乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻乳房再造不同方法的临床应用

目的:探讨乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻乳房再造不同方法的适应证、手术方法及优缺点.方法:本组37例乳腺癌患者,分别采用横形腹直肌肌皮瓣带蒂转移、腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣吻合血管游离移植、背阔肌肌皮瓣带蒂转移、单纯乳房假体置入以及不同方法相结合进行术后即刻乳房再造.结果:除2例单纯TRAM皮瓣患者近腋窝皮瓣局部坏死,1例TRAM+DIEP联合皮瓣患者下腹正中局部皮瓣脂肪液化外,余34例皮瓣全部成活,形态满意.随访5个月-10年,无腹部薄弱或腹壁疝等并发症,患者生活质量均得到提高.结论:乳腺癌术后即刻再造安全可行,不同的方法各有优缺点,应根据患者具体情况选择适合患者本人的方法进行乳房再造.     

乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻乳房再造不同方法的临床应用

目的：探讨乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻乳房再造不同方法的适应证、手术方法及优缺点。方法：本组37例乳腺癌患者,分别采用横形腹直肌肌皮瓣带蒂转移、腹壁下动脉穿支皮瓣吻合血管游离移植、背阔肌肌皮瓣带蒂转移、单纯乳房假体置入以及不同方法相结合进行术后即刻乳房再造。结果：除2例单纯TRAM皮瓣患者近腋窝皮瓣局部坏死,1例TRAM＋DIEP联合皮瓣患者下腹正中局部皮瓣脂肪液化外,余34例皮瓣全部成活,形态满意。随访5个月-10年,无腹部薄弱或腹壁疝等并发症,患者生活质量均得到提高。结论：乳腺癌术后即刻再造安全可行,不同的方法各有优缺点,应根据患者具体情况选择适合患者本人的方法进行乳房再造。     

保留皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻乳房再造的临床应用

目的探讨保留皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻再造乳房的适应证、方法、效果及可行性。方法2002年1月至2007年11月本院对94例乳腺癌患者行保留乳房皮肤皮下乳腺组织切除加腋窝淋巴结清扫术后，应用下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣（transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous flap，TRAM）、背阔肌肌皮瓣（latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap，LDM）联合或不联合假体、单纯乳房假体植入4种方式即刻再造乳房。结果再造手术均取得成功。带蒂TRAM再造47例，LDM再造共42例（其中联合假体28例），单纯乳房假体植入5例。4例出现轻微术后并发症（4．25％）。经过3～67个月随访，局部区域复发率为0，再造乳房形态自然，效果满意，术后外观评价优良率97．87％。结论合理选择病例行保留皮肤或保留乳头乳晕乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻乳房再造是安全可靠的，切口隐蔽并能够保留原有乳房皮肤的感觉，从而获得最佳美容效果，值得广泛推广和应用。     

即刻乳房再造在乳腺癌手术中的应用与探讨

目的探讨即刻乳房再造在乳腺癌手术中的应用价值。方法自2005年10月至2009年2月共完成了26例乳腺癌改良根治即刻乳房再造手术,其中10例为局部晚期乳腺癌。即刻腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房再造术12例,背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房再造术8例,保留乳头乳晕复合体皮下乳腺全切假体植入乳房再造术5例,保留乳头乳晕复合体皮下乳腺全切背阔肌肌皮瓣结合假体植入乳房再造术1例。结果全组手术切缘病理均达到阴性,皮瓣全部成活,无假体相关并发症,亦无腹壁疝发生。再造乳房形态满意,肌皮瓣再造乳房可以安全地耐受术后放疗,随访1～40个月无局部复发病例。结论即刻乳房再造手术从根本上改善了乳腺癌患者术后的生活质量,在局部晚期乳腺癌手术中,肌皮瓣乳房再造还可以为足够的切除范围提供安全保障,颇具临床应用价值。     

20例保留皮肤的乳腺癌全乳切除和即刻乳房再造

选择早期乳腺癌患者20例,行保留皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻植入假体(14例)或背阔肌肌皮瓣(2例),或联合乳房再造(4例),部分保留乳头乳晕复合体.20例患者中,保留乳房皮肤及部分保留乳头乳晕,均未见局部复发.再造效果优6例,良12例,尚可2例,无严重变形病例.无严重并发症,均按时进行辅助治疗.保留乳房皮肤及乳头乳晕的乳腺癌全乳切除术局部复发率低,术中即刻假体、背阔肌肌皮瓣或联合乳房再造手术效果好,并发症少.     

