蝶窦区病变外科手术径路之探讨——附50例报告

目的:探讨切除蝶窦区病变的良好手术径路。方法:根据病变种类的不同,分别采用:①用鼻内镜经单侧鼻腔入路治疗双侧蝶窦病变;②腭部粘膜“Ｔ”形瓣翻揭＋硬腭开窗入路;③扩大的鼻侧切开＋鼻锥翻揭入路;④颅面联合径路;⑤骨折外移鼻中甲行鼻中隔蝶窦入路。结果:本组５０例,术中视野较为开阔、清晰。因减少了手术盲目性,本组未出现医源性并发症。蝶窦区良性病变３７例中,术后随访３年未见复发;蝶窦区恶性肿瘤１３例中经随访,３年存活率为６１．５%(８/１３),５年存活率为４６．２%(６/１３)。结论:为了减少手术并发症,根据蝶窦的不同病变而采取不同的手术径路是合理的。     

不同术式治疗鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤疗效的比较观察

目的比较三种不同手术方式治疗鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤的疗效.方法分别采用鼻侧切开术、改良面中部揭翻径路联合鼻内镜手术及鼻内进路联合鼻内镜手术治疗鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤62例,对其治疗效果进行比较分析.结果经术后随访半年～11年,各组患者症状均消失或减轻.鼻侧切开术36例中复发8例(22.2%),改良面中部揭翻径路联合鼻内镜手术18例中,复发2例(11.1%),鼻内进路联合鼻内镜手术8例中复发1例(12.5%).复发者再次手术后治愈.结论改良面中部揭翻径路联合鼻内镜手术是治疗鼻腔鼻窦内翻性乳头状瘤可靠且有效的方法.     

蝶窦区病变外科手术径路之探讨——附50例报告

目的：探讨切除蝶窦区病变的良好手术径路。方法：根据病变种类的不同，分别采用：（1）用鼻内镜经单侧鼻腔入路治疗双侧蝶窦病变；（2）腭部粘膜“T”形瓣翻揭 硬腭开窗入路；（3）扩大的鼻侧切开 鼻锥翻揭入路；（4）颅面联合径路；（5）骨折外移鼻中甲行鼻中隔蝶窦入路。结果：本组50例，术中视野较为开阔，清晰，因减少了手术盲目性，本组未出现医源性并发症，蝶窦区良性病变37例中，术后随访3年未见复发，蝶窦区恶性肿瘤13例中经随访，3年存活率为61.5?/13)，5年存活率为46.2?/13)。结论：为了减少手术并发症，根据蝶窦的不同病变而采取不同的手术径路是合理的。     

面掀翻及改良半面掀翻联合鼻内镜技术在鼻科手术中的应用

目的：探讨面中部掀翻及改良半面掀翻径路鼻内镜辅助治疗鼻科疾病的方法和疗效。方法：30例患者,采用面中部掀翻术4例,半面掀翻术3例,改良术式23例。改良术式采用以患侧为主的上颌窦根治术切口,不作鼻小柱贯通切口,先完整剥离健侧的鼻中隔皮肤、黏软骨膜和骨膜及鼻底黏骨膜,不作健侧前庭切口,保留健侧鼻腔软组织结构的完整性,再作鼻中隔软骨及患侧皮肤、黏软骨膜切口与鼻前庭弧形切口,掀翻患侧半面中部软组织并联合鼻内镜切除病变。结果：所有创口一期愈合。随访6个月～3年,4例面中部掀翻术后鼻前庭狭窄1例;3例半面掀翻术中鼻中隔穿孔1例;改良术式联合鼻内镜23例无并发鼻前庭狭窄和鼻中隔穿孔等症。结论：面中部掀翻及改良半面掀翻径路联合鼻内镜,术野暴露充分,面部不留瘢痕,手术操作方便、安全;改良术式健侧鼻腔术后不必填塞,无鼻前庭狭窄等并发症发生。     

