异丙酚靶控输注复合小剂量咪唑安定用于全麻诱导的临床观察

目的观察不同剂量丙泊酚靶控输注复合小剂量咪唑安定用于全麻诱导对心血管反应的影响,探讨两药联合应用时最适合剂量。方法40例ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级患者随机分为两组,每组20例,Ⅰ组予异丙酚靶控输注,Ⅱ组予异丙酚靶控输注,并联合应用咪唑安定0．03mg／kg;每组又随机分为A、B两个亚组各10例,A亚组丙泊酚血浆靶浓度为2μg／ml,B亚组为3μg／ml。结果ⅠA组各时点HR、SBP和DBP显著高于其余三组（P〈0．05）,且较基础值升高（P〈0．05）;ⅠB、ⅡA组HR在T0较基础值升高,其余时点低于基础值（P〈0．05）,SBP、DBP在各时点均较基础值降低（P〈0．05）;ⅡB组HR、SBP、DBP在各时点较基础值降低（P〈0．05）且低于其余三组;患者OAA／S评分达1分（BIS值55～65之间）所需时问ⅡA组较IA组、ⅡB组较IB组显著缩短（P〈0．05）;ⅡA与IA,ⅡB与IB低血压发生率无显著差异（P〉0．05）。结论咪唑安定0．04mg／kg可减少诱导所需丙泊酚血浆靶浓度至2。3μg／ml,缩短诱导所需时问．且不增加诱导过程低血压发生率。     

脑电双频指数监测舒芬太尼对患者镇静效应的准确性

目的 通过与警觉／镇静（OAA／S）评分对比，评价脑电双频指数（BIS）监测舒芬太尼镇静效果的准确性。方法 择期乳腺癌根治术患者40例，ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级，30-60岁，55-75 kg，随机分为Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组，每组20例，分别静脉注射舒芬太尼0．2μg／kg（Ⅰ组）或0．4μg／kg（Ⅱ组），记录给药前（基础值）、给药后1、2、3 min的OAA／S评分、BIS、BP、HR及SpO2。结果 静脉注射舒芬太尼后，两组BIS均下降（P〈0．05），Ⅱ组与Ⅰ组相比BIS降低更为明显（P〈0．05）;OAA／S评分Ⅰ组无明显变化（P〉 0．05），Ⅱ组降低明显（P〈0．05），Ⅱ组低于Ⅰ组（P〈0．05）。两组BP、HR及SpO2均维持在正常范围。结论 与OAA／S评分相比，BIS监测舒芬太尼的镇静效果更准确。     

2型糖尿病血液透析患者GA／HbAlc与营养状况的相关性

目的探讨2型糖尿病血液透析患者糖化白蛋白（GA）与糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc）的比率和营养状况指标间是否存在相关性。方法选择2型糖尿病血液透析患者20例，根据患者GA／HbAlc值（3．35）分为低G_A／HbAlc值组（A组，〈3．35），高GA／HbAlc值组（B组，2〉3．35），测定与营养状况相关的指标：时间平均尿素浓度（TACurea）、整体尿素清除指数（Kt／V）、蛋白质分解代谢率（PCR）、血清铁、转铁蛋白饱和度（TS）、铁蛋白（sF）、总蛋白（TP）、白蛋白（Alb）、总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）、血红蛋白（Hb）、血细胞比容（Hct）、血钙、血磷、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、GA和HbAlc，分析GA／HbAlc值与上述指标的相关性。结果B组体质量指数（BMI）、PCR及血磷明显低于A组（P〈0．05）。此外，在所有患者中GA／HbAlc值与BMI、PCR及血磷呈负相关（r=一0．713、一0．576、一0．597，P％0．05）。结论本研究表明GA／HbAlc值营养状况指标关系密切，可能作为2型糖尿病血液透析患者营养状况评价的指标。     

