Screening in Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH)

Screening for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) is a controversial subject. Screening may be by universal neonatal clinical examination (Ortolani or Barlow manoeuvres) with the addition of sonographic imaging of the hip (selective ‘at risk’ hips or universal screening in the neonate). In the UK, the NIPE guidelines recommend universal neonatal clinical assessment of the hip joints, a General Practitioner 6–8 week clinical ‘hip check’ and assessment clinically with sonographic imaging at 4–6 weeks for certain ‘at risk’ hips for pathological DDH.The effectiveness and difficulties arising from the UK current screening policy (clinical and sonographic) are highlighted. The purpose of the review was to assess the risk factors and efficacy of diagnostic methods in DDH, based on longitudinal cohort studies of 10 years or more.

Genetic Predisposition to Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip

BackgroundThe etiopathogenesis of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) has not been clarified. This systematic review evaluated current literature concerning all known chromosomes, loci, genes, and their polymorphisms that have been associated or not with the prevalence and severity of DDH.MethodsFollowing the established methodology of Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology guidelines, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Register of Controlled Trials were systematically searched from inception to January 2019.ResultsForty-five studies were finally included. The majority of genetic studies were candidate gene association studies assessing Chinese populations with moderate methodological quality. Among the most frequently studied are the first, third, 12th,17th, and 20th chromosomes. No gene was firmly associated with DDH phenotype. Studies from different populations often report conflicting results on the same single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). The SNP rs143384 of GDF5 gene on chromosome 20 demonstrated the most robust relationship with DDH phenotype in association studies. The highest odds of coinheritance in linkage studies have been reported for regions of chromosome 3 and 13. Five SNPs have been associated with the severity of DDH. Animal model studies validating previous human findings provided suggestive evidence of an inducing role of mutations of the GDF5, CX3CR1, and TENM3 genes in DDH etiopathogenesis.ConclusionDDH is a complex disorder with environmental and genetic causes. However, no firm correlation between genotype and DDH phenotype currently exists. Systematic genome evaluation in studies with larger sample size, better methodological quality, and assessment of DDH patients is necessary to clarify the DDH heredity. The role of next-generation sequencing techniques is promising.     

Pavlik吊带治疗6个月内婴儿髋关节发育不良

目的探讨Pavlik吊带治疗6个月内婴儿髋关节发育不良的方法和疗效以及高频超声在诊断治疗中的价值。方法回顾性总结我院2004年1月至2012年1月收治的102例(124髋)6个月内发育性髋关节异常的婴儿,其中男性14例,女性88例,单侧80例,双侧22例,年龄3~24周。据Graf超声波髋关节分型,20髋为Ⅱa(-)型,50髋为Ⅱb型,34髋为Ⅱc型,18髋为Ⅲ型,2髋为Ⅳ型。常规新生儿体检均发现有双侧臀纹不对称,或伴有髋关节屈曲外展受限,经Garf静态超声技术确认。均采用Pavlik吊带治疗,平均间隔2~3周超声监测髋关节发育变化。吊带治疗时间4~20周,随访时间15~30个月,平均24个月。结果 92例(112髋)经Pavlik吊带治疗后,复查超声和X线片指标恢复正常,确认治愈。4例(5髋)治疗过程中超声指标改善明显,58°α角60°,年龄超过8个月后,改用髋外展矫形器固定,4周后X线片指标恢复正常。6例(7髋)年龄超过6个月,指标未恢复正常,且伴有内收肌紧张,予以内收长肌松解后石膏固定。在此6例患儿中,3例(3髋)随访至18个月,髋臼指数大于25°,Sheton氏线不连续,行Salter骨盆截骨术。所有患儿均无股骨头无菌性坏死等并发症。结论 Pavlik吊带对于GrafⅡ型患儿治愈率高,而对于GrafⅢ、Ⅳ型患儿,Pavlik吊带治愈率降低,部分患儿需后续进一步治疗。超声检查可动态观察Pavlik吊带治疗效果。早期超声检查为及时应用Pavlik吊带治疗提供了可能,对减轻患儿晚期畸形和并发症有重要意义。     

