神经诱发电位对肝硬化患者亚临床肝性脑病的诊断意义

目的:探讨神经诱发电位对肝硬化亚临床脑病的诊断价值。方法:用神经诱友电位仪检测29例失代偿期肝硬化患者视觉诱发电位(VEP)与脑干听觉诱发电位(BAEP)的变化。结果:29例肝硬化患者中,VEP异常12例(41.4％),BAEP异常14例(48.3％),总异常率为65.5％。结论:诱发电位检查对于肝硬化亚临床肝性脑病是一种客观而又敏感的方法。     

Prevalence and natural history of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhosis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The natural history of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy (SHE) is unknown. The present study was conducted to study the prevalence and the natural history of SHE in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. METHODS: One hundred and sixty-five patients with cirrhosis of the liver were studied. A total of nine psychometric tests (trail making and Wechsler adult intelligence scale-performance (WAIS-P) tests) were administered. Subclinical hepatic encephalopathy was present if two or more psychometric tests were abnormal. Seventy-two patients (SHE 40, without SHE 32) also underwent serial psychometric testing on follow-up visits at 6-8 week intervals. RESULTS: Subclinical hepatic encephalopathy was present in 103 (62.4%) patients. The number and figure connection, block design and picture completion tests were the most useful in the detection of SHE. Severity of SHE, as assessed by the number of abnormal tests, was greater in patients with more severe liver disease. During follow up, SHE tended to persist or worsen in patients with poorer liver function. Although other clinical complications were similar in different groups, overt hepatic encephalopathy developed more commonly in those patients who had SHE at entry compared to those who did not (22.6 vs 5.6%, P = 0.044). Among the patients with SHE, the development of overt hepatic encephalopathy was more common in patients with Child's score of > 6 than with Child's score of 相似文献   

乳果糖治疗肝性脑病和亚临床肝性脑病149例临床观察

目的 进一步评估乳果糖对肝硬化肝性脑病和亚临床肝性脑病的疗效。方法 观察乳果糖治疗前后患者的精神状态、扑翼状震颤、脑电图、静脉血氨浓度和数字连接试验的改善情况。结果 乳果糖对肝性脑病组的脑病表现总有效率达96.5％,治疗前后静脉血氨浓度和数字连接试验的改善均有非常显著性差异(P<0.01);亚临床肝性脑病组治疗前后血氨有非常显著性差异(P<0.01),数字连接试验有显著性差异(P<0.05)。在乳果糖治疗观察期间,无一例亚临床肝性脑病患者发展为肝性脑病。结论 乳果糖适合于肝硬化肝性脑病和亚临床肝性脑病患者长期服用,可作为预防和治疗肝性脑病的常规用药。     

Prevalence of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis determined by psychometric tests

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy (SHE) in patients with stable hepatic cirrhosis. METHODS: One hundred and seventy‐five consecutive cirrhotic patients (mean age 53 years, range 27?72 years) without overt clinical encephalopathy were screened for SHE using the number connection test (NCT) part A and symbol digit test (SDT). Subclinical hepatic encephalopathy was defined as the presence of at least one abnormal psychometric test. The age‐corrected normal value was defined as the mean ± 2SD obtained from 356 subjects without liver disease and in normal mental condition. Illiterate patients and patients with concurrent use of alcohol or psychotropic drugs, and those with previous portosystemic shunt and were excluded. RESULTS: In different age subgroups, the NCT scores and SDT quotients for cirrhotic patients were significantly different compared with those for controls (P < 0.05?0.001). Fifty patients (28.6%) were found to be abnormal in both the NCT and SDT, 16 (9.1%) patients were abnormal only in the SDT and 34 patients (19.4%) only in the NCT. Taken together, SHE was diagnosed in 100 patients (57.1%) by using the two tests. The prevalence of SHE increased from 46.8% and 53.0% in Child?Pugh grades A and B, to 76.6% in Child?Pugh grade C (P < 0.05). No significant correlation was found between the development of SHE and the etiology of cirrhosis, patient age and smoking habit. CONCLUSION: By using a combination of NCT and SDT, SHE was diagnosed in 57.1% of cirrhotic patients without overt clinical encephalopathy. The prevalence of SHE was significantly correlated with the severity of liver cirrhosis.     

