胫骨远端锁定钢板治疗胫骨Pilon骨折

目的探讨应用胫骨远端锁定钢板治疗胫骨Pilon骨折的临床疗效。方法应用胫骨远端锁定钢板治疗胫骨Pilon骨折33例,35侧。采用切开复位内固定术式。结果 33例均获得随访,随访时间8~26个月,采用Mazur踝关节症状和功能评分系统进行评估,优22侧(>92分),良9侧(87~92分),可4侧(65~86分)。优良率88.6%,骨折愈合时间4~10个月。结论胫骨远端锁定钢板治疗胫骨Pilon骨折,固定牢固,愈合率高,术后可早期功能锻炼,是目前治疗胫骨Pilon骨折的较好方法。     

股骨远端复杂骨折的手术治疗

目的 评价应用髁动力加压钢板（DCS）、股骨髁上逆向交锁髓内钉（GSHN）或股骨髁支撑钢板内固定治疗股骨远端复杂骨折的临床疗效。方法 手术治疗34例（36侧）股骨远端复杂骨折。开放性骨折9侧,闭合性骨折27侧;AO／ASIF分类A3型16侧,C2型9侧,C3型11侧。17侧选用了切开复位DCS内固定的方法进行治疗,7侧使用GSHN固定,12侧选用了切开复位股骨髁支撑钢板内固定的方法。术后5～7d在CPM机辅助下行渐进性膝关节功能锻炼。结果 随访6～43个月。36侧骨折中,无一例感染及骨折不愈合发生。按Kolment疗效评定标准评定：优19侧,良11侧,可5侧,差1侧,优良率为83．3％。结论 手术治疗股骨远端复杂骨折获得满意疗效需要满足以下条件：力争达到解剖复位;坚强的内固定;尽可能保护骨折断端血供,减少骨折处及其周围软组织的损伤;能提供术后相对早期的康复训练的基础。应用DCS或GSHN治疗股骨远端复杂骨折,对于部分病例可达到上述四点要求．而用股骨髁支撑钢板则相对较困难。     

双钢板法治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折的临床疗效观察

目的观察应用双钢板法治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折的临床疗效。方法应用胫骨骨折切开复位双钢板髓钉内固定术治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折患者41例,术后随诊观察患者的临床疗效。结果 41例患者均手术顺利,术后患肢功能恢复满意,按Rasmussen胫骨髁部骨折膝关节功能评分评定疗效,优良率90.24%。结论应用切开复位钢板髓钉内固定术治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折,能使骨折解剖复位,双钢板支撑固定使骨折坚强固定,疗效满意。     

解剖钢板治疗胫骨平台骨折31例疗效分析

目的分析解剖钢板治疗胫骨平台骨折的治疗效果。方法对胫骨平台骨折患者31例行切开复位胫骨近端解剖钢板内固定，对损伤的韧带和半月板进行修补。术后根据术中固定情况行患肢膝关节持续被动活动锻炼（CPM）功能锻炼。结果31例患者均获随访，随访时间7～28个月，平均14个月。按Merchant评分标准，优13例，良14例，可3例，差1例，优良率87．1％。结论解剖钢板治疗胫骨平台骨折疗效满意，早期行CPM功能锻炼有助于膝关节功能的恢复。     

支撑钢板加人工骨治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折31例报告

目的探讨支撑钢板加人工骨治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折的应用及临床效果。方法近7年采用支撑钢板加人工骨治疗复杂胫骨平台骨折31例,按Schazker分类[1],Ⅳ型7例,Ⅴ型15例,Ⅵ型9例;用膝部内外侧显露切口行支撑钢板固定及植人工骨。结果31例患者均获取6个月至2年随访。按Merchant评分,优良率达87.1%;术后无切口皮肤深部坏死、深部感染、异物反应等,内固定无松动断裂。结论支撑钢板能有效固定复杂胫骨平台骨折,结合人工骨应用,防止胫骨平台塌陷,促进骨折愈合,减少并发症,使患膝关节功能恢复满意。     

