婴幼儿肺功能的检测与护理

目的检测婴幼儿患呼吸系统疾患时肺功能状况,研究探讨2600型小儿肺功能仪操作方法,以协助临床诊断并指导治疗.方法采用SensorMedics2600型小儿肺功能仪,对611例呼吸系统疾患婴幼儿进行睡眠时潮气呼吸流速容量(TBFV)环、被动呼气流速容量(PFV)曲线检查,部分患儿进行功能残气量(FRC)测定.结果611例患儿中检出肺功能异常者558例(91.32%).其中表现小气道阻力升高505例(82.65%),大气道阻力升高401例(65.63%);同时有大、小气道阻力升高348例(56.96%);呼吸系统静态顺应性降低149例(24.39%),增高6例(0.98%).279例功能残气量测试,增高46例(16.49%),减少104例(37.28%).162例支气管舒张试验阳性68例(41.98%);阴性94例(58.02%).各项指标均正常53例(9.33%).结论本检测方法客观地反映了患儿潮气通气量指标、气道阻力、颇应性、功能残气量情况及气道可逆性,对指导临床诊断治疗及疗效判断有重要的应用意义,正确的操作方法保证了测试结果的准确性和可靠性.     

婴幼儿肺功能检测在呼吸系统疾病的作用和意义

目的:了解婴幼儿肺功能检测在临床应用的意义.方法:用美国森迪氏公司2 600婴幼儿肺功能仪做4 228例婴幼儿肺功能检测.包括用潮气流速环了解大、小气道功能、用开放性氮冲洗法检测功能残气量、呼吸系统顺应性和总气道阻力是用被动流速容量技术测出的.结果:婴幼儿肺功能检测总阳性率为88%,各种呼吸道疾病有不同的肺功能特点,各种指标的阳性率也有不同.毛细支气管炎、喘息性支气管肺炎和婴幼儿哮喘的惠儿大部分都有小气道阻力增高,其阳性率分别为58.3%,60%,64%.功能残气量异常为主.而先天性喉喘鸣的喉炎的肺功能检查以大气道功能异常的阳性率是30%左右,远比其他的呼吸道疾病要高:肺不张的患者以小气道功能异常、总气道阻力增高为主和功能残气量下降为主要改变,这与肺不张的病理生理改变十分吻合:此组患者的最大人群为支气管肺炎,则是既有小气道阻力增高改变,又有总气道阻力增高和功能残气量改变,但功能残气量升高、降低的比例相差不大,这和支气管肺炎是以阻塞为主,还是实变为主有相当大的关系.咳嗽变异性哮喘的患儿有25.4%有小气道阻力增高,而功能残气量也有一定的变化.结论:婴幼儿肺功能检测对婴幼儿肺生长发育监测,各种疾病转归、诊断、药物疗效评定等均具有很重要的临床意义.     

体描箱评价脊柱侧弯幼儿的肺功能变化

背景：肺功能检查是脊柱侧弯矫正前评价手术风险的重要手段,寻找一种简便、有效的检测肺功能评估方法是低龄儿童脊柱侧弯手术时机选择及治疗效果评价的迫切要求.目的：应用体描箱评价脊柱侧弯幼儿的肺功能变化.方法：纳入脊柱侧弯患儿31例,健康对照幼儿50例.采用德国耶格公司生产的婴儿体描箱进行肺功能指标检测,包括潮气量、分钟通气量、达峰容积比、达峰时间比、潮气呼气峰流速、25%,50%,75%潮气量时的潮气呼气流速、呼吸频率、功能残气量及有效气道阻力.结果与结论：脊柱侧弯组患儿功能残气量明显低于健康组（P 〈 0.01）,有效气道阻力明显高于健康组（P 〈 0.01）,分钟通气量、潮气呼气峰流速及75%潮气量时的潮气呼气流速均明显低于健康组（P 〈 0.05）.提示功能残气量、有效气道阻力是体描箱测定的经典指标,脊柱侧弯患儿功能残气量明显减低,气道阻力明显增高.体描箱可作为检测低龄脊柱侧弯患儿肺功能的重要手段.     

