HIV合并结核感染的流行病学特征和相关影响因素

目的研究人类免疫缺陷病毒（humam immunodenciency virus,HIV）感染者中合并结核（tuberculosis,TB）感染的流行病学特征和相关影响因素。方法对1139例HIV感染者或艾滋病（AIDS）病人,用统一的调查表了解其流行病学一般情况,行痰涂片、X光胸片检查、PPD皮试、TB抗体以及血沉等检测,部分病人做了痰培养或病理检查。对1023例结核病人进行HIV抗体检测,用SPSS软件对不同因素对HIV合并TB感染或TB合并HIV感染的影响情况进行相关性分析。结果本组HIV合并TB的感染率为25．20％;静脉吸毒传播的HIV感染者合并的TB发病率明显高于性传播的HIV感染者（33．62％vs18．61％,）（χ2=31．63,P〈0．01）,CD4^＋T细胞计数≤200个／μl的AIDS病人其TB发病率明显高于其它组（35．93％VS23．55％,χ2=11．42,P〈0．01;35．93％vs21．80％,χ2=42．37,P〈0．01）。住院TB患者中HIV抗体的检出率为1．56％。不同年龄组和不同职业的结核患者其抗HIV检出率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;有吸烟史或其它慢性肺部疾病史的结核患者中HIV的检出率比无该类病史的患者更高。结论本组HIV合并TB感染率25．20％,静脉吸毒传播者和CD4^＋T细胞〈200个／μl的HIV—AIDS合并结核感染的发病率较高。有吸烟史或肺部感染史的结核患者,HIV抗体的检出率较高。     

艾滋病与结核病患者双重感染检出率及其影响因素的调查

[目的]了解广西艾滋病人中结核病患病率,结核病患者中HIV感染检出率;调查广西艾滋病患者发生结核病及结核病患者感染HIV的影响因素。[方法]对260例艾滋病患者及580例结核病患者进行双重感染检出率及其影响因素的问卷调查,并查看病例。[结果]260例HIV/AIDS患者中结核病患病率为35.0%（肺结核为29.2%,肺外结核为5.8%）,580例结核病患者HIV感染检出率为2.8%;影响260例艾滋病患者发生结核病的主要影响因素为月收入,影响580例结核病患者感染HIV的主要影响因素为吸毒和商业性行为。[结论]艾滋病患者发生结核病的机率高,月收入低者易发生结核病;结核病患者中HIV感染检出率高于一般人群,吸毒和商业性行为是结核病患者感染HIV的主要途径。     

合肥市学校结核病聚集性疫情控制措施及效果分析

探讨合肥市学校结核病聚集性疫情发生的因素及应急处置措施的适宜性,为采取更有效的应对措施提供参考.方法 回顾性分析合肥市2011-2016年7起学校结核病聚集性疫情发生情况,开展密切接触者筛查,了解感染者、患者等处置情况.结果 2011-2016年合肥市共发生结核病聚集性疫情7起,其中突发公共卫生事件5起.首诊患者最短延误时间43 d,最长231 d;延误时间中位数最长的是诊断延误34 d,最短的是处置延误4d.密切接触者中患者检出率为5.05%,一般接触者中检出率为0.98%,差异有统计学意义(X2=52.115,P<0.01),随访发现患者16例.PPD筛查发现各校密切接触者PPD阳性率为5.51%~29.41%;扩大筛查PPD阳性率为0~11.19%,平均4.21%,差异有统计学意义(x2=52.117,P<0.01).7起疫情均采取了相应措施,5起疫情邀请专家组会诊并开展预防性治疗.结论 肺结核患者早期发现是控制结核病聚集性疫情发生的基本手段,暴露关系与PPD试验相结合是评价结核潜伏感染的有效手段;建立必要的疫情会诊制度,有助于尽早控制学校结核病聚集性疫情的扩散和蔓延.     