切开复位内固定治疗桡骨远端不稳定骨折

目的 探讨应用切开复位内固定治疗不稳定性桡骨远端骨折的疗效。方法自2007～2008年,作者采用切开复位双钢板内固定方法治疗不稳定性桡骨远端骨折18例20侧,骨折类型按A0分型B2型4侧,B3型5侧,C1型4侧,C2型3侧,C3型4侧。均为闭合性骨折。结果所有患者均得到随访,平均随访13个月（10～22个月）。腕关节功能评价按Sarmiento标准进行评定：切开复位双钢板内固定治疗组优良率为85％。结论对于不稳定性桡骨远端骨折的治疗,切开复位双钢板内固定的疗效十分显著。     

双钢板法治疗复杂型胫骨平台骨折疗效分析

目的探讨双切口双钢板内固定治疗复杂型胫骨平台骨折的临床疗效。方法对24例胫骨平台骨折患者采用切开复位、胫骨平台内外侧分别使用钢板固定,术后予CPM功能锻炼。结果所有患者均获8～36个月随访,平均19．4个月。骨折均获骨性愈合,膝关节功能总优良率为87．5％。结论双侧支撑钢板固定能够牢固固定骨折结合植骨,有利于早期功能锻炼,防止关节面塌陷和关节僵硬,是理想的治疗方法。     

同种异体骨条移植加支撑钢板固定治疗胫骨远端粉碎性骨折

目的探讨治疗胫骨远端粉碎性骨折的治疗方法。方法对2002年7月至2007年7月186肢胫骨远端粉碎性骨折均采用了同种异体骨条植骨加内(前外)侧支撑钢板内固定治疗,术后通过平均匀14个月的随访,了解骨折愈合情况及踝关节功能。结果 186例肢胫骨远端粉碎骨折患者,2例骨排斥反应,17例踝关节功能差,余167例患者获得满意疗效,优良率90%。结论采用同种异体骨条移植加内(前外)侧支撑钢板固定治疗胫骨远端粉碎性骨折能加快骨愈合,防止胫骨下关节面塌陷,恢复踝关节功能有较好的疗效。     

微创锁定钢板治疗股骨胫骨远端骨折42例分析

对不涉及膝关节面损伤的股骨远端骨折包括粉碎性骨折,现一般采用切开复位内固定,如DCP,LC—DCP,DCS等,较少采用闭合复位外固定;而对不论是否涉及踩关节面损伤的胫骨远端骨折则采用切开复位内固定,外固定架固定甚至是石膏托外固定,但上述方法各有不可避免的缺点,如软组织损伤重,感染风险高,关节功能恢复差等。应用微创锁定钢板治疗股骨胫骨远端骨折在国内已有报道,我科2006年9月至2008年5月,对37例42处股骨胫骨远端骨折采用微创锁定钢板治疗,取得了满意疗效。     

锁定钢板固定并植骨治疗胫骨平台骨折

目的探讨锁定钢板加自体髂骨植骨治疗胫骨平台骨折的疗效。方法对32例胫骨平台骨折,采用切开复位锁定钢板内固定,加自体髂骨植骨。结果 32例患者均获得随访,随访时间6～24个月,平均16个月。按照HSS评分标准,优15例,良13例,优良率达87.5%。结论合理选择切口切开复位,加锁定钢板内固定自体髂骨植骨,治疗胫骨平台骨折疗效满意。     

Interaction of estrone and estradiol with DNA and protein of liver and kidney in rat and hamster in vivo and in vitro