肝炎肝硬化并发亚临床肝性脑病的诊断研究

目的探讨及评价亚临床性肝性脑病(SHE)早期诊断的方法。方法对116例肝炎肝硬化患者进行3项心理智能测试及3项脑电诱发电位(EP)检测,并与正常人群比较。结果心理智能测试异常率为58.6%,显著高于EP检测异常率25.9%,两者总异常率达68.0%(80/116例)。6项测试中以数字连接试验(NCT)异常率最高(50%);将患者按Child-Pugh进行肝功能分级,B/C级患者(90例)中心理智能测试异常率为68.9%,心理智能测试与EP检测总异常率为77.8%,显著高于A级患者(26例)心理智能测试异常率(23%,P<0.01)及心理智能测试与EP检测总异常率(38.5%,P<0.01)。结论心理智能测试比EP检测敏感,二者在SHE的诊断中有相互补充的作用;NCT是最敏感的单项测试方法;心理智能测试异常率及SHE发生率的高低与肝脏病变及肝功能损害的严重程度相一致。     

肝硬化患者亚临床肝性脑病的诱发电位检测

目的 了解不同严重程度肝硬化患者亚临床肝性脑病的发生率及其临床意义。方法 对３０例无临床肝性脑病的肝炎后肝硬化患者同时进行脑干听觉、视觉和短潜伏期体感诱发电位（ＢＡＥＰ、ＶＥＰ、ＳＳＥＰ）检测。结果 三种脑诱发电位检测以ＢＡＥＰ异常率（４６．７％）高于ＶＥＰ和ＳＳＥＰ（均为３６．７％）;随着肝病程度加重,ＢＡＥＰ和ＳＳＥＰ异常率逐渐增高,分别为Ｃｈｉｌｄ－Ｐｕｇｈ Ａ级４１．７％和８．３％,Ｂ级４     

EEG and event related potentials in hepatic encephalopathy

In recent years, there have been considerable developments in the application of EEG and event related potential technology to the diagnosis and assessment of hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients. A review of the literature on this subject is reported. The visually interpreted EEG is only of benefit in the late stages of hepatic encephalopathy. EEG spectral analysis allows identification of all stages of the condition. Brainstem auditory evoked responses are normal in encephalopathy. Visual evoked responses show an increase in the latency and eventual loss of individual component waves as encephalopathy progresses. Somatosensory evoked responses show a progressive prolongation of peak and inter-peak latency which correlates with the severity of encephalopathy. The auditory P300 evoked response shows an increased latency with the development of hepatic encephalopathy. Event related potentials provide objective diagnostic markers of the development of hepatic encephalopathy. The increased use of this technology in the assessment of patients with this condition should be of clinical benefit in its management.     

亚临床性肝性脑病智能测试与体表感觉诱发电位相关性的研究

目的了解亚临床性肝性脑病（ＳＨＥ）心理智能测试和诱发电位检查之间是否有相关性。方法 ６０例非酒精性肝硬化ＳＨＥ患者同时接受数字连接试验（ＮＣＴ）、数字符号试验（ＤＳ）与体表感觉诱发电位（ＳＳＥＰ）检查。结果ＮＣＴ、ＤＳ与ＳＳＥＰ检查的Ｎ２、Ｎ３、Ｐ３潜伏期之间无相关性。结论ＮＣＴ、ＤＳ与ＳＳＥＰ检查之间不能互相替代。     

Diagnostic tools for the detection of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy: comparison of standard and computerized psychometric tests with spectral-EEG

