Cystic duct remnant carcinoma with widespread invasion along the extrahepatic bile duct wall: dynamic CT findings

We report a case of remnant cystic duct carcinoma with widespread invasion along the common bile duct wall. Thin-slice dynamic computed tomography showed circumferential wall thickening of the extrahepatic bile duct (from the common hepatic duct to the intrapancreatic common bile duct) and the remnant cystic duct. Pathologically, the extrahepatic bile duct wall was thickened due to submucosal tumor infiltration by cystic duct papillary adenocarcinoma.     

原位肝移植后胆管损伤的病理学改变(英文)

背景:肝移植术后胆道损伤引起的并发症是临床上诊治的难点,是抑制肝移植发展的瓶颈。目的:在成功应用胆道内镜治疗肝移植术后胆道并发症的同时,对胆管的损伤进行观察记录并取活检病理,分析不同胆管损伤、组织病理学类型与肝移植术后胆管并发症的关系。设计、时间及地点:病例分析,于2001-07/2005-10在大连市肝胆外科研究所,友谊医院肝胆外科完成。对象:将19例肝移植术后患者根据胆管并发症发生情况分为3组:正常组4例,胆管损伤组12例,肝动脉损伤组3例。方法:利用内镜技术,分别对3组患者进行胆管观察、记录,内镜下取活检进行病理分析。对于无T管者,应用子母胆道镜观察、取活检。主要观察指标:应用胆道内镜观察T管造影、肝内外胆管黏膜外观及病理学检查结果、供-受体胆管吻合口的愈合情况。胆管损伤组经内镜取石、狭窄扩张治疗后行上述指标的复查。结果:①正常组患者肝内外胆管解剖正常,无狭窄、瘢痕,胆管黏膜颜色正常,供-受体胆管吻合口愈合佳。病理学检查均可见修复性的黏膜组织,被覆上皮完整。②胆管损伤组患者胆管内有各种类型的单发、多发及铸型结石,胆管均有不同程度损伤,经内镜取净结石、解除梗阻后,胆管黏膜均有不同程度的修复,造影检查胆树恢...     

原发性肝癌合并胆管癌栓的临床诊治

目的探讨原发性肝癌合并胆管癌栓临床诊治策略的选择。方法回顾性分析2016年8月~2019年8月解放军总院海南医院肝胆外科20例原发性肝癌合并胆管癌栓患者的外科诊治情况。结果20例均行外科手术,4例行左（右）半肝切除+胆管取栓,7例行肝脏肿瘤切除+胆管取栓,4例行肝脏肿瘤射频消融+胆管取栓,3例单纯行胆管切开取栓+T管引流术,2例行经皮经肝胆管引流术。术后随访至今,其中左（右）半肝切除及胆管取栓患者平均生存时间36.2月,肝脏肿瘤切除及胆管取栓平均生存时间34.6月,肝脏肿瘤射频消融及胆管取栓平均生存时间28.2月,单纯行胆管取栓平均生存时间13.6月,经皮经肝胆管引流减黄平均生存时间5.8月。结论原发性肝癌合并胆管癌栓,早期诊断,积极切除肿瘤及清除胆管癌栓可获得较好的临床疗效。      

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤的外科处理

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤的外科处理效果。 方法北京大学第一医院普通外科2001年1月至2017年12月行3695例腹腔镜胆囊切除术,发生胆管损伤11例（0.3%）。胆管部分损伤5例,行缝合修复,其中4例放置T管引流;胆管横断伤6例,行胆管端端吻合T管引流3例,行预置盲襻式胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合3例。 结果7例T管引流于术后6~12个月拔除。11例随访时间18~60个月,平均44.8个月。胆肠吻合口狭窄2例,行胆道镜球囊扩张;余9例未出现胆管狭窄。 结论胆管缝合修复、胆管端端吻合、预置盲襻式胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合均是胆管损伤后外科处理的有效手段;胆管损伤修复后出现胆管狭窄,可以选择胆道镜球囊扩张,必要时行再手术矫正。     

