34例局部晚期非小细胞肺癌的外科治疗经验

目的探讨局部晚期非小细胞肺癌的外科治疗效果。方法外科治疗局部晚期非小细胞肺癌34例,其中肺切除加部分胸壁切除9例,右全肺切除加隆凸成形6例、左全肺切除加隆凸成形4例、右上肺叶切除加上腔静脉部分置换1例,右全肺切除加上腔静脉部分切除＋成形5例,左全肺切除加主动脉部分切除成形3例、左全肺切除加部分左心房切除6例。结果全组病例围手术期无死亡,鳞癌21、腺癌13例,术后并发乳糜胸2例,肺不张2例,心率失常4例,喉返神经损伤3例。术后随访时间6—62个月,平均27．3个月,其中1、3、5年生存率分别为82．4％、38．2％、8．8％。结论扩大手术治疗局部晚期非小细胞肺癌可以达到肿瘤的根治切除,并能延长患者的生存时间,但是要严格把握手术指征。     

肺癌切除术后乳糜胸的早期诊断和治疗

目的探讨肺癌切除术后乳糜胸的早期诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析2009年1月至2013年12月我院胸外科肺癌切除术后并发乳糜胸患者的临床病理资料,并比较常规开胸与胸腔镜手术后乳糜胸的差别。结果 3 479例肺癌切除患者术后并发乳糜胸12例(0.34%,12/3 479),胸腔镜手术组的发生率为0.41%(7/1 719),开胸手术组为0.28%(5/1 760),两者之间未见统计学显著性差异(P0.05)。11例(91.7%)采用保守治疗,1例(8.3%)再次手术行胸导管结扎后,全部恢复顺利。胸腔镜手术组乳糜胸患者的手术时间(207±29.1)min、平均出血量(142.9±60.7)ml、清扫淋巴结数(20.1±5.7)枚、带胸管时间(13.9±4.9)d、住院时间(26.7±5.7)d,与开胸手术组乳糜胸患者的手术时间(192±72.2)min、平均出血量(220.0±109.5)ml、清扫淋巴结数(14.4±4.5)枚、带胸管时间(13.2±7.8)d、住院时间(27.0±8.7)d相比,未见统计学有显著性差异(P0.05)。结论乳靡胸是肺癌术后的一种少见并发症,与手术方式无关,多数可采用保守措施治愈。     

Mediastinoscopy-assisted esophagectomy for thoracic esophageal cancer after right thoracotomy for lung cancer: report of two cases

We herein report two cases of thoracic esophageal cancer operated on by mediastinoscopy-assisted esophagectomy (MAE) via the neck and the esophageal hiatus after right thoracotomy for primary lung cancer. Case 1 was a 78-year-old man who had undergone a lower lobectomy of the right lung 5 years earlier and had also undergone a pleuroparietopexy for postoperative chylothorax via right thoracotomy again. A squamous cell carcinoma of the middle thoracic esophagus was detected by endoscopy. Although radiotherapy was performed on the patient, the esophageal tumor was locally recurrent. Thus, MAE was performed because it would have been difficult to approach the esophageal tumor by right thoracotomy again, and the patient was successfully treated. Case 2 was a 71-year-old-man who had undergone an upper lobectomy of the right lung 5 years earlier. For a squamous cell carcinoma located between the middle and lower esophagus, MAE was performed. Metastatic lymph nodes surrounding the middle and lower thoracic esophagus were sufficiently dissected. Although esophageal cancer patients with metachronous lung cancer are rare, therapeutic issues for these patients remain. MAE via the neck and the esophageal hiatus for esophageal cancer patients who had previously undergone a lobectomy of the right lung may be considered a tool for surgical approach. Furthermore, MAE may be considered to be a salvage operation such as in case 1.     