河北省4个县结核病与艾滋病双向筛查结果分析

目的提高结核病与艾滋病双重感染病例的发现率。方法省、市、县三级分别建立结核病和艾滋病防治机构合作机制。对确诊的结核病人进行咨询及HIV抗体检测；对确诊的HIV／AIDS进行结核病筛查。结果2007年1-9月，河北省4个县共确诊结核病人844例，有HIV高危行为人数51例，占7．0％，未检测出HIV抗体阳性病人。397例HIV／AJDS病例中确诊结核病人8例，TB／HIV双重感染率为2．0％。结论应在结核病人和HIV／AIDS中开展结核病与艾滋病双重感染监测，提高TB／HIV双重感染病人发现率，防止传播和蔓延。     

HIV/AIDS病人预防和治疗结核病双重感染的研究

目的调查HIV/AIDS病人结核菌素(PPD)试验反应状况及与免疫系统受损程度的联系,并探讨其预防和治疗结核病的意义。方法采用前瞻性病例对照研究方法,对40例HIV(+)者和202例HIV(-)者做结核菌素试验,并对HIV(十)者做CD4、CD8细胞计数测定,对HIV(+)分组服药,观察胸部病变情况。结果HIV(+)与HIV(-)者PPD阳性率分别为12.5%、28.2%(P<0.05)。当CD4细胞计数下降时,PPD反应减弱。CD4<200个/mm3时PPD均无反应(0×0).病例服药组经化学药物预防治疗后其肺部病变异常率小于病例对照组。结论HIV(+)者中PPD阳性率显著低于HIV(-)者。CD4细胞数下降可能是艾滋病并发结核的主要原因.对HIV/AIDS患者使用化学药物预防和治疗结核是有效的。     

Evaluation of the two-step tuberculin skin test in health care workers at an inner-city medical center.

The increased rate of tuberculosis (TB) infection and transmission from patients to health care workers (HCWs) has brought awareness of the need for better surveillance programs. The two-step purified protein derivative (PPD) skin test decreases the misinterpretation of a "boosted reaction" as a recent infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in HCWs. We reviewed the medical records of 4082 HCWs at an inner-city medical center who had PPD skin-testing performed as a component of the TB medical surveillance program during the years 1994 and 1995. Of those HCWs tested, 3896 (95.4%) returned for the PPD skin-test evaluation. Of those 3896 HCWs, 3659 (93.9%) had a negative baseline PPD skin test, and 237 (6.1%) had a positive skin test. Of those HCWs with a negative baseline skin test, 252 (6.9%) were eligible for the second PPD skin test. Of the 241 who returned for their second PPD skin-test reading, six (2.5%) had positive results. All six cases were foreign-born physician residents with a previous history of Bacille bilié de Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination. We conclude that the two-step PPD skin test method is not indicted for HCWs at this urban medical facility.     

HIV/AIDS患者结核菌素反应及与CD4细胞关系

目的分析HIV/AIDS患者结核菌素(PPD)反应及其与CD4细胞计数间的关系.方法采取前瞻性对照研究方法,对202名健康者及40例经免疫蛋白印迹法(WB)确证的HIV/AIDS病人进行PPD试验、CD4、CD8淋巴细胞计数.结果 HIV/AIDS患者中PPD阳性率12.5%,健康对照PPD阳性率28.2%(P＜0.05).CD4细胞计数＜200/mm3者,PPD均为阴性.CD4/CD8比值＜1者达90%.结论 HIV/AIDS患者机体免疫力降低,PPD反应明显下降.在确诊HIV/AIDS患者并发结核病时应值得注意.     