鼻内镜在原发性鼻中隔恶性肿瘤手术中的应用

目的 总结鼻内镜下切除原发性鼻中隔恶性肿瘤的临床经验。方法 回顾性分析我科1998年12月～2003年2月鼻内镜下治疗的5例原发性鼻中隔恶性肿瘤患者的病理学特征、手术方法、预后。结果鳞癌2例、腺样囊性癌1例、恶性黑色素瘤2例。病程1-7个月。均进行鼻内镜下手术，术后进行放疗（剂量30Gy）。随访时间1-5年，1例死亡（鼻中隔恶性黑色素瘤），4例生存，未见肿瘤复发。结论 鼻内镜下切除原发性鼻中隔恶性肿瘤效果较好。     

鼻中隔恶性肿瘤鼻内镜下手术深浅层次初探

目的:初步探讨鼻中隔恶性肿瘤在鼻内镜下手术深浅层次问题.方法:将19例适应鼻内镜下手术的鼻中隔恶性肿瘤患者,根据肿瘤的大小、部位、浸润程度、手术过程探查情况分3组进行治疗.第1组(6例)实施第1层次手术治疗,第2组(9例)实施第2层次手术与部分患者加放疗,第3组(4例)实施第3层次手术与全部患者加放疗.结果:第1组中无瘤生存4例,局部复发2例;第2组中无瘤生存5例,局部复发2例,局部转移1例,死亡1例;第3组中无瘤生存2例,局部复发1例,局部转移1例.3组之间的疗效比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).所有患者5年生存率为94.7%,5年无瘤生存率为57.9%.结论:鼻中隔恶性肿瘤鼻内镜下手术有一定的适应证,手术深浅层次的选择与手术安全缘的掌握具有同等重要的临床意义.     

额鼻瓣翻揭行前颅底额眶筛区恶性肿瘤大块切除术

目的　探讨前颅底额眶筛区恶性肿瘤大块切除时最佳手术径路。方法　在双眉弓做“U”型切口 ,连接患侧鼻侧切开。向上翻揭额肌皮瓣、向健侧翻揭鼻锥 ,充分暴露并大块切除前颅底额眶筛区肿瘤。结果　自 1986年 12月～ 1996年 12月 ,临床实施 5 0例患者 ,经随访 ,1年生存率为86 0 % ( 4 3 5 0 ) ,3年生存率为 6 2 0 % ( 31 5 0 ) ,5年生存率为 4 4 0 % ( 2 2 5 0 )。结论　采用额鼻瓣翻揭 ,术野暴露充分 ,较颅面联合手术省去了头部冠状切口 ,术后脑组织反应轻微     

额鼻瓣翻揭行前颅底额眶筛区恶性肿瘤大块切除术

目的 探讨前颅底额眶筛区恶性肿瘤大块切除时最佳手术径路。方法 在双眉弓做“U”型切口,连接患侧鼻侧切开。向上翻揭额肌皮瓣、向健侧翻揭鼻锥,充分暴露并大块切除前颅底额眶筛区肿瘤。结果 自1986年12月～1996年12月,临床实施50例患者,经随访,1年生存率为86．0％(43／50),3年生存率为62．0％(31／50),5年生存率为44．0％(22／50)。结论 采用额鼻瓣翻揭,术野暴露充分。较颅面联合手术省去了头部冠状切口,术后脑组织反应轻微。     

不同内镜手术入路对翼腭窝及颞下窝的显露程度比较及其临床应用价值探讨

目的应用不同的内镜手术入路解剖翼腭窝及颞下窝,比较内镜下各手术入路的显露范围,为恰当选择内镜手术入路处理翼腭窝及颞下窝病变提供解剖学方面的依据。方法 4具8侧成人尸头标本,0°内镜引导下分别采取上颌窦后壁入路、扩大上颌窦后壁入路、鼻腔外侧壁入路、揭翻经上颌窦入路进行解剖学研究,观测各手术入路的有效显露范围。结果上颌窦后壁入路能显露翼腭窝上部和颞下窝内侧区深部;扩大上颌窦后壁入路在以上手术入路的基础上进一步显露翼腭窝下部;鼻腔外侧壁入路再进一步显露整个上颌窦和上颌窦底壁平面以上的颞下窝内外侧区;揭翻经上颌窦入路则能更进一步显露整个颞下窝。结论不同的内镜手术入路对翼腭窝及颞下窝的显露程度各不相同,以此为基础选择相应的手术入路处理不同范围的翼腭窝及颞下窝病变将有利于充分显露和有效切除病变,并尽可能避免不必要的手术损伤和并发症。     