组织扩张术在即刻乳房再造中的应用

目的改进即刻乳房再造的手术方法,将软组织扩张术应用于即刻乳房再造术中,避免再造乳房术后出现"补丁样"外观,并保留乳房再造的最佳条件。方法在乳腺癌切除后即刻于胸大肌后间隙置入圆形扩张器,并于术后8~12周注水扩张至理想体积。Ⅱ期再造手术采用硅凝胶乳房假体、背阔肌肌皮瓣+硅凝胶乳房假体、背阔肌肌皮瓣及DIEP皮瓣置换扩张器完成乳房再造。结果 2009年6月至2011年6月,采用该技术进行扩张法即刻乳房再造36例,平均完成乳房再造时间3.5个月。术后无假体外露、皮瓣坏死等并发症出现,也无原手术切口的延长或新手术切口增加。术后随访6~12个月,患者对手术效果满意率达97.2%。结论采用组织扩张法进行即刻乳房再造,可以保留最佳的乳房再造条件,避免了术后放疗对乳房假体的影响,可以避免由于采用皮瓣修补胸部皮肤缺损而出现的"补丁样"外观,是理想的即刻乳房再造方法之一。     

乳腺癌术后一期乳房再造

背景与目的：乳房再造使乳腺癌全乳切除患者重获完整的乳房外形。本文介绍乳腺癌术后应用带蒂背阔肌肌皮瓣联合或不联合假体和带蒂横向腹直肌肌皮瓣（TRAM）行一期乳房再造的经验，并探讨适合中国乳腺癌患者的乳房再造方式。方法：2000年1月-2005年7月，74例乳腺癌患者乳房切除后，应用背阔肌肌皮瓣或带蒂TRAM行一期乳房再造。结果：再造手术均取得成功，背阔肌肌皮瓣再造62例（83．8％），其中联合假体13例、带蒂TRAM再造12例、联合假体1例。经过2～66个月随访，局部区域复发率4．1％。患者满意度高，可接受度96％。而且这两种自体再造方式在是否需要联合假体上没有差别（P=0．440）。结论：乳腺癌术后一期乳房再造能同时满足肿瘤治疗和形体美容的要求，提高患者生活质量，背阔肌肌皮瓣再造对中国女性适用性好，值得推广。     

保留乳房天然结构的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻乳房成形术的临床应用

目的探讨保留乳房天然结构的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻自体组织乳房成形术在临床中的运用价值。方法乳腺癌患者12例,其中DCIS 6例,浸润性导管癌3例,小管癌1例,髓样癌1例,黏液癌1例;保留乳房皮肤的乳腺癌改良根治术9例,保留乳头乳晕复合体的乳腺癌改良根治术3例。全组均保留或重建乳房下皱襞,切除乳腺组织和腋窝淋巴结,应用下腹部横行腹直肌肌皮瓣或背阔肌肌皮瓣即刻乳房成形。结果横行腹直肌肌皮瓣乳房成形术3例,背阔肌肌皮瓣乳房成形术9例,术后皮瓣均存活,皮瓣血管通畅,成形乳房外观良好。结论对早期乳腺癌患者行保留乳房天然结构的乳腺癌改良根治术后即刻自体组织乳房成形,切口隐蔽,成形乳房形态效果良好,可以获得较好的美容效果。     

乳腺癌切除即刻乳房再造术中假体的选择

目的: 研究乳腺癌切除即刻乳房再造术中选择假体的方法,探讨即刻假体乳房再造的适应证。 方法: 收集2007年6月至2012年6月南昌市第三医院乳腺肿瘤科的乳腺癌切除术患者121例,其中乳腺癌改良根治术32例、单纯乳腺切除术89例。乳腺切除后根据阿基米德法计算缺失乳房体积,并测量切除组织直径,以切除组织的体积和直径为依据选择乳房假体,并置入胸大肌及前锯肌后间隙。 结果: 术后随访6~72个月,术后无假体外露、皮瓣坏死以及感染等并发症,出现血清肿4例。对患者行手术效果满意度问卷调查结果显示,手术效果非常满意89.3%（108/121）、满意9.0%（11/121）、不满意1.7%（2/121）。 结论: 在乳腺癌切除术同时采用乳房假体行即刻乳房再造可避免供区损伤,是一种理想的即刻乳房再造方法。采用阿基米德法对缺失乳房组织量进行计算并测量切除组织的直径,可相对准确地得到假体的参数,避免选择假体的盲目性,有利于获得良好的乳房再造手术效果。      