Tuberculosis in patients with HIV infection

Tuberculosis is a clear example of infection that requires cellular immunity for its control. The spread throughout the world of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) resulted in its interaction with tuberculosis altering the descending curve of the latter disease in some developed countries, and brought an aggravation of the problem in other countries with few economic and health resources and where tuberculosis was endemic. HIV increases the risk of reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection and accelerates progression after infection or reinfection; on the other hand, TB aggravates the prognosis of patients infected with HIV. This article sets out the differential aspects in the clinical manifestations of TB amongst populations with and without HIV infection; we also comment on some special characteristics in the treatment of tuberculosis in HIV patients. With the exception of primary cutaneous infections produced by accidental inoculation and infantile lymphadenitis, the majority of the cases of disease due to non-tuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM) affect patients with certain predisposing factors. In the case of patients with AIDS, the deep immunological disorder provoked by HIV brings a particular susceptibility to suffering invasive disease due to certain NTM, principally M. avium complex and M. kansasii.     

Tuberculosis infection and disease among schoolchildren: the influence of the HIV epidemic and of other factors

BACKGROUND: The HIV/AIDS epidemic has caused an excess of tuberculosis cases in Spain and in other countries, but its impact on tuberculosis infection is less well understood. This study presents a massive screening undertaken to estimate the prevalence of tuberculous infection in a cohort of primary school entrants. The evolution of the risk of infection is studied by comparison with previous data in the same population. METHODS: Tuberculin skin test screening with 2TU of PPD RT 23 of first grade students in the primary schools of Barcelona, in the 1994-95 school year (cohort born in 1988). Information was also sought from families of unscreened children. Contacts of PPD+ children were traced to locate index cases. The results were also linked to the case registry of the tuberculosis control programme. RESULTS: The prevalence of tuberculin reactors free of BCG vaccination among the 11,080 schoolchildren screened belonging to the 1988 cohort was 0.76%. A 3% annual decline in the annual risk of infection is estimated by comparison with previous data. The identification of 24 cases with a previous history of tuberculosis disease and of 13 cases with active disease diagnosed after the screening was possible by the follow up of these tuberculin positive children and of the information provided by families of unscreened pupils. The screening detected 1.5 new cases of tuberculosis per 1000 tuberculin tests performed. Tuberculosis infection could be traced to HIV infected tuberculosis cases for at least 6% of the positive schoolchildren. CONCLUSIONS: The decline of the annual risk of infection continues in Barcelona, although at a slower pace than before the HIV/AIDS epidemic, probably attributable to the influence of injecting drug users with smear positive tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS.     

2010-2018年内蒙古自治区TB/HIV双重感染患者筛查与治疗情况分析

目的 了解内蒙古自治区HIV/AIDS患者中TB筛查情况,为患者早期有效的治疗提供依据。方法 对2010-2018年TB/HIV双重感染患者筛查资料进行分析。结果 2018年登记HIV/AIDS患者5116例,其中4959例接受过结核病筛查,筛查率为96.93%,检出结核患者27例,检出率为0.54%。2010-2018年共登记结核病患者132229例,其中12482例患者进行了HIV抗体阳性筛查,阳性筛查率为9.44%,检出HIV阳性患者11例,检出率为0.09%。2018年确诊28例TB/HIV双重感染患者,其中接受治疗28人,治疗率达100%。同时抗病毒和抗结核治疗、单纯抗病毒治疗、单纯抗结核治疗的治疗率分别占78.57%、3.57%、17.86%。TB/HIV双重感染者中,44例抗结核治疗,其中3例治愈,28例完成疗程,治疗成功率达70.45%。结论 2018年HIV/AIDS患者中TB的筛查率96.93%,达到“十三五规划”要求。艾滋病病毒感染者感染结核菌的危险性较高,在HIV/AIDS中开展TB监测将更有意义。     

2010-2014年贵州省肺结核报告患者合并HIV感染状况分析

目的 了解贵州省肺结核（tuberculosis,TB）人群中人类免疫缺陷病毒（human immunodeficiency virus,HIV）阳性患者的流行病学特征,确定结核病人感染HIV的高危因素,为制定TB/HIV双重感染防治措施提供科学依据。方法 收集2010-2014年中国疾病预防控制系统结核病专报网中贵州省肺结核患者信息,通过描述性流行病学方法对肺结核病人中HIV感染情况进行分析。结果 肺结核病患者中HIV感染为0.13%,其中,男性感染率为0.16%,女性为0.09%,男性高于女性;高危人群以30～44岁的青壮年为主,感染率为0.29%;侗族感染率为0.42%,高于汉族及其他少数民族;肺结核患者感染HIV的高危职业为驾驶员及海员,家政、家务及待业人员和民工等灵活就业人员。结论 贵州省肺结核人群HIV感染率处于较低水平;青壮年男性、民工等灵活就业人员、少数民族流动人口应作为TB/HIV双重感染防治工作的重点关注对象;尚需进一步加强结核病患者HIV筛查及疫情填报管理工作。     