肺癌根治术后乳糜胸发生的相关因素分析

目的综合评价肺癌根治术后乳糜胸的诊治及疗效。方法回顾性分析肺癌根治患者1473例的临床资料,并发乳糜胸者36例,分析乳糜胸发生的相关临床因素及临床特征。结果肺癌根治术后乳糜胸发生率为2.4%;乳糜胸组的男性(83.3%)、吸烟史(75.0%)、肺部疾病史(41.7%)、糖尿病史(44.4%)、鳞癌(55.6%)、N2站转移(30.6%)均较非乳糜胸组的高发(P<0.05)。乳糜胸组的右肺上叶切除术占比明显高于非乳糜胸组的(41.7%vs 27.8%P<0.05),Ⅱ/Ⅲ期患者明显多于非乳糜胸组(86.1%vs 32.3%P<0.05)。36例乳糜胸者胸水甘油三酯含量为123-1015 mg/dl,平均367.4±202.6 mg/dl;24小时胸引流量为320-1750 mL,平均823.3±516.5 mL。保守组与手术组比较,其胸水甘油三酯含量无明显差异,而24小时胸引流量明显低于后者(550.5 mL vs 1233.3 mL),带胸管天数明显少于后者(6.8d vs 13.2d)。结论对于右侧肺癌、男性、吸烟者、伴有肺部基础疾病或糖尿病者、N2站淋巴结较大者进行肺癌根治手术时,应当更加细致、谨慎的操作,避免乳糜胸的发生。乳糜胸多数经保守治疗可治愈,对于引流量>1000 mL/24 h,或化学性胸膜粘连治疗后持续5天未见好转者,建议积极手术干预。     

Single-port video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery lung resection: experiences in Fujian Medical University Union Hospital

Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) is currently a better choice than thoracotomy for lung resection, and then single-port VATS has been increasingly applied in clinical settings with the improvements in both endoscopic instruments and surgical skills. Our center began to perform single-port VATS lobectomy in May 2014 and had performed all sort of lung resection in 168 patients till December 2014, including wedge resection, routine lobectomy, sleeve lobectomy, segmentectomy and pneumonectomy. All these procedures were successfully performed without any severe complication. We believe the single-port VATS lung resection is a safe and feasible procedure after surgery practice.     

Chylothorax: a complication following lung resection in patients with NSCLC - chylothorax following lung resection

BACKGROUND: Chylothorax following lung resection is not as rare as a postoperative complication as previously reported due to systematic lymph node dissection in patients undergoing lung resection for NSCLC. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed our cases that had undergone lung resection for NSCLC and investigated the frequency and outcome of chylothorax in these patients. The factors investigated were the site and type resection, technique of systematic lymph node dissection, tumour histology and disease stage. RESULTS: Seven of 673 patients that had undergone lung resection were complicated by chylothorax (1.04 %), following lobectomy in 5 (1.28 %) and pneumonectomy in 2 (0.7 %) (p = 0.36). The fistula closed spontaneously in 5 patients between 4 - 17 days postoperatively (71 %). One of the patients in the conservative management group died on the 28th day postoperatively due to pneumonia (14 %). The remaining 2 patients underwent rethoracotomy on the 5th and 6th days. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the site of operation, type resection, and technique of systematic nodal dissection, tumour histology and disease stage do not influence the development of chylothorax in patients with NSCLC. The chylous fistula following lung resection for NSCLC tends to close spontaneously.     

High postoperative risk after pneumonectomy in elderly patients with right-sided lung cancer.

The present study investigated postoperative mortality (POM), its predictors and relationship with long-term survival in patients who underwent surgery for lung cancer. The 30-day mortality after thoracotomy in 1,830 patients from the Flemish multicentre hospital-based lung cancer registry was analysed according to patient, tumour, treatment and hospital characteristics and compared with 5-yr survival figures for the same patients. Overall POM was 4.4%. In univariate analysis age, extent of surgery and low hospital volume were associated with a higher POM. In multiple regression analysis age, extent of surgery and side of the pneumonectomy proved to be independent predictors of POM. In patients aged >70 yrs who underwent right-sided pneumonectomy POM was 17.8%. Overall, mortality was comparable to published series from referral centres. Age and extent of resection are the main predictors of postoperative mortality in lung-cancer patients. In the operable elderly patient, age alone does not justify denying the survival benefit experienced by resection of lung cancer. The high mortality after right-sided pneumonectomy in elderly patients warrants caution, as the treatment benefit may become marginal.     