乳腺切除术后全乳再造37例临床研究

目的探讨带血管蒂转移皮瓣在乳腺癌术后乳房再造中的安全性和整形效果。方法2004年3月—2010年6月,对37例乳腺肿瘤患者,行乳房切除术后带蒂背阔肌或TRAM皮瓣乳房再造。其中Ⅰ期再造34例,Ⅱ期再造3例;对其中15例TRAM皮瓣再造的供区下腹部应用涤纶补片加强腹壁。结果1例TRAM皮瓣小部分坏死,6例Ⅰ期再造术后乳房本体皮肤坏死。3例背阔肌皮瓣再造发生背部皮下血清肿;3例TRAM皮瓣下腹中段脂肪液化,无腹壁膨隆或腹壁疝发生。随访2月—72月,1例肿瘤局部复发,1例肝转移。乳房外观评价,总体可接受度94.59％。 结论背阔肌或TRAM带血管蒂转移皮瓣再造是乳房切除术后行全乳再造的有效和安全的方法,应用涤纶补片加强腹壁可以有效预防腹壁软弱和腹壁疝形成。     

乳腺癌乳房切除术后两种不同即刻再造方法的并发症和生存分析

目的 比较乳腺癌乳房切除术后两种不同即刻再造方法 的并发症和患者的生存情况.方法 选取女性乳腺癌患者128例,根据治疗方法 不同将患者分为带蒂横行腹直肌肌皮瓣组(腹直肌组)和带蒂横行背阔肌肌皮瓣组(背阔肌组),每组各64例.对两组患者的术后并发症发生情况、骨转移、全身多处转移、局部复发及死亡情况进行统计分析.结果 腹直肌组患者的术后并发症发生率和局部复发率均低于背阔肌组(P<0.05);两组患者的骨转移率、全身多处软组织转移率和病死率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 乳腺癌乳房切除术后带蒂横行腹直肌肌皮瓣即刻乳房重建术较背阔肌临床效果好.     

带蒂背阔肌皮瓣在乳房重建手术中的应用

随着乳腺癌治疗模式的发展及患者观念的转变,乳房重建逐渐成为乳腺癌治疗的一部分。背阔肌因面积较大,且蒂部解剖变异较少,同时血供丰富可被改良成不同的皮瓣,因此被认为是良好的供瓣区。在乳房重建中,背阔肌肌皮瓣的应用较广,不仅可以使用全背阔肌或联合假体进行乳房重建,且可以根据不同的缺损范围选择合适的背阔肌皮瓣进行乳房缺损的修补。相比单纯植入物重建,背阔肌皮瓣可获得更为良好的乳房形态且对术后放疗影响较小;相比下腹部皮瓣,背阔肌皮瓣瘢痕较短,术后恢复较快。目前对于术后供区缝合方式的改进及辅助药物的应用,极大地降低了血清肿的发生率;腔镜技术的应用也避免了切取背阔肌皮瓣遗留的供区瘢痕。在临床应用中,背阔肌皮瓣行乳房重建患者满意率高,术后审美效果良好,是乳房重建中一种较为优势的手术方法。该研究总结了背阔肌皮瓣行乳房重建对并发症的控制并对近年来的手术中的问题作进一步探讨。     

IMMEDIATE BREAST RECONSTRUCTION WITH LATISSIMUS DORSI MUSCULOCUTANEOUS FLAP： A SUITABLE OPTION FOR CHINESE WOMEN AFTER MASTECTOMY

Objective： To discuss the suitable immediate breast reconstruction modalities for Chinese patients by comparing the pedicled transverse rectus abdominis myocytaneous flap （TRAM） reconstruction with latissimus dorsi myocytaneous flap （LTD） reconstruction plus implants or not after mastectomy due to breast cancer. Methods： From Jan. 2000 to Jul. 2005, 74 staged 0-II patients （mean age 39） were performed immediate breast reconstruction with autologous tissue either using LTD flaps or pedicled TRAM flaps with supplemental implants when necessary after mastectomy due to breast cancer and the charts were reviewed. Results： The age, marriage and menses status did not affect the selection of modalities and the need of implants. In 74 patients, 62 cases （83.8%） were performed LTD reconstruction with 13 implants and 12 cases received TRAM with 1 implant. The difference in need of implants or not between the two modalities had no statistical significance （P=0.442, Fisher＇ exact test）. Aesthetic results judged as good or fair were in 88% patients and the cosmetic effects between LTD and TRAM groups or implant and non-implant groups had no differences. All reconstructions were successful, with 4.1% cumulative locoregional recurrence and 100% overall survival by following up to 66 months （median 9 months）. The DFS and RFS between the two modalities had no significant differences by log rank test. Conclusion： Immediate autologous tissue reconstruction makes it possible to regain the natural and symmetric contour of breast without increased local recurrence. The LTD flap reconstruction is a suitable option for most Chinese women as well as the pedicled TRAM flap.     