阿仑膦酸钠联合阿法骨化醇对糖皮质激素性骨质疏松的疗效

目的观察阿仑膦酸钠联合阿法骨化醇对糖皮质激素性骨质疏松（GIOP）的疗效。方法将54例GIOP患者分成A、B组。A组30例给予阿仑膦酸钠70mg,1次／周,阿法骨化醇0．25g,2次／d,碳酸钙750mg,2次／d;B组24例,在A组给药基础上减去阿仑膦酸钠。疗程共6个月。比较2组治疗前后骨密度（BMD）、血钙和血磷,同时比较2组疼痛评分。结果A组治疗后BMD、疼痛评分较治疗前均明显改善（P〈0．05）;B组无明显变化（P〉0．05）。A组上述结果与B组比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。2组治疗前后血钙、血磷变化均无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论阿仑膦酸钠与阿法骨化醇联合治疗GIOP疗效优于单用阿法骨化醇。     

急性高容量血液稀释对患者靶控输注异丙酚时镇静深度的影响

目的 观察急性高容量血液稀释（AHH）对患者靶控输注（TCI）异丙酚时镇静深度的影响。方法 择期全麻患者80例，随机分为4组（n=20）：A组、B组、C组气管插管后5min均开始进行急性高容量血液稀释，静脉输注乳酸钠林格氏液8ml／kg，同时30min内静脉输注6％羟乙基淀粉（HES，200／0．5）15ml／kg。B0组为B组的对照组，只静脉输注乳酸钠林格氏液8ml／kg，不进行急性高容量血液稀释。A组、B组、B0组、C组分别以2、4、4、6μg／ml异丙酚效应室靶浓度实施靶控输注至血液稀释结束。监测各组开始血液稀释即刻、5、10、15、20、25、30min时的BIS、AAI、MAP、HR、SpO2及ECG的变化，采集血标本，检测血液稀释前即刻和血液稀释结束时的Hct、Hb。结果 与B0组比较，B组MAP升高，BIS和AAI降低（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），血液稀释结束时Hct、Hb下降（P〈0．01）。随AHH的进行A组和B组MAP逐渐上升，BIS、AAI逐渐下降（P〈0．05或P〈0．01），Bn组和C组的MAP、BIS、AAI无明显变化，4组HR、SpO2差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；与血液稀释前即刻比较，A组、B组、C组在血液稀释结束时的Hct、Hb降低（P〈0．01），Bn组无变化（P〉0．05）。结论 患者以异丙酚2、4μg／ml效应室靶浓度靶控输注时，急性高容量血液稀释可加深镇静深度，当效应室靶浓度升为6μg／ml时，对其镇静深度无明显影响。     

老年男性2型糖尿病患者骨密度变化与血糖的相关性

目的分析老年男性2型糖尿病骨密度（BMD)变化与空腹血糖(FPG)和糖化血红蛋白（HbAlc)的关系。方法用美 国GE Lunar公司生产的Prodigy型双能X线吸收仪(Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry,DXA),测定60例70岁以上2型糖尿病 (diabetes mellitus T2 DM)患者正位腰椎(L1-L4)骨密度及左侧股骨颈部骨密度,同时检测FPG和HbAlc,并以相同的测量方法 对60例70岁以上血糖正常老年男性作配对为对照组,对二部位BMD值、FPG和HbAlc进行回顾性统计分析。结果2型糖 尿病组与非糖尿病组(对照组)腰椎BMD比较无统计学意义(P > 0. 05),而股骨颈部BMD、FPG和HbAlc比较均有显著性差 异(P <0.01)。结论FPG和HbAlc值越高其股骨颈部BMD值越低。患者代谢控制不良会造成骨量丢失加速,易发骨质疏 松。     