Single-port video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for lung cancer

In 2004, novel results using pulmonary wedge resection executed through single-port video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) was first described. Since that time, single-port VATS has been advocated for the treatment of a spectrum of thoracic diseases, especially lung cancer. Lung cancer remains one of the top three cancer-related deaths in Taiwan, and surgical resection remains the “gold standard” for early-stage lung cancer. Anatomical resections (including pneumonectomy, lobectomy, and segmentectomy) remain the primary types of lung cancer surgery, regardless of whether conventional open thoracotomy, or 4/3/2-ports VATS are used. In the past three years, several pioneers have reported their early experiences with single-port VATS lobectomy, segmentectomy, and pneumonectomy for lung cancer. Our goal was to appraise their findings and review the role of single-port VATS in the treatment of lung cancer. In addition, the current concept of mini-invasive surgery involves not only smaller resections (requiring only a few incisions), but also sub-lobar resection as segmentectomy. Therefore, our review will also address these issues.     

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy and pneumonectomy in a lung cancer patient on hemodialysis

Major pulmonary resections are rarely performed in non-small cell lung cancer patients on hemodialysis. To date only two cases of pneumonectomy performed in such patients are reported in the literature. Moreover, chemotherapy, as a treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer, is not routinely administered to patients with end-stage renal disease requiring hemodialysis. We present the case of a stage IIIB non-small cell lung cancer patient on hemodialysis who successfully underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by pneumonectomy. To our knowledge, this is the first case of non-small cell lung cancer patient on hemodialysis reported in the literature who successfully underwent this type of combined therapy.     

Completion sleeve pneumonectomy for suture line recurrence of lung cancer after sleeve lobectomy

The most appropriate treatment for suture line recurrence of lung cancer after bronchial sleeve lobectomy is completion pneumonectomy. While completion pneumonectomy may not be justified from an oncological point of view due to the positive bronchial resection margin, completion tracheal sleeve pneumonectomy is an optimal surgical procedure. We carried out two cases of completion tracheal sleeve pneumonectomy for suture line recurrence of lung cancer after bronchial sleeve lobectomy of the right upper lobe and achieved good results, which suggests that completion tracheal sleeve pneumonectomy for suture line recurrence after bronchial sleeve lobectomy is a good treatment modality for selected patients.     

心房或大血管部分切除在局部晚期肺癌手术中的应用

目的探讨肺叶或全肺切除合并左心房或大血管部分切除治疗局部晚期肺癌的价值。方法回顾性总结我科在2005年2月-2008年9月间,采用部分心房或大血管切除治疗26例局部晚期肺癌（T4N0-N2M0）病例。左全肺及左心房部分切除12例,左全肺及肺动脉干部分切除2例,右全肺及左心房部分切除9例,（其中2例在体外循环辅助下进行）,右肺中下叶及部分左心房切除1例,右上肺叶及上腔静脉部分切除人工血管置换2例。结果本组26例患者,无手术死亡病例,术后仅有3例发生心律失常,占11．54％（3／26）。1年生存率为77．8％（14／18）,2年生存率为55．6％（5／9）。术后病理分型：鳞癌23例,腺癌1例,大细胞癌2例,T4N0M0者3例,T4N1M0者7例,T4N2M0者16例。结论侵及心房或大血管的局部晚期肺癌（Ⅲb期）采用扩大切除术能提高根治性手术切除率,改善患者生活质量,提高局部晚期肺癌生存率,在临床上有应用价值。     

Vessel sealing system for video-assisted lung resection for cancer reduces chylothorax and bleeding

