禁止进口被“疯牛病”污染的化妆品

今年3月7日,卫生部、国家质检总局联合发出公告,要求从发布公告之日起,禁止进口和销售含有发生过“疯牛病”国家或地区牛羊的脑及神经组织、内脏、胎盘及血液(含提取物)等动物源性原料成份(简称牛羊动物源性原料成分)的化妆品。 公告还规定:对于已进入我国的含有发牛“疯牛病”国家或地区牛羊动物源性原料成份的化妆品,自发布公告之日起,有关企业应自行从市场全部召回,最迟不得晚于2002年4月20日。     

慎选化妆品 远离“疯牛病”

为防止“疯牛病”传入我国，卫生部与国家质检总局联合发出通告，禁止销售、进口含有发生疯牛病的国家或地区的“牛羊动物源性原料成分”的化妆品。在全球性的疯牛病危机带来食品安全恐慌的同时．提及化妆品可能含有疯牛病病毒似乎有点危言耸听，其实，其中不无科学道理。     

“疯牛病”威胁进口化妆品卫生安全

通过介绍国内外“疯牛病”致病机理、传播途径的研究进展 ,以及新型变异型CJD的研究进展情况 ,结合化妆品中易受污染的动物提取物原料的应用情况 ,研究讨论我国从疫区进口的化妆品可能受到“疯牛病”致病原污染的可能性。全面禁用含有发生“疯牛病”地区牛、羊等动物源性原料成分的化妆品 ,有利于防止“疯牛病”传入我国 ,保护广大消费者的健康。为我国卫生行政部门对可能受到“疯牛病”致病原污染的进口化妆品进行严格监督管理提供参考。     

钦州市美容院化妆品卫生监督调查

[目的]为了解美容院使用化妆品的卫生状况,加强美容院化妆品卫生质量的监督管理,保护消费者的健康。[方法]对钦州市城区美容院使用化妆品的进货渠道、索证情况进行调查,并对正在使用的化妆品进行微生物指标检测。[结果]美容院使用的化妆品以自购为主,占64.91%。进货无索证占70.61%,进口化妆品无批件占78.67%,国产化妆品无许可证号占4.58%。抽检97份使用中的化妆品进行微生物检测,合格率为88.66%,未检出致病菌,发用类化妆品的合格率高于护肤类化妆品的合格率,分别为90.48%和87.27%。[结论]建议修订和完善化妆品卫生法规,加强对美容院化妆品的卫生监督管理,确保美容院化妆品的卫生质量和使用安全。     

市售化妆品防腐剂使用现状调查

目的对市售化妆品中防腐剂的使用种类、频率等进行调查,分析市售化妆品中防腐剂的使用现状,同时展望未来防腐剂的发展趋势。方法从收集到的668份2015年市售化妆品成分表中,统计整理出防腐剂成分,利用Excel软件的筛选功能以及SUM函数,统计分析出防腐剂在化妆品中使用种类和频率。结果本次调查的668份市售化妆品共使用防腐剂17项,其中391份国产化妆品中使用15项防腐剂,277份进口化妆品中使用16项防腐剂;进口和国产化妆品在甲基异塞唑啉酮(MIT)、苯甲醇等防腐剂的使用上存在较大差异;不同类别化妆品防腐剂的使用情况不尽相同。结论在668份化妆品中2种及以上防腐剂使用频率较高;使用频率居前2位的防腐剂为4-羟基苯甲酸及其盐类和酯类(使用频率45.51%)、苯氧乙醇(使用频率36.38%)。     

深圳市肉与肉制品中激素残留状况分析

[目的]了解深圳特区市售肉与肉制品中盐酸克仑特罗、沙丁胺醇、β-雌己醇、炔雌醇、己烯雌酚、双烯雌酚、己雌酚、戊酸雌二醇、苯甲酸雌二醇、炔雌醚10种激素残留状况。[方法]样品经超声萃取、离心、浓缩，然后用高效液相色谱法进行分析。[结果]140份样品中(猪肉组织及制品55份，鸡肉及内脏45份，牛肉40份)，只有一份中毒样品(猪肺汤)检出盐酸克仑特罗，其他样品10种激素均未检出。[结论]深圳市统一屠宰的猪肉及市售鸡肉、牛肉未检出以上10种激素，个别由盐酸克伦特罗引起中毒的猪肉组织可能来源于违法私宰或关外进入。     

