渐进式功能锻炼在全膝置换术后的应用

目的 探讨人工全膝置换术后实施早期渐进式功能锻炼的效果.方法 70例膝关节骨性关节炎患者行人工全膝置换术,术后将其中行常规功能锻炼的30例患者作为对照组,将行渐进式功能锻炼的40例患者作为实验组,对两组患者术后功能锻炼效果进行评价.结果 两组功能锻炼的效果比较,实验组效果与对照组相比差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).结论 系统的患肢渐进式功能锻炼效果优于传统的功能锻炼方法.     

全膝关节置换术后早期康复配合CPM机锻炼对膝关节功能恢复的影响

目的观察全膝关节置换术（TKA）后早期康复配合持续被动活动（CPM）机锻炼对膝关节功能恢复的疗效。方法23例TKA术后患者（28膝）随机分为治疗组（15膝）和对照组（13膝），治疗组实施早期康复功能锻炼配合CPM机锻炼，对照组仅进行CPM机锻炼。结果术前治疗组膝评分和功能评分与对照组差异无显著性意义（P〉0.05），术后两周评分与对照组差异有非常显著性意义（P〈0.01）。结论TKA术后早期康复功能锻炼配合CPM机锻炼可促进膝关节功能恢复。     

全膝置换患者康复锻炼的效果观察

目的 :探讨康复锻炼对全膝置换术后膝关节功能恢复的临床效果。方法 :随机将全膝置换 30例分成两组 ,对照组 1 5例 ,采用常规护理方法 ,康复组1 5例实施康复护理 ,指导并督促进行康复训练 ,分别在 2周与 3个月观察、随访 ,评价训练效果。结果 :康复组术后效果明显好于对照组 ,两组差异有显著性(P <0 0 5 )。结论 :对全膝关节置换术后患者实施康复护理 ,能明显促进膝关节功能的恢复。     

单髁关节置换术治疗膝关节内侧间室骨性关节炎疗效观察

目的:探讨膝关节内侧间室骨性关节炎患者采用单髁关节置换术治疗的临床效果。方法:回顾性分析2018年1月～2019年5月收治的55例膝关节内侧间室骨性关节炎患者的临床资料,其中24例行单髁关节置换术治疗的为观察组,31例行全膝关节置换术治疗的为对照组。比较两组手术相关指标、膝关节功能、膝关节活动度、人工关节遗忘指数及生活质量评分。结果:观察组手术时间、术中失血量及住院时间均优于对照组(P0.05);术后,两组膝关节功能美国特种外科医院评分和膝关节活动度均较术前有所提高,且观察组术后膝关节功能美国特种外科医院评分、膝关节活动度高于对照组(P0.05);观察组术后3个月人工关节遗忘指数及生活质量评分均高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:采用单髁关节置换术治疗膝关节内侧间室骨性关节炎患者临床疗效确切,手术创伤较小,患者恢复快,能改善膝关节功能,提高患者生活质量。     

人工膝关节置换术后早期功能锻炼的康复护理

目的:探讨人工膝关节置换术后早期功能锻炼的康复护理。方法:对2010年6月~2013年6月期间我院收治行人工膝关节置换术98例患者进行分阶段功能锻炼的康复指导。随机将患者等分为观察组和对照组,观察组实施早期功能锻炼,对照组不实施早期功能锻炼。结果:两组患者患膝屈曲度、伸直度、肿胀值在术后当天、术后第3天、术后1周、术后1个月均有好转,两组比较观察组均优于对照组(P<0.05)。观察组的疼痛程度轻于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:人工膝关节置换术后早期、主动的功能锻炼是预防膝关节僵硬及下肢深静脉血栓形成、改善膝关节功能、提高生活质量的最有效措施,是手术成功的关键。     