鼻咽血管纤维瘤手术方式的探讨

目的 探讨鼻咽血管纤维瘤的术式选择及适应证。方法 对1986年4月～1999年4月经病理证实的16例病人临床资料进行回顾性分析。根据病变扩展范围分别采用经鼻内镜或手术显微镜下硬化剂注射加电灼及面中部翻揭-上颌窦联合径路切除肿瘤。结果 全部16例经2～14年随访，治愈率为75．0％。复发4例均为Ⅲ期肿瘤。术中出血量，经鼻径路均少于100ml，经面中部翻揭-上颌窦联合径路切除平均为1550ml。结论 肿瘤术前分期是影响预后的关键因素，根据病变范围合理选择术式，对减少术中出血、避免复发有重要意义。     

侵犯翼腭窝肿瘤的诊断和手术治疗

目的分析肿瘤主体位于翼腭窝的临床表现,探讨其手术方法及其疗效。方法回顾分析7例以翼腭窝为主要病变区域的肿瘤性疾病的诊治经过,其中原发性肿瘤3例,分别为纤维组织细胞瘤、神经纤维瘤和胆脂瘤,继发性肿瘤4例,其中上皮肌上皮癌、腺样囊性癌各1例,鼻内翻性乳头状瘤和恶性组织细胞瘤外院术后复发各1例。神经纤维瘤和胆脂瘤患者分别行内镜辅助下鼻腔上颌窦或口腔上颌窦径路,纤维组织细胞瘤患者及4例继发性肿瘤者采用鼻侧切开径路。结果腺样囊性癌患者术后4个月局部复发,激光扩大切除后随访3年无复发或转移,其余6例患者术后1个月～3个月术腔上皮化,随访2～4年无复发或转移。主要并发症为鼻口腔瘘2例,愈合时间分别为术后9个月和11个月,鼻咽反流和下眼睑水肿各1例,分别于术后1个月和3个月消失。结论CT或MRI是诊断翼腭窝肿瘤的主要方法,经鼻腔上颌窦、口腔上颌窦或鼻侧切开径路可有效切除该处肿瘤。     

Clinical studies of malignant tumors in the nasal cavity

Nineteen cases with malignant tumors in the nasal cavities have been treated at the department of otolaryngology, Yokoharma City University, during the 10 years from 1978 to 1987. 1. Cases were 8 males and 11 females, and their ages ranged from 27 to 84 years (Mean age: 64.6). 2. In the histological classification, 9 cases were the epithelial malignant tumors (squamous cell carcinoma 5; adenoid cystic carcinoma 2; transitional cell carcinoma 1; malignant pleomorphic adenoma 1), 9 cases were non-epithelial malignant tumors (malignant melanoma 6; malignant lymphoma 2; olfactory neuroblastoma 1), and one case was unclassified malignant tumor. 3. Cases with epithelial malignant tumors showed better prognosis after treatment of surgical and radiation therapy. But those of non-epithelial malignant tumor were worse. 4. A very rare case with malignant pleomorphic adenoma, originated at the lateral nasal wall was reported and its clinical features and treatment were discussed. This tumor has not been reported up to the present in Japan.     