四川省结核病患者中HIV筛查结果分析

目的了解结核病(TB)病患者中人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染情况,为制定TB/HIV双重感染防治对策提供依据。方法 在四川省选择结核病和艾滋病疫情均较重的2个县,对结核病患者进行HIV检测。结果筛查结核病患者706例,确诊HIV/AIDS17例,感染率为2.4%。其中男性14例,女性3例;通过静脉吸毒血源性感染13例,性传播途径感染HIV阳性者4例。结论结核病患者中HIV感染率较高,主要集中在静脉吸毒者。     

Tuberculosis prevention and control in large jails: a challenge to tuberculosis elimination

BACKGROUND: This study assessed the extent to which 20 large jail systems have implemented national recommendations for tuberculosis (TB) prevention and control in correctional facilities. METHODS: Data were collected through questionnaires to jail medical directors and TB control directors, observation at the jails, and abstraction of medical records of inmates with TB disease and latent TB infection. RESULTS: Twenty percent of jail systems (4/20) had conducted an assessment of risk for TB transmission in their facilities, and 55% (11/20) monitored tuberculin skin test conversions of inmates and staff. Sixty-five percent (13/20) of jails had an aggregate record-keeping system for tracking TB status and treatment, which was usually paper based. Forty-five percent of jails (9/20) had policies to offer HIV counseling and testing to tuberculin skin test-positive patients, and 75% (15/20) screen HIV-infected inmates with chest radiographs. Three quarters of jails (15/20) had policies to always isolate patients with suspected or confirmed pulmonary TB in an airborne infection isolation room. Half of jails with airborne infection isolation rooms (6/12) conformed to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines for monitoring negative pressure. CONCLUSIONS: Improvements are needed in conducting TB risk assessments and evaluations to determine priorities and reduce risk of transmission. Inadequate medical information systems are impeding TB control and evaluation efforts. Although HIV infection is the greatest cofactor for development of TB disease, jails have inadequate information on patients' HIV status to make informed decisions in screening and management of TB and latent TB infection. Jails need to improve the use of environmental controls.     

Extra pulmonary tuberculosis in children: two years study

Tuberculosis (TB) is an important health problem in developing countries, with varying clinical presentations depending on the organs/systems involved. To study the spectrum of clinical and paraclinical aspects of extra pulmonary TB in children suffering from pulmonary TB. This study has been carried out on 65 children with tuberculosis, admitted in TB wards of National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease (N.R.I.T.L.D) during 2004-2006. All patients were investigated according to specific diagnostic criteria including; history of contact with TB patient, clinical manifestations, radiological findings, tuberculin test and bacteriologic or pathologic results and after confirmation, treatment was administered. Out of 65 cases, 14 had different types of extra pulmonary tuberculosis, and data concerning following factors were studied: age, gender, race, site of involvement, bacteriology, pathology, ADA (ascitic fluid), PCR (tissue specimens), history of close contact, HIV tests (ELISA), tuberculin test, radiological findings, and immunological studies (in disseminated TB). Of 14 cases, 8 were girls and 6 were boys with mean age of 8.75 ± 4.2. Nine patients were Iranian and 5 were Afghan. History of close contact was detected in 4 cases. Type of involvement was: 5 cervical adenitis, 3 osteoarticular disease, 2 peritonitis and 2 disseminated form of tuberculosis, one pericarditis, one renal tuberculosis. Radiological findings showed 4 pulmonary disease and 3 osteoarticular involvement. Tuberculin skin tests greater than 15 mm observed in 5 cases, 9 patients had 0-5 mm induration. 4 cases had concomitant pulmonary and extra pulmonary involvement. Positive AFB in gastric lavage was recognized in 4 cases, in which 3 showed positive cultures for MTB. Pathological examinations in 10 cases revealed granuloma with caseation compatible with tuberculosis, five in lymphadenopathy, three in osteoarticular, two in abdominal tuberculosis. According to this study, 20% of patients had extra pulmonary involvement, which is comparable to other reports (20-25%) and TB lymphadenitis is the most common from of presentation.     