The prevalence of subclinical hepatic encephalopathy (SHE) varies according to the diagnostic tool used in its detection. Since a standardised approach to the diagnosis of SHE is not yet available, we compared psychometric tests and EEG spectral analysis. On the same day 32 cirrhotic patients without overt hepatic encephalopathy and 18 controls were assessed by psychometric tests, both standard and computerized (CPT), and by EEG spectral analysis (EEG-SA). The CPT, measuring reaction time (Rt) and errors (er), were Font, Choice1, Choice2 and Scan test. The standard psychometric tests were the number connection test (NCT), the Reitan-B test, the Line Tracing Test [for time: LTT(t) and for errors: LTT(er)], and the Symbol Digit test (SD). Both psychometric tests [Reitan-B test, LTT(er) and CPT but Font (Rt) and Choice2 (er)] and EEG-SA parameters [mean dominant frequency (MDF) and theta power (%)] significantly correlated (p<0.05) with albumin plasma levels. LTT(er), Scan, Font, Choice1 and Choice2 were significantly related to % and MDF. There was no control with positive EEG-SA, though one control was positive with LTT(t) and with the number of errors made during Font and Scan tests. The percentage of cirrhotics with positive EEG-SA was 34% (CI_95%=19–53), while 9–66% were positive with psychometric tests, depending on the test considered. In spite of the correlation between neuropsychological and neurophysiological parameters, the diagnostic agreement between EEG-SA and each psychometric test was not high. In conclusion: 1) neurophysiological and neuropsychological impairment in cirrhotics without overt hepatic encephalopathy were found linked to each other and to hepatic dysfunction; 2) psychometric tests were not sufficiently good predictors of EEG alterations; therefore, neuropsychological tools can not substitute neurophysiological ones to detect CNS dysfunction in liver disease.     

亚临床肝性脑病的流行病学调查

目的 了解亚临床肝性脑病(SHE)患病率及相关因素。 方法 对409例肝硬化患者进行数字连接试验(NCT)和数字符号试验(DST)检查。 结果 肝硬化患者SHE患病率为51.3％,肝硬化与正常对照组各年龄段及总的NCT、DST差异均有显著性,t=4.108～25.231,P<0.01。Child—pugh A、B、C级患者的患病率分别为39.9％(75/188)、55.2％(79/143)、71.8％(56/78),三组间差异有显著性,x2=23.910,P<0.01。小于35、35～44、45～54、55～64和大于64岁五个年龄段的患病率、性别、吸烟与否、酒精性和非酒精性肝硬化患者、不同文化程度,患者之间的患病率比较差异均无显著性。Logistic回归分析显示SHE患病率仅与Child—pugh分级相关,而与年龄、性别、吸烟、病因和文化程度无关。 结论 肝硬化患者SHE患病率为51.3％。Child-pugh分级是重要的危险因子。     

Value of regional cerebral blood flow in the evaluation of chronic liver disease and subclinical hepatic encephalopathy

AIMS: Regional changes in cerebral blood flow in patients with chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and subclinical hepatic encephalopathy were investigated in the present study using single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). METHODS: Twenty patients with cirrhosis, 11 patients with chronic hepatitis, and nine healthy controls were included in the study. Cerebral SPECT were obtained for all patients. The percentages of cerebral blood flow of 14 regions to the cerebellar blood flow were determined. Only the patients with cirrhosis underwent psychometric evaluation: visual evoked potentials (VEP) measurements and electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings along with blood levels of albumin, bilirubin, and ammonia were measured and prothrombin time was determined in cirrhotic patients. These patients were classified according to the Child-Pugh classification. RESULTS: Among cirrhotic patients, six had abnormal results in VEP studies, 11 in psychometric tests and with six in EEG evaluation. Any abnormality in psychometric tests and/or VEP studies is taken as the main criterion; subclinical hepatic encephalopathy was detected in 12 of 20 patients. According to SPECT results in patients with subclinical encephalopathy, a statistically significant decrease in cerebral blood flow in right thalamus and nearly significant decrease in left thalamus were observed. Regional blood flow was significantly higher in the frontal lobes of patients with cirrhosis when compared with healthy controls. Similarly, cerebral blood flow in frontal and cingulate regions was significantly higher in patients with chronic hepatitis than in healthy controls. There was no relationship between cerebral blood flow and blood levels of ammonia or Child-Pugh score, in cirrhotic patients. CONCLUSION: Significant changes in cerebral blood flow may be present in chronic liver diseases and the authors suggest that the measurement of changes in cerebral blood flow might be useful in detecting subclinical hepatic encephalopathy.     