情志护理联合早期功能锻炼对老年全膝关节置换术后谵妄及关节功能恢复的影响

目的：探讨情志护理联合早期功能锻炼对老年全膝关节置换术后谵妄及关节功能恢复的影响。方法选择接受膝关节置换术的86例患者为研究对象,采用随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组各43例,观察组患者接受情志护理联合早期功能锻炼,对照组患者接受常规护理联合早期功能锻炼,比较两组患者心理状态、谵妄状态、膝关节功能。结果心理状态：观察组焦虑(SAS)、抑郁(SDS)评分明显低于对照组(t=6.866~7.655,P<0.05);谵妄状态：观察组谵妄分级量表(DRS-R-98)评分均明显低于对照组(t=13.824~16.874,P<0.05);关节功能：观察组患者的Lysholm评分、Tenger评分均明显高于对照组(t=8.205~7.662,P<0.05)。结论情志护理联合早期功能锻炼有助于化解负性情绪,减轻术后谵妄状态,改善膝关节功能,是老年全膝关节置换术后理想的护理方法。     

早期大角度被动锻炼对全膝置换术后膝关节活动度的影响

目的探讨全膝置换术（TKA）后早期大角度被动锻炼对膝关节活动度的影响。方法将89例行全膝置换术（TKA）后的患者随机分为早期大角度被动活动组（大角度组）和常规被动活动组（常规组）,所有患者均接受骨科常规治疗、护理和功能锻炼指导。大角度组术后2周内的被动屈曲功能锻炼角度比对照组大（以患者的耐痛能力为限）。结果两组患者术后第1,2,3,4周AKS评分比较差异具有统计学意义（t=3．31,7．65,7．78,7．36;P〈0．05）。两组患者术后第1,2,3,4周ROM评分比较差异具有统计学意义（t=26．22,26．08,30．67,33．69;P〈0．05）。结论全膝关节置换（TKA）术后应尽早进行科学合理的功能康复锻炼,有利于膝关节功能的恢复,对于提高术后的活动度和关节功能具有较好的促进作用。     

人工全膝关节置换术围手术期护理

目的:总结人工全膝关节置换术围手术期护理干预措施与效果。方法:回顾性分析我科2008年1月～2010年1月行人工膝关节置换术患者35例护理措施,通过术前健康宣教、积极术前准备,术后及时冰敷、密切观察患肢血供、加强主动与被动功能锻炼。结果:术后14 d观察膝关节屈曲度平均>90°,伸屈活动度5°～115°,切口Ⅰ期愈合,无术后并发症发生。结论:加强膝关节置换术围手术期护理干预有利于人工膝关节置换术后关节功能早期恢复,减少或避免并发症发生,显著提高了患者生存和生活质量。     

医护合作责任制护理对全膝关节置换术患者的影响

目的:探讨医护合作责任制护理对全膝关节置换术患者的影响。方法:将2016年1~6月收治的43例全膝关节置换术患者作为对照组,给予常规护理干预和康复训练;将2016年7月~2017年1月收治的53例患者作为观察组,采用医护合作责任制护理模式。比较两组视觉模拟评分法(VAS)评分、锻炼依从度、术后膝关节活动度及功能恢复情况。结果:两组术后7 d VAS评分均低于同组术后1 d(P0.01),且观察组术后7 d VAS评分明显低于对照组同期(P0.01);观察组锻炼依从度高于对照组(P0.05);观察组术后3、7、14 d膝关节活动度均高于对照组(P0.05);观察组功能恢复优良率高于对照组(P0.05)。结论:医护合作责任制护理能缓解全膝关节置换术患者术后疼痛,提高锻炼依从度,促进膝关节功能恢复,值得推广应用。     

全膝关节表面置换术在晚期骨关节炎治疗中的临床应用效果观察

目的探讨全膝关节表面置换术在晚期骨关节炎治疗中的应用效果。方法选取2016年1月～2018年12月我院骨外科收治的晚期骨关节炎患者30例,根据其所选手术方式的不同将患者分为对照组和观察组各15例。对照组患者采用关节镜下膝关节清理术,观察组患者采用全膝关节表面置换术,比较两组患者的术后膝关节功能恢复情况以及治疗优良率。结果两组患者术前膝关节功能测评比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05),术后6个月,观察组患者HSS评分高于对照组,WOMAC骨关节炎指数低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,观察组患者的治疗效果优良率为86.68%,高于对照组的53.33%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论将全膝关节表面置换术应用于晚期骨关节炎患者的治疗,可以明显改善患者的膝关节功能,提升治疗优良率,效果显著,值得临床推广应用。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.