BackgroundThe objective of this study was to analyze the efficacy of the LigaSure^TM vessel sealing system for lung cancer resection with node dissection, as this has not been sufficiently evaluated.MethodsFrom 2004 to 2018, 948 patients underwent anatomical pulmonary resection with node dissection for non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) via the video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) approach. Medical records of these patients were reviewed retrospectively. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to determine the risk factors for chylothorax and blood loss.ResultsOf the 948 patients, 318 (33.5%) who underwent anatomical lung resection with node dissection by conventional methods without vessel sealing system and 630 (66.5%) who underwent lung resection with node dissection with the vessel sealing system were included. The median intraoperative blood loss was 100 mL. Postoperative chylothorax occurred in 9 (2.8%) patients in the conventional method group with 2 (0.3%) patients in the vessel sealing system group (P=0.001). Patients in the vessel sealing group who developed chylothorax were cured by conservative treatment. Univariate and multivariate analyses identified male sex [odds ratio (OR) 2.053; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.494–2.820; P<0.001] and the use of vessel sealing system (OR 0.342; 95% CI: 0.256–0.457; P<0.001) as independent predictors of intraoperative blood loss. The univariate and multivariate analyses identified the use of the vessel sealing system (OR 0.108; 95% CI: 0.023–0.504; P=0.005) as an independent predictor of chylothorax incidence.ConclusionsVessel sealing system for lung cancer resection could decrease chest tube duration, amount of intraoperative bleeding, and incidence of chylothorax in patients who undergo lung resection with node dissection.     

Preoperative evaluation of patients undergoing lung resection surgery

Lung cancer continues to be the leading case of cancer deaths in the United States. In patients with resectable non-small cell lung cancer, surgical resection is the treatment of choice. An accurate preoperative general and pulmonary-specific evaluation is essential as postoperative complications and morbidity of lung resection surgery are significant. After confirming anatomic resectability, patients must undergo a thorough evaluation to determine their ability to withstand the surgery and the loss of the resected lung. The measurement of spirometric indexes (ie, FEV(1)) and diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) should be performed first. If FEV(1) and DLCO are > 60% of predicted, patients are at low risk for complications and can undergo pulmonary resection, including pneumonectomy, without further testing. However, if FEV(1) and DLCO are < 60% of predicted, further evaluation by means of a quantitative lung scan is required. If lung scan reveals a predicted postoperative (ppo) values for FEV(1) and DLCO of > 40%, the patient can undergo lung resection. If the ppo FEV(1) and ppo DLCO are < 40%, exercise testing is necessary. If this reveals a maximal oxygen uptake (O(2)max) of > 15 mL/kg, surgery can be undertaken. If the O(2)max is < 15 mL/kg, surgery is not an option. This review discusses the existing modalities for preoperative evaluation prior to lung resection surgery.     

右肺中叶病变的诊断及外科治疗

目的探讨右肺中叶病变的诊断和外科治疗适应症。方法 2002年3月～2009年6月期间在我科行手术治疗的33名右肺中叶病变患者进行分析总结。结果 33名患者中,恶性病变21例,良性病变12例,恶性病变率为63.6%（21/33）,其中40岁以上患者恶性比率高达71.4%（20/28）。全组患者中行中叶楔形切除者3例,中叶切除者19例,行中、下或者中、上两叶切除者9例,行中叶袖状切除1例,右侧全肺切除者1例,无手术死亡患者,术后3例出现并发症,1例肺不张、2例少量胸腔积液。结论右肺中叶病变,有手术指征者应积极行外科手术治疗,且采用外科治疗安全可靠。     