雷米芬太尼和丙泊酚在小儿结肠镜检查中的临床应用

为观察雷米芬太尼和丙泊酚在小儿结肠镜检查中的应用,将60例ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级行结肠镜检查的小儿随机分为A、B、C3组,每组20例。A组静脉缓注2mg／kg的丙泊酚;B组静脉缓注雷米芬太尼0．6μg／kg后1min静脉缓注1．8mg／kg的丙泊酚;C组静脉缓注雷米芬太尼0．6μg／kg后1min静脉缓注1．8mg／kg的丙泊酚;分别记录术前、术中、术后2min的血压（BP）、心率（HR）、脉搏血氧饱和度（SPO2）、麻醉药用量、苏醒时间、检查时间和不良反应。结果显示,各组术前、术中、术后2min的BP、HR、SPO2变化无差异（P〉0．05）。C组丙泊酚用量（68．8±24．3）mg低于B组（92．8±23．1）mg及A组（109．8±43．3）mg（P〈0．05）,术后C组的苏醒时间（2．1±1．3）min少于B组（3．8±2．3）min及A组（12．8±5．6）min（P〈0．05）。结果表明,雷米芬太尼和丙泊酚联合应用,使患儿在结肠镜检查中无痛苦,安全、舒适。     

老年糖尿病并骨质疏松血胰岛素与骨钙素及PTH研究

目的对老年2型糖尿病（type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM）合并骨质疏松（osteoprosis,OP）患者血胰岛素（insulin,INS）与骨钙素（osteocalcin,OC或Bone Gla Protein,BGP）及甲状旁腺素（parathyroid hormone,PTH）等进行研究,探讨它们在老年T2DM合并OP发病机理中的作用。方法选择128例老年患者,根据骨密度（bone mineral density,BMD）及血糖检测结果分成3组：T2DM合并OP组（A组,43例）,T2DM无合并OP组（B组,45例）,正常对照组（C组,40例）。对3组患者的年龄、性别、体重指数（body mass index,BMI）、空腹血糖（fasting plasma glucose,FPG）、餐后2h血糖（2 hour postpradial glucose,2hPG）、糖化血红蛋白（hemoglobin A1c,HbA1c）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、空腹C肽（FC-P）、餐后2h胰岛素（2hINS）、餐后2hC肽（2hC-P）、BGP、PTH、BMD进行比较。结果①A组FINS、FC-P、2hINS、2hC-P、BMI、BGP、BMD较B组及C组低,差异有显著性（P〈0.05）;②A组HbA1c、FPG、2hPG、PTH较B组及C组高,差异有显著性（P〈0.05）;③B组HbA1c、FPG、2hPG、PTH较C组高（P〈0.05）,其余指标B组与C组差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。结论老年T2DM合并OP患者胰岛素、C肽明显缺乏,BGP降低,BMI偏低,BMD偏低;血糖偏高,PTH升高。联合检测胰岛素、C肽及BGP,PTH、BMD有助T2DM合并OP诊断。控制血糖有助T2DM合并OP治疗。     

2型糖尿病患者尿蛋白水平与血清白细胞介素1β和晚期蛋白氧化产物的关系

目的观察不同尿白蛋白排泄率（UAER）的2型糖尿病患者血清白细胞介素18（IL-1β）和晚期蛋白氧化产物（AOPP）水平,探讨其在糖尿病蛋白尿发生和发展中的作用。方法选择2008年11月至2010年2月在我院住院的2型糖尿病患者62例,按照UAER水平分组：间断白蛋白尿组（n=20）,UAER〈20μg／min;微量白蛋白尿组（n=22）,UAER20-200μg／min;临床白蛋白尿组（n=20）,UAER〉200μg／min。选择同期健康体检者20例作为对照组。比较各组血清IL-1μ和AOPP水平。结果3组糖尿病患者血清IL-1β和AOPP水平均高于对照组（P〈0．05）,微量白蛋白尿组IL-1β和AOPP水平均高于正常白蛋白尿组（P〈0．05）,显性白蛋白尿组IL-1β和AOPP水平均高于微量白蛋白尿组和正常白蛋白尿组（P〈0．01）。血清IL-1β与AOPP呈正相关（r=0．760,P〈0．01）,血清IL-1β和AOPP与UAER呈正相关（r分别为0．809和0．813,P〈0．01）。结论IL-1β和AOPP可作为糖尿病肾脏微血管病变的早期预测因子,对预防糖尿病肾脏微血管病变有重要意义。     