[6,7-³H] Estrone (E) and [6,7-³H]estradiol-17 (E₂) have been synthesized by reduction of 6-dehydroestrone and 6-dehydroestradiol with tritium gas. Tritiated E and E₂ were administered by oral gavage to female rats and to male and female hamsters on a dose level of about 300 g/kg (54 mCi/kg). After 8 h, the liver was excised from the rats; liver and kidneys were taken from the hamsters. DNA was purified either directly from an organ homogenate or via chromatin. The radioactivity in the DNA was expressed in the units of the Covalent Binding Index, CBI = (mol chemical bound per mol DNA-P)/(mmol chemical administered per kg b.w.). Rat liver DNA isolated via chromatin exhibited the very low values of 0.08 and 0.09 for E and E₂, respectively. The respective figures in hamster liver were 0.08 and 0.11 in females and 0.21 and 0.18 in the males. DNA isolated from the kidney revealed a detectable radioactivity only in the female, with values of 0.03 and 0.05 for E and E₂, respectively. The values for male hamster kidney were < 0.01 for both hormones. The minute radioactivity detectable in the DNA samples does not represent covalent binding to DNA, however, as indicated by two sets of control experiments. (A) Analysis by HPLC of the nucleosides prepared by enzyme digest of liver DNA isolated directly or via chromatin did not reveal any consistent peak which could have been attributed to a nucleoside-steroid adduct. (B) All DNA radioactivity could be due to protein contaminations, because the specific activity of chromatin protein was determined to be more than 3,000 times higher than of DNA. The high affinity of the hormone to protein was also demonstrated by in vitro incubations, where it could be shown that the specific activity of DNA and protein was essentially proportional to the concentration of radiolabelled hormone in the organ homogenate, regardless of whether the animal was treated or whether the hormone was added in vitro to the homogenate.Carcinogens acting by covalent DNA binding can be classified according to potency on the basis of the Covalent Binding Index. Values of 10³–10⁴ have been found for potent, 10² for moderate, and 1–10 for weak carcinogens. Since estrone is moderately carcinogenic for the kidney of the male hamster, a CBI of about 100 would be expected. The actually measured limit of detection of 0.01 places covalent DNA binding among the highly unlikely mechanisms of action. Similar considerations can be made for the liver where any true covalent DNA binding must be below a level of 0.01. It is concluded that an observable tumor induction by estrone or estradiol is unlikely to be due to DNA binding.Paper presented at the Satellite Symposium of the European Society of Toxicology, Rome, March 29, 1983     

Arsenic induced changes in growth development and apoptosis in neonatal and adult brain cells in vivo and in tissue culture

Arsenic at a nonlethal level in drinking water consumed over a period of time has been reported to produce chronic toxicity and various types of health problems ranging from skin cancer to disturbance in memory. Neurotoxic effects have been reported in clinical cases with chronic exposure to arsenic. Physiological detoxication of arsenic occurs partially through methylation. Arsenic and its methylated derivatives are distributed in different organs and systems. The present study examined the possible interference in the neuronal development and differentiation due to the exposure to arsenic during gestation. The experiments were carried out to examine short and long term effects of arsenic on brain explants and cells grown and maintained in tissue culture system. The effects of arsenic exposure showed changes in brain cell membrane function indicated by generation and release of reactive oxygen-nitrogen intermediates. On the morphological aspect the explants' growth was reduced, ground matrix was lost and neural networking was inhibited. Cells showed signs of apoptotic changes. Arsenic toxicity may induce damage to brain cells prior to more visible clinical conditions. The deleterious effects also pass from the maternal to fetal tissue across the transplacental barrier.     

Nicotine metabolism and urinary elimination in mouse: in vitro and in vivo

This study aimed at elucidating the in vivo metabolism of nicotine both with and without inhibitors of nicotine metabolism. Second, the role of mouse CYP2A5 in nicotine oxidation in vitro was studied as such information is needed to assess whether the mouse is a suitable model for studying chemical inhibitors of the human CYP2A6. The oxidation of nicotine to cotinine was measured and the ability of various inhibitors to modify this reaction was determined. Nicotine and various inhibitors were co-administered to CD2F1 mice, and nicotine and urinary levels of nicotine and four metabolites were determined. In mouse liver microsomes anti-CYP2A5 antibody and known chemical inhibitors of the CYP2A5 enzyme blocked cotinine formation by 85–100%, depending on the pre-treatment of the mice. The amount of trans-3-hydroxycotine was five times higher than cotinine N-oxide, and ten times higher than nicotine N-1-oxide and cotinine. Methoxsalen, an irreversible inhibitor of CYP2A5, significantly reduced the metabolic elimination of nicotine in vivo, but the reversible inhibitors had no effect. It is concluded that the metabolism of nicotine in mouse is very similar to that in man and, therefore, that the mouse is a suitable model for testing novel chemical inhibitors of human CYP2A6.     