Content Analysis of Frequency of Information About Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip on Twitter

IntroductionEarly detection and screening of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) are critical in reducing complications; thus, advocacy and awareness are paramount. Social media, Twitter, in particular, connects users based on their content engagement, allowing global audience to interact with one another, providing an opportunity to spread awareness and support for children and families affected by conditions such as DDH. The objective of this study was to assess the frequency and content of information being published on Twitter pertaining to DDH. MethodsA search strategy using key terms was developed. An a priori coding guide using search terms was then created to establish a framework to identify themes regarding DDH on Twitter. Data were extracted over one-week periods in June and July of 2019 and 2020. An excel-based coding guide was developed to organize and analyze the extracted data. ResultsA total of 142 tweets were extracted for analysis; 41 in 2019 and 101 in 2020. The most frequently used search terms were hip dysplasia, developmental dysplasia of the hip, and dislocated hip. In 2019, the most frequent tweet authors were healthcare organizations (13/41, 31.7%) and healthcare professionals (12/41, 29.3%). In contrast in 2020, 32.7% (33/101) tweets were authored by patients. Prevention, treatment, and general discussions were top categories in 2019, compared to education, awareness, and general discussions in 2020. ConclusionOur data indicate that user engagement with DDH content on Twitter increased by 2.5-fold from 2019 to 2020. We found similar patterns regarding the types of authors and content type in both years. However, focus shifted toward topics of education and awareness in 2020. SignificanceOur analysis identified trends and gaps in the use of Twitter that could be implemented by users to optimize messages, such as connecting directly and conversing with users through replies. Findings also indicate the importance of multi-author engagement to increase the breadth of distribution of information. Social media platforms can efficiently disseminate information to a wide range of individuals; however, they must be leveraged appropriately to accurately inform the public about DDH. Engaging with Twitter users hold great potential to promote advocacy and increase early detection and screening for DDH. Level of evidence3.     

Developmental Dysplasia of Hip and Post-natal Positioning: Role of Swaddling and Baby-Wearing

IntroductionTraditional swaddling, which implies restrictive immobilisation of the infant’s lower limbs with the hips in forced extension and adduction, has been shown to be a risk factor for Developmental Dysplasia of Hip (DDH).MethodsWe reviewed the literature regarding the correlation between DDH and post-natal positioning by swaddling and baby-wearing, to draw awareness of healthcare professionals towards an important risk factor for DDH that has often been overlooked.ResultsThere is overwhelming evidence in the literature, by both experimental and clinical studies, that proves the close association between improper post-natal positioning of the baby’s hips in extension-adduction and an increased incidence of DDH. On the other hand, “hip safe” swaddling which allows unrestricted flexion-abduction movements of the infants’ hips, and the use of baby-wearing devices which keep the lower limbs in an attitude of hip flexion-abduction and knee flexion, is optimal for hip development. Populations which practice these “hip-safe” techniques of infant immobilisation have a lower incidence of DDH as compared to those which practice restrictive immobilisation. Furthermore, populations which have adopted “hip-safe” positioning have demonstrated a significant decrease in the incidence of DDH. Understanding this association is vital, since this is a modifiable risk factor, rectification of which can decrease the incidence of DDH.ConclusionPolicy makers and governments must design educational campaigns tailored to their respective populations to increase awareness regarding the benefits of “hip-safe” techniques of infant positioning, since this simple intervention has the potential of decreasing the incidence of DDH.     