不同胃肠道重建方式对2型糖尿病患者术后胰岛功能的影响

目的探讨不同胃肠道重建方式对2型糖尿病患者术后胰岛功能的影响。方法对23例胃癌合并2型糖尿病患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析．并按消化道重建方式的不同分为BillrothⅠ式组（13例）和胃肠旁路组（10例。其中毕Ⅱ式吻合4例,Roux—en—Y吻合6例）。行口服糖耐量试验（OGTr）．采用电化学发光法检测血清胰岛素水平．采用葡萄糖氧化酶法测定血糖．采用稳态模式评估法评价胰岛素抵抗指数和胰岛素分泌指数。结果胃肠旁路术组和BillorthⅠ式组术后糖尿病好转率分别为90％（9／10）和23％（3／13）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。与术前相比,胃肠旁路组术后糖化血红蛋白A1c和糖化血红蛋白HbAl显著降低（P〈0．01）．而BillrothⅠ式组则无明显改善（P〉0．05）。OGTF结果显示,胃肠旁路组空腹血糖及及糖负荷后各个时间点的血糖水平均显著低于BillrothⅠ式组：在糖负荷后30min和60min．胃肠旁路术组胰岛素水平和胰岛素释放指数明显高于BillrothⅠ式组（均P〈0．05）。胃肠旁路组的胰岛素分泌指数和早期胰岛素分泌反应同样明显高于BillrothⅠ式组。结论采用胃肠旁路术进行胃切除术后消化道重建．可有效控制2型糖尿病并明显改善术后胰岛功能。     

2015年乳腺癌辅助化疗进展

【摘要】〓乳腺癌是危害我国女性健康的头号杀手,尽管近年来辅助化疗的研究进展突飞猛进,但临床中仍有不少问题未能明确,如辅助化疗的合适人群、化疗的开始时间、蒽环及紫杉类的地位和用法、强化维持治疗的作用、疗效及预后的生物标志物等。本文结合乳腺癌辅助化疗在临床上的常见问题和2015年各大乳腺癌会议阐述乳腺癌辅助化疗的最新进展。     

Alterations in T-Cell Subset Frequency in Peripheral Blood in Obesity

Background: Obesity affects the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. This study characterizes differences in peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype in obese humans. Methods: Frequencies of lymphocyte subsets among peripheral blood mononuclear cells were compared between 10 obese (BMI ≥35) and 10 lean subjects, as determined by antibodies directed against cluster differentiation (CD) markers. Results: Obese patients demonstrated an increased frequency of CD3+CD4+ T-cells (mean difference 12%, P=0.004), a decreased frequency of CD3+CD8+ T-cells (mean difference 9.4%, P=0.016) and an increased frequency of CD3+CD8+CD95+ T-cells (mean difference 13.3%, P=0.032). No other differences among T-cell or monocyte subsets were noted. Conclusions: Obesity is associated with alterations in frequencies of peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells and aberrations in the expression of CD95 among CD8+ T-cells. These data suggest both CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell compartments, as well as the regulation of CD95 expression on CD8+ T-cells, as targets for further study into obesity's effects on the immune system.     

西宁地区烧伤病人动脉血气分析观察

对高海拔地区的27例烧伤病人动脉血气变化进行了分析和观察。结果证明:无论是存活病人还是死亡病人伤后均存在有低氧血症问题。并且在死亡病人和烧伤合并吸入性损伤病人其低氧血症的发生早于单纯烧伤病人。提示:吸入性损伤病人应立即行气管切开术以保障氧气供给,单纯烧伤病人可常规吸氧以维持正常血 PaO_2,ARDS 均发生在合并吸入性损伤的病人,高频喷射通气技术对纠正低氧血症有一定效果。     

Controversies in Fistula in Ano

Managing a complex fistula in ano can be a daunting task for most surgeons; largely due to the two major dreaded complications—recurrence & fecal incontinence. It is important to understand the anatomy of the anal sphincters & the aetiopathological process of the disease to provide better patient care. There are quite a few controversies associated with fistula in ano & its management, which compound the difficulty in treating fistula in ano. This article attempts to clear some of those major controversies.     