术中胆道镜技术对胆道探查术中选择胆道引流方式的作用

目的 探讨术中胆道镜技术对胆道探查术中选择恰当胆道引流方式的作用。方法 对143例胆道探查患者术中经扩张胆囊管开口、胆总管、肝内胆管等途径应用胆道镜探查胆道，根据胆道镜检查结果选择无胆道引流、胆道外引流、胆肠内引流及胆道内外引流相结合的引流方式。结果 120例肝胆管结石患者术后胆道残石率为21．7％，119例梗阻性黄疸患者总减黄有效率95．0％，该组术后胆道反复感染率4．9％，因胆道引流不畅需再手术率为6．3％，住院期间死亡率2．8％。结论 术中胆道镜有利于胆道探查术中选择恰当的胆道引流方式，提高治疗效果。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管损伤

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤的原因和预防措施。方法对该中心从1992年9月-2003年12月的腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管损伤病例进行综合分析。结果4610例腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管损伤7例(0．15％)，其中胆总管完全横断伤2例，胆总管部分横断伤2例，肝总管横断伤1例，右肝管横断伤1例，右侧副肝管横断伤1例。术中发现4例，术后诊断3例。胆管横断伤处理以直接修补、T管引流为主，半年后胆肠Koux—Y吻合。或一期胆总管空肠KoHX—Y吻合术。副肝管损伤可放置腹腔引流，不需直接修补。结论造成腹腔镜肝外胆管损伤的常见原因有急性、瓷性或萎缩性胆囊炎粘连严重和经验不足。重视预防和提高手术技能，能降低腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管损伤的发生率。     

内镜在胆道损伤诊断与治疗中的价值

目的探讨内镜在胆道损伤诊断与治疗中的价值。方法通过Medline(1996—2004)光盘检索有关内镜诊断与治疗胆道损伤的文献。结果在胆道损伤诊断中，内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)可以明确胆道损伤的部位及程度。在胆道损伤的治疗方面，各种内镜治疗方法的合理应用，对小范围的主胆管缺损、胆囊管残端漏、小范围的胆道狭窄等病变能获得较好的治疗效果，而主胆管横断、大范围胆道狭窄的内镜冶疗效果较差。结论内镜是一种胆道损伤诊断与治疗的基本方法，在治疗方面，其适应证的把握是重要的。     

腹腔镜胆总管切开取石术治疗老年胆道结石36例分析

目的总结腹腔镜胆总管切开取石术治疗60岁以上老年人胆道结石的治疗经验。方法回顾性分析2000年9月-2004年10月腹腔镜胆总管切开取石术治疗60岁以上老年人胆道结石36例资料。结果36例全部手术成功，手术70—240min，放置T管引流33例，行胆总管Ⅰ期缝合3例；术后有1例发生胆漏，经治疗后治愈；2例有肝内残余结石，于术后1个月经T管窦道用胆道镜取净结石。结论做好围手术期处理后，腹腔镜治疗老年人胆道结石是安全有效、值得推广的手术方法，但要把握好手术适应证和手术时机的选择。     

超声监测重型肝炎患者肝内胆管回声变化的临床意义

目的 探讨超声监测重型肝炎患者门静脉右支前方肝内胆管超声表现的临床意义.方法 对57例接受住院治疗的重型肝炎患者进行超声监测,常规检查肝脏大小、门静脉血流动力学变化、胆囊及肝内胆管变化及腹腔积液等.观察治疗过程中57例重型肝炎患者肝内胆管回声变化和血总胆红素水平变化.结果 治疗过程中,57例重型肝炎患者中15例(15/57,26.3%)出现肝内胆管回声变化,42例(42/57,73.7%)肝内胆管回声无变化.肝内胆管回声变化组患者均表现为门静脉右支前方肝内胆管壁回声增厚、增强及管腔结构模糊不清,患者血总胆红素最高值的平均值为(457.8±141.1)μmol/L,明显高于肝内胆管回声无变化组患者的(299.9±116.1)μmol/L,且差异有统计学意义(t=3.89,P<0.05).肝内胆管回声变化组中12例病情好转患者肝内胆管回声变化逐渐消退,而3例死亡患者此声像改变持续存在.结论 治疗过程中超声监测重型肝炎患者门静脉右支前方肝内胆管回声变化对临床观察重型肝炎的治疗效果及判断预后有重要提示作用.     