潮气流速容量曲线测定在毛细支气管炎患儿中的意义

目的通过对240例毛细支气管炎患儿的潮气流速容量曲线的测定,以探讨毛细支气管炎患儿气道阻力的变化规律。方法采用美国Sensor Medics公司生产的2600型全自动小儿肺功能测定仪,在潮气状态下对毛细支气管炎患儿进行肺功能测定,连续记录潮气呼气流速容量曲线。结果所有毛细支气管炎患儿都有不同程度的气道阻力增高,尤以小气道阻力增高为主,其增高程度与患儿病情的轻重呈正相关。结论毛细支气管炎患儿应尽早进行潮气流速容量曲线的测定,以判断患儿病情,为其治疗和护理提供客观依据;潮气流速容量曲线的测定操作简单易行,并且无创,在临床上应广泛应用。     

体描箱评价脊柱侧弯幼儿的肺功能变化

背景:肺功能检查是脊柱侧弯矫正前评价手术风险的重要手段,寻找一种简便、有效的检测肺功能评估方法是低龄儿童脊柱侧弯手术时机选择及治疗效果评价的迫切要求。目的:应用体描箱评价脊柱侧弯幼儿的肺功能变化。方法:纳入脊柱侧弯患儿31例,健康对照幼儿50例。采用德国耶格公司生产的婴儿体描箱进行肺功能指标检测,包括潮气量、分钟通气量、达峰容积比、达峰时间比、潮气呼气峰流速、25%,50%,75%潮气量时的潮气呼气流速、呼吸频率、功能残气量及有效气道阻力。结果与结论:脊柱侧弯组患儿功能残气量明显低于健康组(P<0.01),有效气道阻力明显高于健康组(P<0.01),分钟通气量、潮气呼气峰流速及75%潮气量时的潮气呼气流速均明显低于健康组(P<0.05)。提示功能残气量、有效气道阻力是体描箱测定的经典指标,脊柱侧弯患儿功能残气量明显减低,气道阻力明显增高。体描箱可作为检测低龄脊柱侧弯患儿肺功能的重要手段。     

婴幼儿喘息性支气管炎肺功能改变的探讨

目的 探讨婴幼儿喘息性支气管炎的肺功能变化.方法 应用Vmax26型婴幼儿肺功能仪对63例喘息性支气管炎患儿进行肺功能检测,并与婴幼儿支气管肺炎组及正常婴幼儿肺功能进行对比.结果 喘息性支气管炎组与支气管肺炎组肺功能对比无显著改变.与对照组相对比,喘息性支气管炎组有显著改变.结论 以每公斤体重呼吸系统顺应性,气道阻力,每公斤体重功能残气量作为辅助判断婴幼儿喘息性支气管炎严重程度及监测病情变化的肺功能指标,有助于临床诊断.     

婴幼儿喘息性支气管炎肺功能改变的探讨

目的探讨婴幼儿喘息性支气管炎的肺功能变化。方法应用Vmax26型婴幼儿肺功能仪对63例喘息性支气管炎患儿进行肺功能检测,并与婴幼儿支气管肺炎组及正常婴幼儿肺功能进行对比。结果喘息性支气管炎组与支气管肺炎组肺功能对比无显著改变。与对照组相对比,喘息性支气管炎组有显著改变。结论以每公斤体重呼吸系统顺应性,气道阻力,每公斤体重功能残气量作为辅助判断婴幼儿喘息性支气管炎严重程度及监测病情变化的肺功能指标,有助于临床诊断。     

婴幼儿哮喘潮气呼吸肺功能的检测及护理

总结484例婴幼儿潮气呼吸的检测方法和护理，以协助临床诊断并指导治疗。采用MasterScreen Paed型肺功能仪对484例患哮喘的婴幼儿在睡眠时进行潮气呼吸分析、流速容量环检测。本组检测均顺利进行，检测出肺功能异常者456例（94．2％）。本检测方法客观地反映了患儿潮气呼吸参数的变化，对指导临床诊断治疗及疗效判断有重要的应用意义；正确的操作方法和护理保证了测试结果的准确性和可靠性。     

婴幼儿肺炎链球菌肺炎的肺功能检测及临床特征分析

目的:分析婴幼儿肺炎链球菌肺炎的肺功能情况及临床特征。方法:对72例肺炎链球菌肺炎婴幼儿病例进行回顾性临床分析,并对其中32例婴幼儿肺功能检查结果进行分析总结,肺功能检查采用的是美国森迪公司2600婴幼儿肺功能仪。结果:32例肺炎链球菌肺炎婴幼儿的肺功能检查结果显示,32例通气功能正常,而大气道阻力增高占37.5%(12/32),小气道阻力增高65.6%(21/32),呼吸系统顺应性下降78.1%(25/32)。主要临床症状中发热70.8%(51/72),咳嗽、咳痰100%(72/72),呼吸增快56.9%(41/72)。多可闻及肺部干湿啰音,X线主要表现为肺部斑片影或斑点影,大多数外周血WBC增高、C反应蛋白增高。本组婴儿治疗效果好,全部出院,无一例死亡。结论:本组肺炎链球菌肺炎婴幼儿临床表现以呼吸系统为主,肺功能检查结果多数呈现大气道、小气道阻力增高,阻塞性通气障碍,呼吸系统顺应性下降。肺功能检查可为客观评估肺炎链球菌肺炎婴幼儿病程提供临床依据。     

