low T1 tilt values, usually below 13° of angulation.The T1 sagittal angle is a measurement that may be very useful in evaluating sagittal balance, as it was the measure that most strongly correlated with SVA_dens. It has its great utility where long films cannot be obtained. Patients whose T1 tilt falls outside the range 13° to 25° should be sent for full-column radiographs for a complete evaluation of their sagittal balance. On the other hand, a T1 tilt within the above range does not guarantee a normal sagittal balance, and further investigation should be performed at the surgeon’s discretion.     

Injury to the sagittal sinus

Fracture of the occipital condyle is a rare sequela of craniocervical trauma; it has been reported in only 8 patients since 1816. In one-third of the cases, the fracture was associated with dislocation of the atlantooccipital junction, a uniformly fatal injury. We report a case of fracture of the occipital condyle associated with fractures of C6 and C7, a combination of injuries not previously reported to the best of our knowledge.     

Unusual penetrating injury of the superior sagittal sinus

Two unusual cases of craniocerebral injury involving penetration of the superior sagittal sinus by a nail were encountered. After adequate surgical management and extraction of the retained nail, both patients recovered satisfactorily. The management of such cases is discussed.     

Gravitational forces and sagittal shape of the spine

The sagittal morphology of the pelvis determines the amount of lordosis needed for each individual. The proper harmony of the sagittal spinal curves allows a stable balance, economical in terms of mechanical effects and muscular energy. A previous barycentremetrical laboratory study allowed us to demonstrate that the axis of gravity of the upper body segment was located behind the lumbar vertebrae and the femoral heads, thus ensuring economy and stability. The determination of the anatomical connection of the individual gravity is thus of primary importance for the evaluation of sagittal balance. Data for 42 patients without spinal pathology, previously evaluated by barycentremetry, were used to establish a predictive equation for the application point of the gravity at the level of the third lumbar vertebra (L3). This equation, using anthropometric and radiographic pelvic and spinal parameters, was integrated into a software program called Similibary. It was applied to the same 42 subjects. These results were compared in order to validate the method. No significant difference was observed between the two techniques. This easy-to-use tool allows a personalised evaluation of the sagittal balance of the spine, both through the evaluation of the harmonious relationship between the spinal curves and the pelvis, and through the location of gravity supported by the vertebral structures in L3.