Examining the Short-Term Natural History of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip in Infancy: A Systematic Review

BackgroundThis study was an update on the AAOS clinical practice guideline’s analysis of the natural history of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). The objective was to delineate the natural history of clinical instability or radiologic abnormalities of the hip in infants by identifying the proportion of cases that resolved without treatment compared to cases that progressed and/or required treatment.MethodsWe performed a literature search of PUBMED to identify studies which evaluated the natural history of DDH. We used the same search strategy as that utilized in the previous AAOS guidelines, updated to include articles published between September 2013 and May 2021. We assessed the quality of included articles using the Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine level of evidence and reported study demographics and outcomes using summary statistics.ResultsTwenty-four articles met our eligibility criteria. Most included studies were retrospective (14/24), investigated either the incidence of DDH (8/24) or assessed screening programs (7/24). The most prevalent study population followed were Graf 2A hips (7/24). Most studies were low quality with level of evidence 3 (13/24) or 4 (7/24). Sample sizes ranged from 9 to 3251. Twenty studies reported the number of cases resolved over the follow-up period with a mean rate of 84.3% (95% confidence interval 76.1, 92.6).ConclusionWe found most mild-to-moderate DDH can resolve without treatment in early infancy, especially in physiologically immature (Graf 2A) hips. More high-quality evidence is needed to properly assess the natural history of DDH as only one included study was a randomized trial.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s43465-021-00510-6.     

Evaluation of Dislocation Risk Factors With Total Hip Arthroplasty in Developmental Hip Dysplasia Patients: A Multivariate Analysis

BackgroundThis study aimed to investigate the risk factors for dislocation in patients diagnosed with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) who underwent total hip arthroplasty.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 40 patients who developed dislocation and compared them with 400 patients in the control group without hip instability. Patients-, surgery-, and implant-related factors were investigated. Risk factors were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression.ResultsThe mean follow-up period was 32.3 months. The mean time to dislocation was 4.4 months. There were 7 men (17.5%) and 33 women (82.5%) in the dislocation group and 83 men (20.7%) and 317 women (79.3%) in the control group (P = .627). Diabetes mellitus (DM; P = .032) and history of previous hip surgery for DDH were associated with dislocation (P < .001). The subtrochanteric shortening osteotomy (P = .001), acetabular inclination (P = .037), acetabular anteversion (P < .001), femoral head size (P < .001), and postoperative infection (P = .003) were associated with dislocation. Major predictors of hip dislocation after total hip arthroplasty in patients with DDH were previous hip surgery (odds ratio [OR], 6.76; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.86-24.6; P = .004), high hip center (OR, 2.90; 95% CI, 1.31-6.38; P = .008), DM (OR, 2.68; 95% CI, 1.06-6.80; P = .037), and acetabular inclination (OR, 2.62; 95% CI, 1.09-6.26; P = .03).ConclusionPatients with DM and previous hip surgery should be informed about increased dislocation rates. Using a larger head diameter and restoration of the true hip rotation center are essential to prevent hip dislocation in these patients. Furthermore, accurate positioning of the acetabular inclination and anteversion are also important.     

髋臼转位截骨(TAO)治疗DDH继发早期OA

目的　介绍一种治疗髋臼发育不良并早期骨性关节炎的髋臼转位截骨术并评价其结果。方法　 4 3例髋关节发育不良 (DDH)并发骨关节病 (OA) ,全部病人实施了髋臼转位截骨术。结果　术后平均 12个月 (10～ 17个月 )随访 ,术后 Harris评分 93分 (85～ 10 0分 ) ,平均增加 2 5分 ,两者比较有显著性差异 ;术后 CE角 2 0°～ 2 8°,平均 2 4°,两者比较有显著性差异 ;术后髋臼指数 37°～ 4 8°,平均 4 5°,两者比较有显著性差异 ;术后 AHI81% (75 %～ 98% ) ,两者比较有显著性差异。结论　髋臼转位截骨术是治疗髋关节发育不良 ( 型 )并发骨关节病 ( 期 )有效的方法     