Mastectomy with immediate breast reconstruction after neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiation therapy. A new option for patients with operable invasive breast cancer. Results of a 20 years single institution study

Purpose

To evaluate the feasability of immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) following mastectomy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) and radiation therapy (RT) for operable invasive breast cancer (OIBC), in terms of incidence of local complications, locoregional control and survival.

Patients and methods

From 1990 to 2008, 210 patients were treated by NACT, RT and mastectomy with IBR for OIBC. One hundred and seven patients underwent a latissimus dorsi flap with implant (LDI), 56 patients a transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous (TRAM) flap, 25 an autologous latissimus dorsi flap (ALD) and 22, a retropectoral implant (RI) reconstruction.

Results

Forty-six (21.9%) early events were recorded: 20 necrosis, 9 surgical site infections and 6 haematomas, requiring further surgery in 23 patients. More necrosis were observed with TRAM flap reconstructions (p = 0.000004), requiring more surgical revision than LD reconstructions. Seromas represented 42% of early complications in LD reconstructions. Fifty-five patients presented with late complications (26.2%) with mainly implant complications (capsular contracture, infection, dislocation, deflation) (23.6%), requiring reintervention in 14 cases. There were more delayed surgical revisions in RI reconstructions (p = 0.0005). The 5 years overall and disease-free survival rates were respectively 86.7% and 75.6%. Sixty-four patients presented at least one recurrence (30.5%) with 5 local, 9 locoregional and 54 distant relapses.

Conclusion

This therapeutic sequence does not seem to increase the IBR morbidity nor alter disease-free and overall survival.     

Oncological outcome and patient satisfaction with skin-sparing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction: a prospective observational study

Background  

The management of early breast cancer (BC) with skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) and immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) is not based on level-1 evidence. In this study, the oncological outcome, post-operative morbidity and patients' satisfaction with SSM and IBR using the latissimus dorsi (LD) myocutaneous flap and/or breast prosthesis is evaluated.     

A 7 year experience with immediate breast reconstruction after skin sparing mastectomy for cancer.

Skin sparing mastectomy (SSM) is a procedure that has gained popularity for patients who elect to have a mastectomy as the treatment for carcinoma of the breast. Reconstruction of the breast after SSM yields the best aesthetic results since it preserves most of the skin envelope and the inframammary fold. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the oncologic safety and aesthetic results for SSM and immediate breast reconstruction. One hundred and five patients treated between April 1997 and December 2004 were reviewed. The mean age of the patients was 40 years. The mean follow up was for 48 months, considered from the time of SSM and reconstruction. Reconstructive techniques included pedicled transverse rectus abdominis muscle (TRAM) flap (n: 70 patients), tissue expanders and implants (n: 29 patients), latissimus dorsi flaps and implants (n: 6 patients). Aesthetic results were judged by an independent plastic surgeon and by the patient as excellent, good, fair or poor. The findings of this study demonstrate that SSM and immediate breast reconstruction can be safely performed. Detection and treatment of recurrences were not inhibited by the reconstructions. In this experience the best results were seen after TRAM flap reconstructions. The general level of satisfaction expressed by the patient was correlated with a good appearance of the reconstructed breast and the physical comfort.     

Choice of flaps for breast reconstruction

The optimal method for breast reconstruction should be safe, reliable, and accessible for every patient, and it should display little or no donor-site morbidity. After comparing mammary implants it has been found that autogenous breast reconstruction can create a ptotic, soft, symmetrical breast mound. The transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap (TRAM) remains the most popular method for autogenous reconstruction. Modern trends in breast reconstruction using the TRAM flap have promoted adequate blood supply to the flap while minimizing donor-site defects in the anterior abdominal wall. The pedicled TRAM flap remains one of the most frequently used flaps, but the indirect blood supply in this flap has required many modifications and refinements. Such modifications have included the bipedicled TRAM flap, the free TRAM flap, and the supercharged TRAM flap. To avoid donor-site morbidities, the muscle-sparing free TRAM, deep inferior epigastric perforator flap (DIEP), and superficial inferior epigastric artery (SIEA) flap were introduced. The DIEP perforator flap requires meticulous technique but offers proven reliability and a low rate of complications. As surgeons become more comfortable with harvesting DIEP flaps, the frequency of usage seems likely to increase. The latissimus dorsi musculocutaneous flap, gluteus maximus musculocutaneous flap, and others may be selected when these modifications of free TRAM flap are unavailable or unusable.