呼吸道合胞病毒毛细支气管炎婴幼儿肺功能变化及其在临诊断和治疗评估中的价值

目的探讨呼吸道合胞病毒毛细支气管炎肺功能的变化及其在临床诊断和治疗评估中的作用。方法对110例呼吸道合胞病毒毛细支气管炎患儿进行肺功能测定，并与49例正常健康儿童进行对照，观察患儿潮气流速-容量环的形态及各项指标的变化。回顾性渊查患儿临床病情评分、住院天数，与肺功能主要参数进行相关陛分析。结果呼吸道合胞病毒毛细支气管炎患儿潮气流速-容量环变窄，呼气曲线升枝陡峭，高峰提前，降枝呈波谷样凹陷。呼吸道合胞病毒毛细支气管炎患儿呼吸频率（RR）、呼气峰流速／潮气量（PF／VE）、呼气峰流速／呼气达峰时间（PTEF／TPTEF）增加，每千克体重潮气量（VT／kg）、吸呼比（TI/TE）、呼气达峰时间（TPTEF）、达峰时间比（TPTEF/TE）、呼气达峰容积（VPTEF）、达峰容积比（％V-PF）、呼出75％潮气量时的呼气流速（TEF25％）、呼出75％潮气量时的呼气流速／呼气峰流速（25／PF）降低，与同年龄正常组比较差异均有显著性意义；呼气峰流速（PTEF）、呼气中期流速（ME）、吸气中期流速（MI）、呼气中期流速／吸气中期流速（ME／MI）无显著性差异。代表小气道功能的主要参数指标％V—PF、25／PF与患儿临床病情评分中度相关，与住院天数低度相关。结论呼吸道合胞病毒毛细支气管炎急性期肺功能主要表现为小气道阻塞性通气障碍；潮气呼吸肺功能测定可作为该病临床诊断、病情预后评估的客观依据。     

Functional residual capacity and lung mechanics at different levels of mechanical ventilation

We assessed the effects of rapid ventilatory rates (60 to 120 breath/min) and high mechanical ventilation pressures (30/5 to 40/10 cm H2O) on lung mechanics and intravascular pressures in 9 paralyzed, sedated rabbits ventilated with a time-cycled, pressure-limited flow generator (Baby bird). Measurements of tidal volume, ventilator line pressure, tracheal pressure, functional residual capacity (FRC), and arterial and venous blood pressures showed that: 68% of the peak pressure developed by the ventilator was transmitted to the trachea at 60 breath/min, 74% at 120 breath/min, and 87% when ventilation pressures were increased to 40/10 cm H2O; when the ventilatory rate and the PEEP were increased, the end-expiratory pressure in the trachea became progressively greater than that indicated on the ventilator pressure gauge; FRC increased when the PEEP and mean tracheal pressure increased; tidal volume and dynamic compliance decreased and minute ventilation increased as ventilatory rate increased; compliance decreased whenever FRC increased, and increased whenever FRC decreased; and there was little effect on mean central venous or arterial pressure. These data indicate that increasing ventilator rates cause gas trapping within the lung. In normal animals, this may interfere with gas exchange and pulmonary blood flow. In abnormal lungs, the gas trapping may increase FRC and improve gas exchange within the lung.     