胆囊结石并胆源性胰腺炎的腹腔镜治疗

目的探讨胆囊结石并胆源性胰腺炎的腹腔镜治疗方法。方法在腹腔镜下游离胆总管,胆囊管近壶腹端夹闭,在其夹闭的下端将胆囊管剪一侧孔,检查胆囊管内有无结石,如有结石,将结石挤出,从胆囊管侧孔中插入一直径约2mm的引流管,行胆道造影,证实胆道无结石,胆总管下端通畅,胆囊管引流管用弹力线双重结扎固定,检查引流管有胆汁流出,引流通畅,结束手术。术后淀粉酶恢复正常,拔除胆囊管引流管,观察1、2d出院。结果该组31例病人,术前均有不同程度的血尿淀粉酶升高,术后1￣5d血淀粉酶恢复正常,腹部症状及体征消失,拔除胆囊管引流管,无胆漏发生。结论腹腔镜胆囊切除、经胆囊管胆总管引流是治疗胆囊结石并胆源性胰腺炎的有效方法。它可以有效地进行胆总管减压引流,防止胰腺炎加重,促进胰腺炎病人的康复。3￣5d拔除胆囊管引流管后,胆囊管弹力回缩自动关闭,不会出现胆漏。因无需切开胆总管置T型管引流,大大缩短了住院、带管时间,减轻了病人痛苦。     

Laparoscopic ultrasonographic appearance of the common bile duct mucosa: a predictor of choledocholithiasis.

Previously we reported on the use of laparoscopic ultrasonography in detecting common bile duct stones during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The aim of this study is to describe the laparoscopic ultrasonographic appearance of the common bile duct mucosa in patients with choledocholithiasis. Medical records of 44 patients with an increased risk for common bile duct stones undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy between 1993 and 1998 were reviewed. In the operating room, the laparoscopic ultrasonographic appearance of the common bile duct mucosa was scored in real time as normal, mild changes (hyperechoic mucosa), or severe changes (hyperechoic with mucosal thickening). Of the 31 patients (70%) with stones or sludge in the biliary tree, 29 (94%) had either severe (58%) or mild (36%) hyperechoic and 2 (6%) had normal-appearing common bile duct mucosa on laparoscopic ultrasonography. Of the 13 patients (30%) with no documented stones or sludge, 11 (85%) had normal and 2 (15%) had mild hyperechoic common bile duct mucosa on laparoscopic ultrasonography. Both of these patients had laboratory values indicating recent passage of common bile duct stones. The association between common bile duct stones and the presence of hyperechoic common bile duct mucosa was statistically significant (P < .0001, Fisher's exact test). This is the first report of hyperechoic common bile duct mucosa demonstrated by laparoscopic ultrasonography as a predictor of common bile duct stones. This finding is evident in the majority of patients with common bile duct stones and also may be associated with recent passage of a stone into the duodenum.     

胆囊切除术后胆总管下端狭窄的内镜诊断与治疗

目的探讨胆总管下端炎性狭窄的内镜诊断与治疗。方法174例胆囊切除术后综合征患者行内镜下逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)，对发现的73例(41．95％)胆总管下端狭窄患者行内镜下治疗。结果上腹痛缓解率在单纯胆总管下端狭窄者、合并急性胰腺炎者、合并结石者分别为83．33％、73．81％、80．95％，胆总管内径恢复率在单纯胆总管下端狭窄者、合并急性胰腺炎者、合并结石者分别为100％、88．89％、100％，术后所有患者血AIT，AST，ALP及r-GT恢复正常。结论EST可作为治疗胆总管下端狭窄有效和首选的治疗方法之一。     