肠道微生态与肝性脑病的关系

肝性脑病(HE)是肝硬化患者常见的一种复杂的神经精神性并发症,具有高发病率、高复发率及高病死率的特点,也是住院和再住院风险增加的一个重要因素。目前对于HE的治疗尚无特效药物,近年来研究发现,肠道微生态变化与HE的发生、发展及预后相关,而且调整肠道菌群对HE有一定的预防性作用。旨在对近年来肠道微生态与HE之间关系的研究进行总结,希望为临床防治HE提供新的治疗思路。     

探讨心理测验和脑诱发电位检测亚临床型肝性脑病的价值

目的评价心理测验和脑诱发电位检查诊断亚临床型肝性脑病（ＳＨＥ）的价值。方法对３６例肝炎肝硬化患者进行心理测验和三种脑诱发电位（ＥＰ）检查,并追踪１年观察临床肝性脑病（ＨＥ）出现情况。结果心理测验异常１６例（４４％）,其中言语智商异常１２例（３３％）,操作智商异常１４例（３８％）,三种ＥＰ总异常为１８例（５０％）,其中听觉诱发电位（ＢＡＥＰ）异常１２例（３３％）、视觉诱发电位（ＶＥＰ）异常３例（８％）、体感觉诱发电位（ＳＥＰ）异常６例（１６％）,心理测验和／或诱发电位异常２８例（７７％）,两者均异常者为１１例（３１％）,追踪观察１年的３４例患者中,２６例心理测验和／或脑诱发电位异常者出现临床肝性脑病１９例（７３％）,无心理测验和／或脑诱发电位检查异常８例中,出现临床肝性脑病２例（２５％）（Ｐ＜００５）。结论同时进行心理测验和脑诱发电位检查可提高ＳＨＥ检出率,检测ＳＨＥ对预测肝性脑病的发生有临床价值。     

心理测验、视觉诱发电位检测亚临床肝性脑病的价值

探讨心理测验、视觉诱发电位检测在亚临床肝性脑病 (SHE)诊断中的意义。对 4 5例肝硬化患者及 30例正常人进行数字连接试验 (NCT) ,视觉诱发电位 (VEP)检测。研究其在亚临床肝性脑病诊断中的应用价值。肝硬化组NCT异常占 5 6 % (2 5 / 4 5 ) ,VEP异常占 4 9% (2 2 / 4 5 ) ,NCT和 (或 )VEP异常占 71% (32 / 4 5 ) ,两者均异常 33% (15 /4 5 ) ;对照组NCT异常占 30 % (9/ 30 ) ,VEP异常占 2 7% (8/ 30 )。两组比较差异有显著性意义 (P <0 0 5 )。NCT和VEP可用于诊断SHE ,联合检测可提高SHE检出率 ,对预防肝性脑病的发生有重要意义     