Role and outcome of surgery for pulmonary tuberculosis

The need and outcome of surgical intervention in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis were assessed retrospectively. Between 1993 and 2003, 72 major surgical procedures were performed in 57 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. There were 44 males and 13 females with a mean age of 34 years. Indications for surgery were: trapped lung in 18 (31.6%), multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in 10 (17.5%), aspergilloma in 10 (17.5%), destroyed lung in 5 (8.8%), massive hemoptysis in 4 (7%), bronchopleural fistula in 3 (5.3%), persistent cavity in 2 (3.5%), and undiagnosed nodule in 5 (8.8%) patients. The most common procedure was lobectomy (31.9%). Other procedures included decortication, wedge resection, pneumonectomy, segmentectomy, and myoplasty. There were 28 complications in 18 patients, including prolonged air leak in 12 (21.1%), residual space in 7 (12.3%), empyema in 5 (8.8%), hematoma in 2 (3.5%), chylothorax and bronchopleural fistula in 1 (1.8%) each. There was no operative death, but one patient died from sepsis late in the follow-up period (mortality, 1.8%). As morbidity and mortality rates are acceptable, surgical intervention can be considered safe and effective in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.     

Is routine mediastinoscopy indicated for patients with T1 non-small cell lung cancer?

OBJECTIVE: Mediastinoscopy is gold standard in the staging patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Yet, its necessity in every patient is being questioned as new data is being collected. In the present study, we compared pathology reports of the cases with T1 NSCLC both after mediastinoscopy and thoracotomy, and discussed about the necessity of mediastinoscopy. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 74 patients (73 patients with pathologic T1 NSCLC patients who underwent pulmonary resection and one patient clinically T1 who did not undergo pulmonary resection), between 1996 and 2002. Clinically 80% of the cases were at T1 stage, and the rest were at T2 stage. The distribution of clinical lymph node status was NO in 85%, 15% N2. RESULTS: Fifty-three (71.6%) cases underwent mediastinoscopy. Mediastinoscopy showed that one patient had contralateral lymph node involvement and the remaining cases had no lymph node metastases. No mortality occurred and morbidity rate was 1.9%. Lobectomy was performed in 60 cases, pneumonectomy in seven, wedge resection in five, and segmentectomy in one. The histopathologic types were; squamous cancer in 40 (55%) cases, adenocarcinoma in 29 (40%), and large cell carcinoma in four (5%). Only two cases (2.7%) who had no detectable lymph node metastases at mediastinoscopy were found to have N2 disease after thoracotomy. In rest of the cases, NO was observed in 48 (66%) and N1 in 23 (31.5%). Five-year survival of the cases was calculated to be 73%. The two cases with N2 disease are alive at seven and four years after the operation. CONCLUSION: Routine mediastinoscopy does not appear to be necessary for patients with clinical T1 non-small cell carcinoma having no enlarged lymph nodes on computerised tomography.     

A case of severe chylothorax after esophagectomy successfully treated by a new combination of continuous positive-pressure ventilation plus chemical pleurodesis

Postoperative chylothorax is an uncommon but well-recognized and potentially life-threatening complication of esophagectomy for esophageal cancer. Its management remains controversial. A 71-year-old man with cancer of the thoracic esophagus was admitted to our hospital. A standard curative esophagectomy with extensive lymphadenectomy was performed. Two days after operation, chest roentgenography and computed tomography showed a massive right pleural effusion. A thoracic tube was placed in the right pleural cavity. The drainage volume of pleural effusion increased (up to 1500 ml/day), and chylothorax was diagnosed. Conservative drainage was continued for 4 days, but chyle leakage persisted. Minocycline hydrochloride 200 mg diluted in 50 ml saline was infused into the right pleural cavity through the tube to seal the leak. The patient concurrently received continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV). The effusion completely resolved 30 h after beginning this combined treatment. To our knowledge, the treatment of chylothorax by CPPV plus chemical pleurodesis has not been reported previously in the English-language literature. Our method is simple, rapid, and may be a treatment option for patients with persistent chylothorax after esophagectomy that does not respond to conservative management or for patients in whom surgery is contraindicated.     

Risk factors for postoperative complications after lung resection for non-small cell lung cancer in elderly patients at a single institution in China

Objective

The purpose of this study was to assess the postoperative complications after lung resection for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in elderly patients and to identify possible associated risk factors.

Methods

All patients aged 70 years or older who underwent pulmonary resection for NSCLC by either an open approach or by a thoracoscopic approach between January 2003 and December 2013 at our institution were reviewed. Postoperative events were divided into minor and major complications. Risk factors for complications were assessed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. A matched case-control study was performed to determine if the utilization of video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) for lung resection for NSCLC in elderly patients’ results in decreased complications compared with thoracotomy.