Latent tuberculosis in nursing professionals of a Brazilian hospital

Tuberculosis (TB) is considered an occupational disease among health-care workers (HCWs). Direct contact with TB patients leads to an increased risk to become latently infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The objective of this study is to estimate the prevalence of latent M. tuberculosis minfection among nursing professionals of a hospital in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, assessed by tuberculin skin test (TST). From November 2009 to May 2010, latent M. tuberculosis infection was assessed by TST in 55 nursing professionals. Epidemiological information was collected using a standardized questionnaire. A positive TST result (> or = 10 mm) was observed in 47.3% of the HCWs tested. There was no significant difference in TST positivity when duration of employment or professional category (technician or nurse) was evaluated. The results of this work reinforce the need for control measures to prevent latent M. tuberculosis infection among nursing professionals at the hospital where the study was conducted.     

在押人群HIV/AIDS与结核病双重感染调查

目的调查在押人群的人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）感染与合并结核病（TB）双重感染情况.方法对2005年6月～9月某监所860名在押人群进行HIV检测,并调查结核病感染情况及吸毒史.结果 860名在押人群中HIV感染者50例,占5.8%;50例HIV感染者中结核病11例,发病率22%;810例HIV阴性者中结核病8例,发病率0.99%.HIV感染者结核病的发病机率远远大于HIV阴性者,二者比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）.结论在押人群中HIV阳性者合并TB的机率高于HIV阴性者,建议对HIV阳性者应进行常规痰涂片检查和结核菌素试验,以期做到艾滋病（AIDS）合并结核病（TB）的早期诊断与治疗.     

Tuberculosis contact tracing among children and adolescents, Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To detect tuberculosis (TB) disease or infection among contacts of pulmonary TB patients. METHODS: Cross-sectional study in a Primary Healthcare unit in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) with 184 child and adolescent contacts of pulmonary TB patients between March 1995 and March 1997. Subjects underwent clinical evaluation, chest radiographs, and tuberculin skin tests (TST); sputum smears were performed whenever possible. TB cases found were submitted to treatment and infected patients to chemoprophylaxis. Tuberculin converters, who tested positive for TST eight weeks after an initial negative result, received chemoprophylaxis. RESULTS: The sample included 98 boys and 86 girls; age ranged from 0 to 15 years; 26.9% were malnourished according to the Gomez criteria. Concerning the source of infection, 170 cases (92.4%) had household contacts, of which 66.5% were the child's parents. BCG vaccination was verified in 98.4% of children, and 14.7% of children had been revaccinated. Strong TST reactions were observed in 110/181 children. Seventy-six children (41.3%) were considered as infected by M. tuberculosis and 25 cases (13.6%) of TB were detected, of which seven (28%) were asymptomatic. There was greater occurrence of disease when the contact lived with more than one source of infection (p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: The detection of TB disease and infection was high in the studied population. Contact control must be emphasized, for it allows for the diagnosis of TB in children who are still asymptomatic, in addition to identifying infected subjects who may profit from chemoprophylaxis.     