乳果糖治疗亚临床肝性脑病的临床研究

目的 前瞻性对比乳果糖长、短程治疗对亚临床肝性脑病(SHE)的效果及其对SHE病程的影响。方法 经智力测验(数字连接试验和数字符号试验之一异常)诊断的SHE 64例随机分入对照组(21例)、短程组(21例)和长程组(22例),后2组分别服乳果糖达8周和24周。治疗前以及治疗后每间隔8周行血氨、智力测验和体感诱发电位(SEP)等检查,共随访24周。结果 每组各有20例完成追踪。与对照组和治疗前相比,长程组血氨和智力测验显著改善(P＜0．05—0．01)且SEP的N50波潜伏期稳定不变,短程组治疗到第8周也有改善(P＜0．05),但停药后又逐渐恶化。对照组的血氨、智力测验和N50波潜伏期逐渐恶化,在16周时后2项与治疗前差异有显著性(P＜0．05—0．01);而长程组血氨持续降低,其肝性脑病(HE)患病率(5％)显著低于短程组(30％)和对照组(40％)(P＜0．05)。结论 乳果糖维持治疗能够降低血氨、改善智力测验结果并可能防止SEP的恶化,最终降低HE的患病率。     

Relationship between pre-TIPS hepatic hemodynamics and postoperative incidence of hepatic encephalopathy

BACKGROUND: Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is one of the complications that have limited the effectiveness of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) most significantly. Up to the present, the predicting factors of HE post-TIPS have been debated controversially. This study was undertaken to verify the relationship between pre-TIPS intrahepatic hemodynamics and the incidence of post-TIPS HE. METHODS: The hepatic blood dynamics was evaluated in 41 patients with liver cirrhosis before TIPS and at one month after TIPS by ultrasonography. The patients were divided into two groups according to Doppler findings before TIPS: group 1, patients with prograde portal flow, and group 2, patients with hepatofugal or back-forth portal flow. The clinical characteristics (age, sex, etiology of liver disease, pre-TIPS Child-Pugh score, incidence of pre-TIPS HE, and portacaval pressure gradient), incidence of post TIPS HE, and pre-/post-TIPS hepatic arterial resistant index (RI) in the two groups were compared. The independent prognostic value of pre-TIPS variables for the onset of HE after TIPS, including age, Child-Pugh score, presence of HE before TIPS, and the pattern of portal flow, was tested with a multiple-factor regression analysis. RESULTS: No significant difference in age, etiology of liver disease, indications of TIPS placement, incidence of HE before TIPS, and portacaval gradient before and after TIPS was observed between the two groups; but liver failure was more severe in group 2 (P<0.05). The incidence of post-TIPS HE in group 2 was significantly lower than that in group 1 (P<0.01). Pre-TIPS, the RI of the hepatic artery in group 1 was significantly higher than that in group 2 (P<0.01). However, TIPS induced a significantly decreased RI in group 1 (P <0.01), but not in group 2. Multiple-factor regression analysis demonstrated that the pattern of portal flow before TIPS was closely associated with the onset of post TIPS HE. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-TIPS intrahepatic hetnodynamics is closely related to the incidence of post-TIPS HE. Hepatic hetnodynamics of patients with hepatofugal portal blood flow only changes a little after TIPS and still provides compensatory blood supply of the hepatic artery, and the hepatic function is less affected. Hence HE is unlikely. Hepatic hemodynamics of patients with prograde portal blood flow changes a lot after TIPS, and dual blood supply of the portal vein and hepatic artery changes into compensatory blood supply of the hepatic artery, and hepatic function suffers greatly in a short time. Thus HE is mostly likely.     

数字连接试验检测肝病患者亚临床肝性脑病的研究

目的 以数字连接试验(NCT)检测慢性肝病尤其是病毒性肝炎患者的亚临床肝性脑病(SHE)发病率，以了解肝功能与SHE的关系。方法 对177例慢性肝病进行NCT检测。结果 慢性肝病患者的NCT异常率31．1％(55／177)，病毒性肝炎患者的NCT异常率29．7％(47／158)；肝功损害轻度及重症肝炎时，肝硬化组与非肝硬化组的NCT异常率无差别，肝功损害中度和重度时，肝硬化组的异常率高于非肝硬化组，且有显著性差异；肝功分级间的SHE发病率无差异；男女间的NCT异常率无差别。结论肝病病人出现智力障碍与肝功损害及肝硬化的门体分流都有关，而与病因无关；肝功损害程度与SHE的发生率末显示线性关系。