β-半乳糖苷酶在体内外成骨细胞中的表达

目的 研究β—半乳糖苷酶(β—gal)在成骨细胞中的表达状况，为阐明MorquioB综合征的发病机制提供依据。方法 裸鼠各器官和骨组织标本行X-gal染色检测。抽取羊和人骨髓行骨髓基质细胞(BMSCs)培养，分为4组：I：Adv-hBMP-2转染组；Ⅱ：Adv—β—gal转染组；Ⅲ：未转染组；Ⅳ：地塞米松诱导组。分别行X-gal染色和RT-PCR检测β—gal的表达。结果 裸鼠骺板两侧、骨膜内面及松质骨的成骨细胞和破骨细胞可见多量β—gal的表达。未转染BMSCs组有少量β—gal的表达，其他3组细胞的β—gal表达增高。结论成骨细胞和破骨细胞可表达多量β—gal，该两种细胞的β—gal缺乏可能是MorquioB综合征骨骼异常的直接原因。     

Smoking-Attributable mortality in Spain in 2016

IntroductionSmoking-attributable mortality (SAM) is a valuable indicator that can be used to characterize the course and health burden of the smoking epidemic. The aim of this paper was to estimate SAM in Spain in 2016 in the population aged 35 and over, using the best available evidence.MethodsA smoking prevalence-dependent analysis based on the estimation of population-attributable fractions was performed. Smoking prevalence (never, former, and current smokers) was calculated from a combination of the Spanish Health Survey (2016) and the European Health Survey (2014); the relative risk of death among current and former smokers was taken from the follow-up of various cohorts; and mortality rates were obtained from National Center for Statistics data. SAM estimates are presented globally, and by sex, age groups, and major disease categories: cancer, cardiometabolic diseases and respiratory diseases.ResultsIn 2016, 56,124 deaths were attributed to tobacco consumption, 84% in men (47,000), and 50% in the population aged over 74 (27,795). Overall, 50% of SAM was due to cancer (28,281), 65% of which was lung cancer. One in 4 attributable deaths (13,849) occurred before the age of 65.ConclusionsOne in 7 deaths in Spain in 2016 were attributable to smoking. This estimation of SAM clearly highlights the great impact of smoking on mortality in Spain, mainly due to lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.     

MicroRNAs in hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes

MicroRNAs(miRNAs or miRs) are small approximately 22 nucleotide RNA species that are believed to regulate diverse metabolic and physiological processes.In the recent past,several reports have surfaced that demonstrate the role of miRNAs in various biological processes and numerous disease states.For a disease as complex as diabetes,the emergence of miRNAs as key regulators leading to the disease phenotype has added a novel dimension to the area of diabetes research.On the other hand,the liver,a metabolic hub,contributes in a major way towards maintaining normal glucose levels in the body as it can both stimulate and inhibit hepatic glucose output.This equilibrium is frequently disturbed in diabetes and hence,the liver assumes special significance considering the correlation between altered hepatic physiology and diabetes.While the understanding of the mechanisms behind this altered hepatic behavior is not yet completely understood,recent reports on the status and role of miRNAs in the diabetic liver have further added to the complexities of the knowledge of hepatic pathophysiology in diabetes.Here,we bring together the various miRNAs that play a role in the altered hepatic behavior during diabetes.     

Fluid-phase transcytosis in the primate epididymis in vitro and in vivo

Ligated tubules from the corpus epididymidis of men and monkeys were incubated in medium containing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) as a marker for fluid-phase endocytosis. HRP was localized by light and electron microscopy after 0, 15, 30 and 60 min of incubation. Movement between the cells was prevented by tight junctions, but bypass of this barrier was apparently achieved by an intracellular vesicular mechanism leading to a time-dependent appearance of HRP in the lumen. Uptake of HRP into basal cells and capture by the lysosomal apparatus of principal cells were also observed. HRP-filled vesicles also appeared in the basal, mid and apical cytoplasm of epithelial cells in the caput 1 h after injection of the tracer into the epididymal circulation of the monkey, suggesting that this pathway also operates in vivo.