经电子胆道镜U100双频激光治疗胆系结石的体会

目的探讨电子胆道镜下双频激光碎石对胆道术后残留结石的治疗效果及体会。方法对2003年1月～2005年3月,经T管窦道采用电子胆道镜双频激光碎石治疗胆道术后残留结石54例(肝外胆管结石16例,肝内胆管结石23例,肝内合并肝外胆管结石15例),对其治疗效果进行分析。结果53例治愈,治愈率98.15%,1例为远端肝内胆管结石,胆管过于狭窄,胆道镜无法进入而取石失败。结论电子胆道镜下双频激光碎石能有效治疗肝内外胆管残留结石。     

医源性胆管损伤的治疗策略探讨

目的探讨医源性胆管损伤的治疗策略;方法回顾性分析13年来我院发生的医源性胆管损伤6例的手术治疗和长期随访结果;结果6例中术中诊断4例,术后诊断2例。损伤后1期行胆管端端吻合2例,胆管十二指肠吻合2例,腹腔引流1例及胆管空肠Roux-en-y吻合术1例。通过多年随访,胆管端端吻合2例情况一直良好,但胆管十二指肠吻合的2例因反复腹痛发烧后改行胆管空肠吻合后随防3年情况良好,但其中1例已并发胆汁性肝硬化。另1例胆囊切除术（第1次手术）后胆漏,经引流（第2次）后行胆肠吻合术（第3次）,术后伴发结石及胆肠吻合口狭窄,再次手术切除狭窄的吻合口后再行胆肠吻合术（第4次）手术后随访3年,无腹痛发热与黄疸。结论胆管端端吻合和胆肠Roux-en-y吻合是医源性胆管损伤后修复的基本术式,妥善实施可达到良好效果。     

超声观察与分析胆总管内径在胆囊切除术前后的变化

胆囊切除术后,胆总管是否产生扩张,是长期以来未能定论的问题。本文对97例胆囊切除术前后的患者进行了胆总管内径变化的追踪观察。结论是:胆囊切除术后,胆总管扩张常与术前同时存在的胆总管结石或感染有关。与是否行胆总管引流及手术方式有关。而术前胆总管内径在正常情况下时,术后不会产生代偿性扩张。     

Histopathological studies on intrahepatic bile ducts in the vicinity of porta hepatis in biliary atresia.

Intrahepatic bile ducts in the vicinity of the porta hepatis were histologically investigated in 9 cases of biliary atresia and the pattern of bile duct was divided into two groups. In the first group, there were a few large bile ducts which had continuity to the extrahepatic bile duct. In the second group, many small bile ducts were histologically observed, but there was no large bile duct at the porta hepatis. This type of abnormal bile ducts was seen in the cases of obliteration of bile ducts at porta hepatis.     

超声造影在胆道阻塞性疾病超声引导置管引流术中的应用价值

目的探讨超声造影在肝内胆道阻塞性疾病超声引导置管引流术中的诊断及治疗价值。方法 44例胆道阻塞性疾病患者,其中36例恶性胆道梗阻性黄疸患者,在超声引导下经皮肝穿刺置入猪尾巴引流管行胆管引流术,一侧胆管引流术成功后,经引流管注入稀释后超声造影剂声诺维50 ml行肝内胆管超声造影,以观察左右肝内胆管是否相通,如不相通者行另一侧胆管置管引流;8例肝内囊性占位患者,在超声引导下抽出囊内液体后,根据囊液颜色及实验室指标确诊,经引流管注入稀释后的超声造影剂声诺维,注入量为抽出囊液量的1/4,观察囊肿与周围胆管是否相通,如不相通者给予硬化剂注射治疗。结果 36例恶性胆道梗阻性黄疸患者行肝内胆管引流术均一次成功,其中一侧胆管引流术成功后,经肝内胆管超声造影发现有9例左右肝内胆管相通,遂行一侧肝内胆管引流,27例不相通,后行双侧肝内胆管置管引流术,术后观察黄疸症状明显消退;8例肝内囊性占位患者经确诊为胆汁瘤,超声造影提示6例囊肿瘤体与周围胆管相通;2例与周围胆管不相通,后给予瘤体内无水乙醇硬化治疗。结论超声引导置管引流术是胆汁阻塞性疾病诊断及治疗的重要方法,联合超声造影可以直观显示左右肝内胆管是否相通,对于选择单侧或双侧置管提供可靠依据,且可明确胆汁瘤是否与周围胆管相通,决定可否行药物硬化治疗,避免治疗并发症的发生,是一种安全可靠的辅助检查手段。     