Results

During the study period, 476 consecutive patients (410 thoracotomy, 66 thoracoscopy) older than 70 years underwent resection for NSCLC. Postoperative complications occurred in 169 patients (35.5%) and the overall operative mortality was 2.3% (11 patients). Univariate predictors of complications included history of smoking (P=0.032), CCI scores ≥3 (P<0.001), pneumonectomy (P=0.016), as well as the duration of surgery (P=0.003). After multiple logistic regression analysis, CCI scores ≥3 [odds ratio (OR) =29.95, P<0.001], pneumonectomy (OR =2.26, P=0.029) and prolonged surgery (≥180 min) (OR =1.93, P=0.003) remained the only independent risk factors. After matching based on age, gender, the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), pathologic stage, and the type of resection, there were 60 patients in each group. Patients had similar preoperative characteristics. A VATS approach resulted in a significantly lower rate of complications (25.0% vs. 43.3%, P=0.034) and a shorter median length of stay (19 days, range, 12 to 35 vs. 21 days, range, 13 to 38, P=0.013) compared with thoracotomy.

Conclusions

Pulmonary resection for NSCLC in patients older than 70 years shows acceptable morbidity and mortality. Postoperative complications are more likely to develop in patients with CCI scores ≥3, those who undergo pneumonectomy, and those with a prolonged surgery. Thoracoscopic minimally invasive surgery for NSCLC in elderly patients is associated with fewer complications as well as a shorter hospital stay compared with thoracotomy.     

Influence of age on operative mortality and long-term survival after lung resection for bronchogenic carcinoma.

The proportion of elderly patients presenting with bronchogenic carcinoma is increasing. To study the impact of age on clinical presentation, management and outcome of patients, the authors have reviewed their clinical experience over the last 20 yrs. Between 1977 and 1996, 1,079 patients underwent thoracotomy for primary lung carcinoma in the authors' institution. Patients were grouped by age at the time of surgery as <60 yrs, 60-69 yrs and > or =70 yrs. Although the mode of clinical presentation was similar between all age groups, patients <60 yrs were more prone to have advanced stage carcinoma at the time of diagnosis. The rates of exploratory thoracotomy and pneumonectomy were higher in patients <70 yrs, whereas lobectomies and lesser resections largely predominated in patients > or =70 yrs. The mortality rate following lobectomy and lesser resection increased from 1.3% in patients <60 yrs to 5.5% in patients > or =60 yrs (p=0.04) and the mortality rate following pneumonectomy increased from 6.5% in patients <60 yrs to 13.7% in patients > or =70 yrs (p=0.24). The specific long-term survival, which included only the patients who died from primary lung carcinoma, was similar in all age groups. Operative mortality and survival rates are acceptable in patients > or =70 yrs. Therefore, age in itself should not constitute a contraindication to surgical lung resection for primary lung carcinoma as long as a careful preoperative assessment is performed to appropriately select surgical candidates.     

胸腔镜辅助小切口肺叶及全肺切除的临床应用体会

目的:探讨胸腔镜辅助小切口肺叶及全肺切除术在肺部良性疾病和非小细胞肺癌治疗中的可行性。方法:41例在全麻下应用胸腔镜进行肺部手术,其中肺叶切除38例,全肺切除3例;良性疾病10例,肺癌31例。其中部分病例(16例)辅助6～8 cm的小切口,在电视监视及辅助小切口直视下进行解剖肺叶或全肺切除。结果:全组无严重并发症。手术时间1.5～4 h,平均2.5 h。术中出血量100～500 mL,平均200 mL。随访6～46个月,平均17个月,其中31例肺癌随访8～46个月,3例分别于术后8个月,12个月及16个月出现肝脏、双肺转移死亡。结论:胸腔镜辅助小切口行肺叶及全肺切除术是可行的。