全髋关节置换术治疗成人先天性髋关节发育不良

目的探讨成人先天性髋关节发育不良（developmental dysplasia hip,DDH）髋臼假体的选择和手术方法。方法全髋关节置换术治疗成人先天性髋关节发育不良24例26个髋;年龄41～68岁,平均52岁。按照Perner分型,其中Ⅰ度10髋应用普通髋臼假体置换,Ⅱ度9髋选用螺旋臼假体,Ⅲ度5髋及度Ⅳ2髋选用小号髋臼假体,真臼部位安置髋臼假体,均为生物型固定,无结构性植骨。结果随访0．5～3．5年,假体与骨床结合牢固,患髋关节疼痛消失,关节功能基本正常,Harris评分平均86分。结论全髋关节置换术是治疗成人先天性髋关节发育不良的有效方法,针对髋臼病变程度的不同分别采用不同类型髋臼假体置换,配合术中的正确操作能简化手术,减少并发症,提高疗效。     

Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip: An Examination of Care Practices of Orthopaedic Surgeons in India

BackgroundWe evaluated screening, referral and treatment practices for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in India by surveying Orthopaedic surgeons who treat patients with DDH. The survey assessed the timing of DDH presentation, resource availability, and current state of screening and diagnosis, which would help in the development of a DDH care pathway for India.MethodsAn online survey was distributed to Orthopaedic surgeons practicing in India via email and administered onsite to those attending the annual conference of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of India in 2019.Results173 completed surveys were received from surgeons practicing in a predominantly urban setting. 68.8% of respondents had performed initial evaluations on children with DDH aged over 1 year in the past 12 months, and 49.1% had assessed children with DDH aged > 2 years on initial presentation. There was no consistent use of established guidelines, with only 30% of respondents stating that a care pathway was in place at their institution. However, 91.9% would support the implementation of a care pathway developed in India, to decrease the incidence of delayed diagnosis and facilitate earlier intervention. 85% of respondents had ready access to ultrasound scans and 95.4% had access to X-rays.ConclusionsIn India, there is still a large number of late-presenting cases of DDH, which could be improved with effective screening. The development of a care pathway for DDH in India is well-supported by Orthopaedic surgeons and may help decrease the incidence of late presenting cases; potentially improving outcomes, decreasing morbidity, and upskilling local practitioners.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1007/s43465-020-00233-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

Standardized Diagnostic Criteria for Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip in Early Infancy

Background  

Clinicians use various criteria to diagnose developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in early infancy, but the importance of these various criteria for a definite diagnosis is controversial. The lack of uniform, widely agreed-on diagnostic criteria for DDH in patients in this age group may result in a delay in diagnosis of some patients.     

Posterior Pelvic Tilt From Supine to Standing in Patients With Symptomatic Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip

Pelvic sagittal inclination (PSI) significantly affects the femoral head coverage by the acetabulum in patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), while no reports have quantified PSI in DDH patients in the supine and standing positions. Furthermore, little is known about how PSI changes after periacetabular osteotomies. Herein, PSI in the supine and standing positions was quantified in DDH patients preoperatively and postoperatively. Twenty-five patients with DDH who had undergone periacetabular osteotomies were analyzed. The preoperative PSI and the PSI 2 years after surgery were measured in the supine and standing positions using the image registration technique between radiographs and computed tomographic images. The percentage of patients who showed PSI changes of more than 10° from the supine to the standing position was quantified. PSI changed 8.2 ± 5.0° posteriorly from the supine to the standing position during the preoperative period. Posterior pelvic tilt of more than 10° was found in nine cases (36%). Two years after periacetabular osteotomies, the postural PSI change was 7.1 ± 3.9° posteriorly. When the preoperative and postoperative PSI values were compared, PSI in the standing position did not differ (p = 0.20). Similarly, the amount of PSI change from the supine to standing position was not significantly different (p = 0.26). In conclusion, posterior pelvic tilt in the standing position was found preoperatively in symptomatic DDH patients, and it remained for 2 years after periacetabular osteotomies. This postural change in PSI does not seem to influence the outcome of periacetabular osteotomy. However, during preoperative planning, surgeons should recognize that acetabular anteversion or anterior acetabular coverage differs between the supine and standing positions in some patients with DDH. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 38:578–587, 2020     

Demographic and Practice Variability Amongst Indian Centres in a Multicentre Prospective Observational Study on Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip

BackgroundSince 2017, five Indian centres have enrolled into the International Hip Dysplasia Registry for prospective collection of data on Developmental Dysplasia of Hip (DDH).AimsTo assess how baseline patient characteristics and initial treatment modalities differ across these five centres.MethodsRegistry data collected over 3 years were analyzed. Children with DDH that had radiograph-based diagnoses were included.ResultsCollectively, there were 234 hips (181 patients), of which 218 had undergone surgery. Overall, median age at presentation was 25.3 months (IQR 16.8–46.0); female/male ratio was 2.6:1 (range 1.46–4.75:1); with 42%, 29%, and 29% unilateral left, bilateral and unilateral right hip dislocations respectively. Most were IHDI grade III and IV dislocations (94%). Closed reduction was performed at all but one centre, at median 15.3 months (IQR 9.6–21.1). Open reduction (OR) as a stand-alone procedure was performed at all centres, at median 20.8 months (IQR 15.4–24.9). Combination of OR with a single osteotomy, femoral (FO) or acetabular (AO), was performed at all centres at median 29.7 months (IQR 22.1–43.5). However, for the same age group, three centres exclusively performed FO, whereas the other two exclusively performed AO. The combination of OR with both FO and AO was used at all centres, at median 53.4 months (IQR 42.1–70.8).ConclusionsThe preliminary findings of this multi-centre study indicate similar patient demographics and diagnoses, but important differences in treatment regimens across the five Indian centres. Comparison of treatment regimens, using the ‘centre’ as a predictive variable, should allow us to identify protocols that give superior outcomes.     

全髋关节置换治疗髋关节发育不全

目的：研究全髋关节置换治疗髋关节发育不全（ＤＤＨ）的外科技术。方法：４７例（５４髋）因髋关节发育不全引起严重骨性关节炎的患者行全髋关节置换治疗，其中男８例，女３９例。随访１２个月～１４年，平均５３个月。结果：根据ＭｅｒｌｅＤ＇Ａｕｂｉｇｎｅ评分方法，优８例（１７～１８分）、良３０例（１３～１６分）、中８例（９～１２分）、差１例（＜８分）。结论：根据髋关节脱位的程度可将髋关节发育不全分成四度，其中Ⅰ度、Ⅱ度为半脱位型；Ⅲ度、Ⅳ度为全脱位型。ＤＤＨⅠ度，即低位半脱位，髋臼加深为其手术要点；ＤＤＨⅡ度，即高位半脱位，通过上移髋臼假体可以避免植骨；对于ＤＤＨⅢ度、Ⅳ度则使用小型髋臼假体并且植骨。我们提出的分类方法较Ｃｒｏｗｅ方法简便且实用，特别是对髋臼的处理有指导意义。对髋关节发育不全进行全髋关节置换应严格掌握适应证，只有当疼痛和功能障碍非常明显而保守治疗无明确效果时采用     

全髋关节置换术治疗髋关节发育不良

目的探讨髋关节发育不良的全髋关节置换术的手术要点和术后疗效。方法25例(28髋)根据CroweX线分型,Ⅰ型14例,Ⅱ型7例,Ⅲ型和Ⅳ型各2例。髋臼旋转中心的重建方法包括标准的全髋关节置换术、结构性自体植骨和髋臼旋转中心内移。恢复下肢长度的方法包括术中彻底切除挛缩的关节囊和纤维瘢痕组织并酌情进行软组织松解。随访内容包括:①Harris评分;②X线测量双下肢长度差和髋臼旋转中心位置。结果所有病例平均随访28.5个月,Harris评分由术前的平均43分(18~72分)升高至91分(79~100分)。所有病例髋臼旋转中心都恢复正常。术前双下肢长度差为0.5~5.5cm,术后双下肢长度差为-0.4~0.9cm。结论髋关节发育不良的全髋关节置换术中,除了标准的髋臼重建方法之外,结构性植骨和髋臼旋转中心内移可有效恢复髋臼旋转中心的高度。术前详细的计划,术中彻底切除挛缩的关节囊和纤维瘢痕组织并酌情进行软组织松解有助于恢复下肢长度。