泉州市熟肉制品微生物污染现状

[目的]了解泉州市市售熟肉制品的食品卫生现状,以治理餐桌污染。[方法]2005年8~9月,采集熟肉制品40份,检测卫生微生物学常规项目以及溶血性肠球菌检测。[结果]大肠菌群超标率42.5%(17/40),9份样品中检出溶血性肠球菌,分别为屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌。市售熟肉制品中大肠菌群超标率与溶血性肠球菌检出率相关。未检出沙门菌、志贺菌、金黄色葡萄球菌。[结论]泉州地区市售熟肉制品存在不同程度的微生物污染。应加强生产、销售过程的卫生管理,防止食源性疾病发生。     

市售化妆品主要卫生问题调查

作者对广州市５家百货公司的化妆品商场作市售化妆品主要卫生问题调查，结果发现进口和国产特殊用途化妆品无有效卫生批件占３９．９％．国产化妆品卫生监督标识不合格率为３４．９％，发胶产品甲醇超标率为１０．０％，有２种发胶甲醇含量分别超标４３７．５倍和３６７．５倍。提示应加强市售化妆品，尤其是进口和特殊用途化妆品的卫生监督，有必要适当开展市售化妆品的卫生质量抽检。     

面膜类化妆品微生物检测结果及分析

[目的]了解我省部分地市面膜类化妆品的卫生质量与卫生安全,以保障公众健康. [方法]按照卫生部颁发的<化妆品卫生规范>微生物学检验方法,对抽检的128份面膜类化妆品进行微生物学检验. [结果]检测的128份面膜中,菌落总数超标11份,超标率8.59%,超标范围多集中在5000-10000cfu/g(ml);霉菌和酵母菌超标10份,超标率7.81%,超标范围多集中在200～500cfu/g(ml);有2份检出粪大肠菌群,超标事为1.56%;绿脓杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌均未检出. [结论]大部分化妆品生产厂家较重视产品的卫生质量,微生物合格率在90%以上,但有部分产品的卫生质量不符合标准要求,因此加强化妆品的监督管理尤其是特殊用途的化妆品的管理是非常重要的.     

化妆品市场卫生现状调查与改进对策

[目的]了解化妆品市场产品卫生质量状况,制定改进对策。[方法]调查市场销售的化妆品中标签、标识、说明书的规范性及进口和国产特殊用途化妆品的批号,抽检各类化妆品的卫生指标。[结果]化妆品标签、标识和说明书的描述符合要求的占73%,进口化妆品取得卫生部批准文号的占68%,国产特殊用途化妆品取得卫生部批准文号的占70%(其中祛斑类化妆品仅46%);抽检化妆品中有害物质限量(铅、砷、汞、甲醛)合格率为75%,微生物指标合格率87%,祛斑类化妆品汞指标合格率仅60%。[结论]应加大化妆品市场卫生监督与执法力度,普及化妆品卫生知识,完善化妆品卫生法规。     

Source of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease outside United Kingdom

We studied the occurrence of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) outside the United Kingdom in relation to the incidence of indigenous bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) and to the level of live bovines and bovine products imported from the UK during the 1980s and the first half of the 1990s. Our study provides evidence that a country's number of vCJD cases correlates with the number of live bovines it imported from the UK from 1980 to 1990 (Spearman rank correlation coefficient [r(s)] 0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.42-0.89, p < 0.001). Similar correlations were observed with the number of indigenous BSE cases (r(s) 0.70, 95% CI 0.37-0.87, p = 0.001) and carcass meat imported from the UK from 1980 to 1996 (r(s) 0.75, 95% CI 0.45-0.89; p < 0.001) Bovine imports from the UK may have been an important source of human exposure to BSE and may have contributed to the global risk for disease.     

进口饲料及肉制品中牛源性成分的PCR检测

建立了进口饲料及肉骨粉中牛源性成分的PCR检测方法。扩增对象是牛线粒体上特异性的DNA片段 ,扩增产物为 2 71bp。样品的PCR产物经直接测序及限制性酶切片段分析 ,以进一步鉴定扩增结果。方法灵敏度实验结果显示 ,当肉骨粉样品中含有 0 1 2 5 %的牛源性成分时仍能检出。本方法简便、快速 ,灵敏 ,为防止疯牛病通过进口食品及饲料———尤其是肉骨粉途径进入我国提供了技术保障     

Molecular discrimination of sheep bovine spongiform encephalopathy from scrapie

Sheep CH1641-like transmissible spongiform encephalopathy isolates have shown molecular similarities to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) isolates. We report that the prion protein PrPSc from sheep BSE is extremely resistant to denaturation. This feature, combined with the N-terminal PrPSc cleavage, allowed differentiation of classical scrapie, including CH1641-like, from natural goat BSE and experimental sheep BSE.     