Ectopic opening of the common bile duct into the duodenal bulb with recurrent choledocholithiasis: A case report

BACKGROUNDEctopic opening of the common bile duct is a condition with low incidence. Patients with an ectopic common bile duct opening have a high incidence of common bile duct stones and acute cholangitis. Patients with atypical symptoms and imaging findings are easily misdiagnosed; moreover, it is difficult to retrieve stones by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, and common bile duct stones are prone to postsurgical recurrence.CASE SUMMARYA 45-year-old male patient presented with “intermittent upper abdominal pain and elevated liver enzymes for 1 wk”. Transabdominal ultrasound indicated dilation of the common bile duct and the presence of stones. Magnetic resonance imaging showed that the common bile duct was dilated with stones and that its opening was ectopic. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography revealed an abnormal opening of the common bile duct into the duodenal bulb and the presence of common bile duct stones. Laparoscopic extrahepatic choledochectomy and hepatoenteric anastomosis were performed. After surgery, the patient recovered well and was discharged. The patient has been followed up for 2 years since the operation. He has not experienced stone recurrence, and his liver function and quality of life are good.CONCLUSIONImproved understanding of ectopic opening of the common bile duct is needed for clinicians to provide patients with appropriate treatment.     

胃胆管治疗医源性胆管损伤的体会

目的 探讨医源性胆管损伤的原因及应用胃胆管的治疗效果.方法 回顾性分析9例医源性胆管损伤患者的临床资料.结果 9例患者的胆管损伤均在术中及时发现.5例系金属探条暴力所致,2例取石钳损伤,1例腹腔镜分离钳损伤,1例肝总管横断.经注水试验、胆管造影或胆道镜检查证实后,即在胆总管内置入细硅胶管(胃胆管)经十二指肠乳头、幽门、胃前壁引出固定于腹壁,胃胆管头端固定有自制弹力圈以防自胆管脱出.常规于胆管损伤处或后腹膜胆总管损伤处置引流管.9例患者均恢复顺利,8例胃胆管引流6～10 d后拔除,1例30 d后拔除,随访9个月至5年,未出现胆管狭窄、腹膜后感染等并发症.结论 术中胆道镜、胆管注水试验和术中胆管造影有助于诊断;胃胆管引流对胆管损伤有一定应用价值,但临床应用例数太少,有待进一步积累资料和观察.     

ERCP在胆管结石诊断和治疗中的应用

目的评价内镜下逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)对胆管系统结石诊断和治疗的价值。方法对106例ERCP资料作回顾性分析,并将超声(US)、计算机断层扫描(CT)与ERCP的资料进行比较。结果胆囊结石的诊断US优于CT和EPCP,胆总管结石的诊断ERCP优于CT、US。本组病例中ERCP检查的胆管结石患者在明确诊断的同时通过内镜下乳头切开取石和/或鼻胆管引流解除梗阻。其中结石最小直径0.1cm,最大直径5cm,单发19例,多发37例。胆系结石主要位于胆总管和胆囊内,ERCP主要表现为胆总管内的充盈缺损,胆管扩张,下端梗阻时,可出现杯口状的充盈缺损,其上方胆管口径扩张。结论ERCP作为一种微创的诊断兼治疗的手段,对胆管结石有重要的临床应用价值。