Effect of endotracheal suction on lung dynamics in mechanically-ventilated paediatric patients

Endotracheal suctioning is performed regularly in ventilated infants and children to remove obstructive secretions. The effect of suctioning on respiratory mechanics is not known. This study aimed to determine the immediate effect of endotracheal suctioning on dynamic lung compliance, tidal volume, and airway resistance in mechanically-ventilated paediatric patients by means of a prospective observational clinical study. Lung mechanics were recorded for five minutes before and five minutes after a standardised suctioning procedure in 78 patients intubated with endotracheal tubes < or = 4.0 mm internal diameter. Twenty-four patients with endotracheal tube leaks > or = 20% were excluded from analysis. There was a significant overall decrease in dynamic compliance (p < 0.001) and mechanical expired tidal volume (p = 0.03) following suctioning with no change in the percentage endotracheal tube leak (p = 0.41). The change in dynamic compliance was directly related to both endotracheal tube and catheter sizes. There was no significant change in expiratory or inspiratory airway resistance following suctioning (p > 0.05). Although the majority of patients (68.5%) experienced a drop in dynamic compliance following suctioning, dynamic compliance increased in 31.5% of patients after the procedure. This study demonstrates that endotracheal suctioning frequently causes an immediate drop in dynamic compliance and expired tidal volume in ventilated children with variable lung pathology, intubated with small endotracheal tubes, probably indicating loss of lung volume caused by the suctioning procedure. There is no evidence that suctioning reduces airway resistance.     

肺炎患儿潮气呼吸肺功能检测及其临床意义

目的观察婴儿肺炎的潮气呼吸肺功能动态变化并探讨其临床意义。方法采用德国耶格公司婴幼儿肺功能仪,对23例肺炎婴儿急性期、恢复期及15例正常婴儿进行肺功能检查,统计方法采用单因素方差分析,两两比较采用q检验。结果肺炎急性期组与恢复期组及正常组比较,呼吸频率（RR）、潮气峰值流速与潮气量的比率（PTEF/Vt）明显增高,每千克体重潮气量（Vt/kg）明显下降,差异有显著性;潮气峰值流速（PTEF）、达峰时间比（tPTEF/tE）及达峰容积比（vPTEF/vE）等指标差异均无显著性（P〉0.05）。结论肺炎婴儿急性期肺功能并不等同于毛细支气管炎肺功能表现,它主要表现为Vt/kg、RR、PEF/VT的改变,而非tPTEF/tE、vPTEF/vE的改变,Vt/kg、RR、PEF/VT可作为观察本病病情变化的敏感指标。     

Patient-ventilator synchrony during pressure-targeted versus flow-targeted small tidal volume assisted ventilation

PURPOSE: Low tidal volume (V(T)) delivered by flow-targeted breaths reduces ventilator-induced lung injury but may increase patient breathing effort because of limited flow. We hypothesized that a variable-flow, pressure-targeted breath would improve breathing effort versus a fixed flow-targeted breath. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We compared pressure assist-control ventilation and volume assist-control ventilation (VACV) in 12 patients with acute respiratory failure receiving 6 to 8 mL/kg V(T). Backup frequency, V(T), inspiratory time, applied positive end-expiratory pressure and fraction of inspired oxygen were held constant. Patient breathing effort was assessed by airway pressure (Paw) drop below baseline 0.1 second after the breath initiation (P(0.1)), the maximal Paw drop during the triggering phase (Ptr), the magnitude of ventilator work during flow delivery, and the presence of an active expiratory effort during cycling and air trapping judged by the magnitude of residual flow at end-expiration. RESULTS: Compared with VACV, pressure assist-control ventilation decreased P(0.1), Ptr (by 25% and 16%, respectively), and evidence for trapped gas but not ventilator work during flow delivery or cycle dys-synchrony. Peak inspiratory flow was comparable between the 2 modes. CONCLUSIONS: In patients receiving small V(T) VACV with increased breathing effort, variable-flow, pressure-targeted ventilation may provide more comfort by decreasing respiratory drive during the triggering phase.     

A recruitment manoeuvre performed after endotracheal suction does not increase dynamic compliance in ventilated paediatric patients: a randomised controlled trial

QUESTION: Does a recruitment manoeuvre after suctioning have any immediate or short-term effect on ventilation and gas exchange in mechanically-ventilated paediatric patients? DESIGN: Randomised controlled trial with concealed allocation, assessor blinding, and intention-to-treat analysis. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-eight paediatric patients with heterogeneous lung pathology. Fourteen patients were subsequently excluded from analysis due to large leaks around the endotracheal tube. INTERVENTION: The experimental group received a single standardised suctioning procedure followed five minutes later by a standardised recruitment manoeuvre. The control group received only the single suctioning procedure. OUTCOME MEASURES: Measurements of ventilation (dynamic lung compliance, expiratory airway resistance, mechanical and spontaneous expired tidal volume, respiratory rate) and gas exchange (transcutaneous oxygen saturation) were recorded, on three occasions before and on two occasions after the recruitment manoeuvre, using a respiratory profile monitor. RESULTS: There was no difference between the experimental and the control group in dynamic compliance, expired airway resistance, or oxygen saturation either immediately after the recruitment manoeuvre, or after 25 minutes. The experimental group decreased mechanical expired tidal volume by 0.3 ml/kg (95% CI 0.1 to 0.6), increased spontaneous expired tidal volume by 0.3 ml/kg (95% CI 0.0 to 0.6), and increased total respiratory rate by 3 bpm (95% CI 1 to 4) immediately after the recruitment manoeuvre compared with the control group, but these differences disappeared after 25 minutes. CONCLUSION: There is insufficient evidence to support performing recruitment manoeuvres after suctioning infants and children.     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病机械通气治疗呼吸参数的变化及意义