鼻及鼻窦多形性腺瘤15例报告

目的：探讨鼻及鼻窦多形性腺瘤的临床特点和治疗方法。方法：15例鼻及鼻窦多形性腺瘤患者，行上颌窦根治术2例，用圈套器作鼻息肉切除术2例，鼻侧切开术10例，上颌骨切除术1例。结果：首次术后无复发7例，复发6例，种植性复发1例，恶变(癌肉瘤)1例。6例复发者再次手术后无复发2例，复发2例，恶变2例；1例种植性复发者行放疗60Gy无效死亡。结论：鼻及鼻窦多形性腺瘤误诊率高，复发率高，多次手术易恶变；治疗的关键在于首次手术采用大术野彻底清除病灶，如怀疑是该肿瘤则术中应作快速切片，术前尽量不做活检以防瘤体破裂；预后与肿瘤复发和恶变有关。     

Endoscopic or endoscope-assisted surgery for sinonasal malignancy]

OBJECTIVE: To discuss the feasibility and therapeutic efficacy of resection of sinonasal malignant tumours through endoscopic or endoscope-assisted surgery. METHODS: Since 1997, 11 cases of malignant tumours were resected under endoscope or by endoscope-assisted surgery. Among them, 5 patients were followed-up for more than 3 years, including one case of nasal septum squamous cell carcinoma; one case of ethmoid sinus squamous cell carcinoma; one case of maxillary sinus adenoid cystic carcinoma and two cases of olfactory neuroblastoma. RESULTS: In the patients who were followed-up for more than three years, no local recurrence was found. There was only one case of cervical lymph node metastasis found on a patient with olfactory neuroblastoma 2. 5 years after resection. Four years after operation, this patient was suspected to have extensive metastasis in meninges, and only palliative treatment was suggested. CONCLUSIONS: By endoscope or by endoscope-assisted surgery, some of selected sinonasal malignant tumours can be thoroughly resected. The advantages are mini-invasive and avoidance of facial scar so as to improve the quality of life (QOL) of patients. Large amount of cases, random clinical study with lone- term follow-up are still needed to verify the feasibility and efficacy of endoscopic or endoscope-assisted surgery.     

Cytologic diagnosis of the maxillary sinus reevaluated

Preoperative cytologic diagnosis of the maxillary sinus was performed on 57 patients by examining of solutions obtained by local washing following sinus puncture. There were 6 cases of cancer (5 squamous cell carcinomas and 1 adenoid cystic carcinoma), 1 malignant melanoma, 1 odontoma, 8 aspergillosis, 1 inflammatory pseudotumor, 9 odontogenic maxillary sinusitis and conventional chronic sinusitis in residual cases. There were 2 false-negative cytologies in the 7 cases of malignant tumor (i.e., 1 adenoid cystic carcinoma and 1 squamous cell carcinoma). The significance and usefulness of the cytologic approach to preoperative diagnosis of malignancies, including malignant melanoma and fungal infection were discussed.     

内镜下切除鼻咽部肿瘤入路及体会

目的 介绍内镜下经鼻中隔切除鼻咽部肿瘤的方法,探讨此手术方法的优缺点、适应范围和手术注意事项.方法 10例鼻咽部肿瘤患者分别为鼻咽癌放疗后残留3例、海绵状血管瘤2例、良性混合瘤2例、恶性混合瘤1例、腺样囊性癌1例和脊索瘤1例.所有病例均行内镜下鼻中隔后下段1/4切除,手术者和助手经双侧鼻腔径路协作完成肿瘤切除.结果 所有病例的鼻咽肿瘤均一次性全切,无严重手术并发症和后遗症.4例良性肿瘤随访6～18个月无复发,中位随访时间13.8个月;6例恶性肿瘤随访1～4年,中位随访时间2.6年,5例无瘤生存,1例鼻咽癌患者术后1年疑似复发,进一步观察6个月病变无进展.结论 鼻中隔后下段1/4切除后,内镜下能观察整个鼻咽腔及其中的肿瘤,并有利于手术者和助手协调配合完成手术,是一种切除鼻咽部局限性肿瘤较好的手术方法.