Food Safety: Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (Mad Cow Disease)

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is just one of a group of diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Only recently has it become recognized that transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are likely due to proteins known as prions. Although it has been recognized that transmissible spongiform encephalopathies may readily spread within species, the recent observations that bovine spongiform encephalopathy in cattle may have originated from another transmissible spongiform encephalopathy in sheep, known as scrapie, is cause for concern. Further, bovine spongiform encephalopathy has now been strongly linked with a universally fatal human neurologic disease known as new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Currently the only approach to preventing bovine spongiform encephalopathy, and subsequent new variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans, from ingestion of bovine spongiform encephalopathy-infected material is to avoid consumption of contaminated food. Little can be done to treat food that will destroy prions and leave a palatable product. At this stage we are continuing to learn about transmissible spongiform encephalopathies and their implications on human health. This is an ever-changing situation and has an unpredictable element in terms of the extent of the current outbreaks in England and other parts of Europe.     

BECKMAN COULTER STKS全自动血细胞分析仪国产试剂应用的评估

目的 评估国产试剂在进口血细胞分析仪上的应用。方法 以美国产BECKMAN COULTER STKS全自动血细胞分析仪为测定仪器，对同一批病人标本分别用进口与国产试剂进行测定，用统计学方法进行数据处理。结果 国产试剂RBC、WBC、Hb、PLT本底值均低于进口试剂；各分析参数如RBC、WBC、Hb、PLT、NE、MO、LY、EO与进口试剂差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论 国产试剂可替代进口试剂，以得到更多的社会和经济效益。     

Classic scrapie in sheep with the ARR/ARR prion genotype in Germany and France

In the past, natural scrapie and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) infections have essentially not been diagnosed in sheep homozygous for the A136R154R171 haplotype of the prion protein. This genotype was therefore assumed to confer resistance to BSE and classic scrapie under natural exposure conditions. Hence, to exclude prions from the human food chain, massive breeding efforts have been undertaken in the European Union to amplify this gene. We report the identification of 2 natural scrapie cases in ARR/ARR sheep that have biochemical and transmission characteristics similar to cases of classic scrapie, although the abnormally folded prion protein (PrP(Sc)) was associated with a lower proteinase-K resistance. PrP(Sc) was clearly distinct from BSE prions passaged in sheep and from atypical scrapie prions. These findings strongly support the idea that scrapie prions are a mosaic of agents, which harbor different biologic properties, rather than a unique entity.     

Candidate cell substrates, vaccine production, and transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) agents have contaminated human tissue-derived medical products, human blood components, and animal vaccines. The objective of this study was to determine the potential susceptibility to infection of 5 cell lines used or proposed for manufacture of biological products, as well as other lines. Cell lines were exposed to the infectious agents of sporadic and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE). Exposed cultures were tested for TSE-associated prion protein (PrP(TSE)) and TSE infectivity by assay in rodents and nonhuman primates. No PrP(TSE) or infectivity has been detected in any exposed cell line under study so far. Animals inoculated with BSE brain homogenate developed typical spongiform encephalopathy. In contrast, animals inoculated with cells exposed to the BSE agent remained asymptomatic. All cell lines we studied resisted infection with 3 TSE agents, including the BSE agent.     

Sheep feed and scrapie, France

Scrapie is a small ruminant, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE). Although in the past scrapie has not been considered a zoonosis, the emergence of bovine spongiform encephalopathy, transmissible to humans and experimentally to sheep, indicates that risk exists for small ruminant TSEs in humans. To identify the risk factors for introducing scrapie into sheep flocks, a case-control study was conducted in France from 1999 to 2000. Ninety-four case and 350 control flocks were matched by location and main breed. Three main hypotheses were tested: direct contact between flocks, indirect environmental contact, and foodborne risk. Statistical analysis was performed by using adjusted generalized linear models with the complementary log-log link function, considering flock size as an offset. A notable effect of using proprietary concentrates and milk replacers was observed. The risk was heterogeneous among feed factories. Contacts between flocks were not shown to be a risk factor.     

Oral transmission of L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy in primate model

We report transmission of atypical L-type bovine spongiform encephalopathy to mouse lemurs after oral or intracerebral inoculation with infected bovine brain tissue. After neurologic symptoms appeared, transmissibility of the disease by both inoculation routes was confirmed by detection of disease-associated prion protein in samples of brain tissue.     

BSE-associated Prion-Amyloid Cardiomyopathy in Primates

Prion amyloidosis occurred in the heart of 1 of 3 macaques intraperitoneally inoculated with bovine spongiform encephalopathy prions. This macaque had a remarkably long duration of disease and signs of cardiac distress. Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, caused by transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy to humans, may manifest with cardiac symptoms from prion-amyloid cardiomyopathy.