目的 通过慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）患者机械通气治疗中呼吸参数的变化，进一步探讨机械通气的作用。方法 42例COPD合并慢性呼吸衰竭急性加重的患者应用无创或有创机械通气（CPAP、SIMV模式）治疗，比较机械通气前后呼吸参数的变化及其意义。结果 42例患者机械通气后所选定的呼吸参数均有不同程度的好转改变，无创通气及有创通气治疗后呼吸频率（RR）、呼出潮气量（EVT）、分钟通气量（MV）、平均气道压（MAP）与治疗前比较差异均有显著性（P〈0.01）。结论 无创或有创机械通气治疗COPD合并慢性呼吸衰竭急性加重的患者，有助于呼吸肌疲劳的改善，克服气道阻力和肺顺应性降低，从而使各项呼吸参数均得到改善。     

机械通气时人机对抗的原因分析及防治策略

目的探讨机械通气患者发生人机对抗的原因和防治对策。方法对在机械通气过程中出现人机对抗78例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果78例发生人机对抗的机械通气患者中,其发生原因包括：气道阻塞27例,不能耐受插管16例,分钟通气量不足9例,支气管痉挛7例,持续高热4例,急性肺水肿4例,单肺通气3例,抽搐、肌肉痉挛3例,管道漏气2例,呼吸机故障2例,气胸1例。结论人机对抗的发生均有其诱发因素。气道阻塞、不能耐受插管、潮气量不足、支气管痉挛等是主要原因。加强气道管理、设置合适的通气模式和（或）参数、解除气道痉挛、祛除诱因等综合有效防治措施,可避免和减少人机对抗的发生。     

Effects of mechanical ventilation on cardiopulmonary function in children after open-heart surgery

The reduction in functional residual capacity (FRC) after anesthesia and thoracic surgery may result in atelectasis, hypoxia, and respiratory failure. Mechanical ventilation reverses the FRC reduction but may also decrease cardiac output and increase the pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRI) in some patients. The cardiopulmonary effects of stopping mechanical ventilation after open-heart surgery were studied in 17 children. FRC, arterial pH, and PaO2 were significantly reduced, while PaCO2, oxygen consumption, and right ventricular stroke work index significantly increased. Mean FRC on spontaneous respiration was below normal despite continuous positive airway pressure. PVRI increased significantly in patients whose FRC fell below 22 ml/kg on spontaneous respiration. The PVRI increase was most marked in patients with pre-existing pulmonary vascular disease. These results confirm the value of appropriate mechanical ventilation in the early postoperative management of children undergoing open-heart surgery, particularly those with pulmonary vascular disease.     

Acute ventilatory restriction in children after weaning off inhaled nitric oxide: relation to rebound pulmonary hypertension

Objective: To assess the interaction between pulmonary hemodynamics and respiratory mechanics during acute pulmonary hypertension. Patients: Ventilated and paralysed children treated with inhaled nitric oxide because of post-operative pulmonary hypertension. Interventions: Weaning of inhaled nitric oxide. Measurements: Air flow and airway pressure, calculation of dynamic respiratory system compliance and respiratory system resistance for each breath by multiple linear regression. Results: In four patients, increases in pulmonary arterial pressure from 26.1 to 56.7 mmg (p < 0.001) during weaning off nitric oxide were associated with decreases in tidal volume (from 9.7 → 8.2 ml/kg, p < 0.01) and reductions in dynamic respiratory system compliance (from 0.52 → 0.34 cmH₂0/ml/kg, p < 0.001), while respiratory system resistance was unchanged. Conclusions: Impaired ventilation during acute pulmonary hypertension is predominantly related to a reduction in respiratory system compliance. Received: 26 March 1998 Final revision received: 9 June 1998 Accepted: 30 July 1998