Reported HIV status of tuberculosis patients--United States, 1993-2005

Knowing the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status of tuberculosis (TB) patients is essential to optimal patient management. TB is an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining opportunistic condition. Patients with both TB and HIV infection are five times more likely to die during anti-TB treatment than patients who are not HIV infected (CDC, unpublished data, 2003). HIV infection is the greatest known risk factor for progression from latent TB infection to TB disease. In the United States, after TB exposure and infection, HIV-infected persons who do not receive appropriate treatment progress to TB disease over 5 years at a rate 10 times greater than that for persons not infected with HIV. In 1989, CDC recommended that all TB patients be offered HIV testing and, in 2006, called for routine HIV screening of all TB patients after the patient is notified that testing will be performed, unless the patient declines (opt-out screening). In addition to enabling optimal patient management, knowing the HIV status (i.e., positive or negative) of TB patients helps public health agencies to identify HIV-infected contacts of TB patients. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can reduce the progression to TB disease, TB relapse, and death. To assess reported HIV status of TB patients and selected characteristics of TB patients with HIV infection, CDC analyzed data from the U.S. National TB Surveillance System for the period 1993-2005. This report summarizes the results of that analysis, which indicated that 1) reporting of HIV status among TB patients increased from 35% in 1993 to 68% in 2003, 2) HIV status of 31% of TB patients was unknown in 2005, 3) 9% of TB patients were HIV positive in 2005, and 4) groups of TB patients at greater risk for HIV infection included injection-drug users (IDUs), noninjection-drug users (NIDUs), homeless persons, non-Hispanic blacks, correctional-facility inmates, and alcohol abusers. Increased promotion of routine HIV testing and rapid HIV tests might increase acceptability of testing, which would allow health-care providers to know the HIV status of a greater percentage of TB patients and enable them to provide optimal care.     

AIDS与结核双重感染的研究

目的了解随州市AIDS人群中结核感染的现况，以便进行相应的预防和治疗。方法对当地登记在册的AIDS患者进行横断面调查，免费进行X线摄片、痰涂片、PPD皮试和CD4计数。结果性别、年龄与CD4计数及PPD结果无关（P〉O．05）；CD4计数与PPD结果无关（P〉0．05）；肺结核的发生与PPD皮试结果明显相关（P〈O．05），所有肺结核病均发生在PPD无反应组或PPD阳性组。结论PPD皮试可作为AIDS人群中肺结核诊断的一种辅助手段。     

Some clinical aspects of HIV infection in Africa

An update on clinical aspects of HIV in africa highlights new proposed clinical definitions of adult AIDS and of tuberculosis in HIV+ adults, and staging of adult HIV infection. The 1986 WHO clinical definition of AIDS has been widely used in Africa, but now research suggests that this definition has several limitations: the definition will pick up several unrelated diseases such as diabetes mellitus and renal failure. It does not ascertain cases of AIDS marked by nonopportunistic infections. Most persons with pulmonary tuberculosis may be wrongly diagnosed with AIDS by this definition. The study showed that the WHO clinical definition has good specificity and positive predictive value for HIV+ people, but its positive predictive value fell to 30% in identifying people with AIDS in Africa. New definitions should take into account any serious morbidity, tuberculosis, neurological disease, both endemic localized Kaposi's, and aggressive typical Kaposi's sarcoma, and HIV serological testing. Tuberculosis is a problem because few HIV+ people suspected of having pulmonary TB (sputum-negative TB) actually have it based on bronchoscopy, while HIV+ persons with TB experience high mortality, often from pyogenic bacteremia. HIV+ persons with TB suffer high rates of relapse, possibly related to insufficient drug treatment or reinfection. 1 study showed that 6 months of isoniazid significantly improved incidence of TB over 30 months of follow-up. Staging of AIDS in Africa based on degree of immunosuppression was proposed as: 1) clinically inapparent HIV infection marked by pulmonary TB, soft tissue infections, and community acquired pneumonia; 2) lymphadenopathy, oral thrush, widespread pruritic maculopapular rash, herpes zoster, enteric illness, dysentery, and Kaposi's sarcoma; and 3) HIV wasting syndrome, chronic pulmonary disease, meningitis, and fever of unknown origin.