Abstract：

Objective To explre the techniques, advantages and disadvantages, indications and cautions of a surgical approach for the resection of nasopharyngeal tumor. Methods Ten cases with nasopharyngeal tumors were recruited in this study, of them, 3 cases with residual nasopharyngeal carcinoma after chemoradiotherapy, 2 cases with cavernous angioma, 2 cases with benign mixed tumor, 1 malignant mixed tumor, 1 adenoid cystic carcinoma, and 1 chordoma. All patients underwent endoscopic resection of posteroinferior quarter part of nasal septum, and then the removal of nasopharyngeal tumors through bilateral transnasal approach. Results Total resection of the tumor was achieved for all cases without severe surgical complications. All cases with benign tumors, with following-up of 6 -18 months, showed no recurrence. Of 6 cases with malignant tumors, with following-up of 12 -48 months, 5 cases showed no recurrence, and 1 case was suspected to relapse one year postoperatively, but not with any lesion enlargement after another 6 month follow-up. Conclusions Posteroinferior quarter part of nasal septectomy is preferred for endoscopic resection of nasopharyngeal tumors because it can provide a panoramic view on nasopharyngeal cavity and tumors, thus, facilitating the removal of nasopharyngeal tumors.     

内镜下或内镜辅助下的鼻腔-鼻窦恶性肿瘤手术

目的　探讨内镜下或内镜辅助下切除鼻腔 鼻窦恶性肿瘤的可行性和手术效果。方法总结 1997年起 ,在内镜下或内镜辅助下施行鼻腔 鼻窦恶性肿瘤手术的 11例患者的临床资料 ,并对部分术后患者进行随访 ,其中 5例手术后随访时间在 3年以上。 5例患者中行鼻中隔鳞状细胞癌 (简称鳞癌 )切除术 1例 ,行筛窦鳞癌切除术 1例 ,行上颌窦腺样囊性癌切除术 1例 ,行嗅神经母细胞瘤切除术 2例。结果　术后随访时间超过 3年的 5例均无局部复发 ,仅 1例嗅神经母细胞瘤术后 2年 8个月出现左侧颈淋巴结转移 ,术后 3年 10个月出现广泛的脑膜侵犯。结论　内镜下或内镜辅助下可以彻底切除经过选择的鼻腔 鼻窦恶性肿瘤 ,优点是创伤小 ,避免了颜面部瘢痕 ,提高了患者的生存质量 ,但还有待于进一步开展大样本、随机分组、长期随访的临床研究     

A case report of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the nasal septum]

A 50-year-old woman with adenoid cystic carcinoma of the nasal septum is presented. Her chief complaint was recurrent epistaxis. Surgery was originally performed to remove a nasal polyp, but during resection, the surgeon discovered that the mass had arisen from the nasal septum, so only a biopsy was done. The pathological report was adenoid cystic carcinoma, so she was referred and admitted to our hospital. A flat 1.5 x 1.5 cm tumor was recognized on the left side of the nasal septum. Nasal septectomy was performed. The tumor was dissected with nasal septal cartilage, and the defect was covered with a free skin flap from the thigh. The incidence of malignant tumors from the nasal septum is very low, composing from 2.7% to 8.4% of nasal and paranasal malignant tumors. Therefore the incidence of adenoid cystic carcinoma in particular is very low.     

Clinical analysis of eight cases treated with lateral skull base surgery]

Eight cases were treated by lateral skull base surgery. Three benign tumors (2: paraganglioma, 1: neurinoma) originated from parapharyngeal space and infiltrated into jugular foramen, and five malignant tumors (3: squamous cell carcinoma, 1: adenoid cystic carcinoma, 1: rhabdomyosarcoma) involved the skull base. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging gives information as to whether tumors invaded to cranial bone or not, and also permits deciding surgical procedures. Surgical management of mandibular bone was performed in five cases for complete tumor resection and sufficient surgical view; hemimandibulectomy was carried out in four malignant cases, who simultaneously underwent radical neck dissection, and one benign case underwent mandiblotomy. Ligation of sigmoid sinus was carried out in four cases (1; benign, 3; malignant) to control bleeding from large vessels. The skull base was reconstructed with myocutaneous flaps which were fixed by fibrin tissue adhesive. No significant surgical complications were not noted. There were no recurrence of benign tumor during 8-13 years follow up period. Malignant tumors, except one (rhabdomyosarcoma), had no local recurrence during follow up period (4 months-2 years). We emphasize that the progress in preoperative assessment, as well as in reconstructive surgical techniques, will assure more adequate indication of lateral skull surgery for malignant tumors.