Circulating nucleic acids in plasma and serum: roles in diagnosis and prognosis in diabetes and cancer

The presence of DNA and RNA circulating in human plasma and serum is described. The possible sources of the DNA/RNA in blood, their ability to enter other cells and to express in the recipient cells are discussed and the relationship with metastases considered. The possible role(s) of the DNA/RNA in clinical diagnosis, in monitoring treatment and in prognosis are considered for diabetes and oncology.     

SalB stimulates neurogenesis and angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo

Aims： Previous studies suggested that Salvianolic acid B （SalB） has strong protective effect against cerebral ischemia. Recently, Sal B has been reported to enhance angiogenesis in vitro. Based on the information above, in this study we are interested in the effect of SalB on neurogenesis and angiogenesis. Methods：In vitro study, we used embryonic mouse （El6） primary cortical neural cultures. Neuron was recognized by anti-MAP2 with immunocytochemistry. Neurogenesis was tested with BrdU incorporation by ELSA method. SalB（ 10 -6 -10 -8M） or vehicle was added to the culture medium 24 hrs before BrdU addition. In vivo, middle cerebral artery occlusion （MCAO） rats were used as focal cerebral ischemia model.     

Pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic determinants and considerations in chemotherapy selection and dosing in infants

INTRODUCTION: There is a lack of high-quality data regarding optimal chemotherapy dosage regimens among infants. Dosing regimens for chemotherapy during the first year of life are commonly based on empiric recommendations extrapolated from older children; however, balancing efficacy and toxicity is critical as severe adverse drug reactions may lead to treatment failure or reduced adherence to needed medications. AREAS COVERED: This review describes pharmacokinetic and pharmacogenetic considerations when administering chemotherapeutic agents to infants. Examples of commonly used agents are provided with practical recommendations for dosing adjustments. EXPERT OPINION: Optimal chemotherapy for children and infants in particular has lagged behind the remarkable progress in cancer treatment and it is clear that far more basic and clinical research are needed with respect to the mechanistic basis of age-dependent differences in pharmacokinetic parameters. More recent studies which have combined pharmacokinetic data with clinical toxicity and outcome data have resulted in a number of more evidence-based guidelines at least for the initial chemotherapy dosing; however, at present, the dosing of chemotherapy drugs in neonates and infants remains largely empiric.     

Consistency in catecholamine and cortisol excretion in males and females

Data from a series of experiments performed on 24 female and 24 male subjects were used to evaluate the consistency in urinary catecholamine and cortisol excretion. Data were available from 8 laboratory situations of varying activity level and content, spaced at intervals of maximum 3 months. Correlational analyses showed that for cortisol, interindividual consistency was higher for measures obtained on the same day than for measures obtained on different days. Interindividual consistency was generally high in catecholamine and cortisol excretion during non-stressful situations in both sexes. During experimental stress, however, consistency was as high as during nonstress for males, while it was lower for females. Analysis of variance components confirmed these results and showed that in males variation due to interindividual differences was high during both baseline and experimental-stress situations, while in females it was high during baseline situations only. During experimental stress, variation for females was due primarily to interaction. It is suggested that the males showed a more generalized stress response over situations than the females.     

Metabolic interaction between imipramine and carbamazepine in vivo and in vitro in rats

Summary The pharmacokinetic consequences of the combination of carbamazepine with imipramine in male Wistar rats have been investigated. It was found that a 2-week treatment with the combination resulted in the increase of the concentrations of the parent compounds and a simultaneous decrease in their metabolites in blood plasma i.e. carbamazepine inhibited imipramine demethylation in the side chain while imipramine inhibited carbamazepine 10,11-epoxidation. The velocity of imipramine 2-hydroxylation and 10,11-epoxy-carbamazepine hydration did not seem to be changed by the combination. On the basis of studies in vitro it is concluded that the observed metabolic interaction between carbamazepine and imipramine is due to the competition of the drugs for the active centre of cytochrome P 450 and to a certain qualitative alteration of the enzyme by imipramine as can be deducted from the decrease of carbamazepine binding to the cytochrome. Send offprint requests to K. J. Netter     

Nicotine metabolism and urinary elimination in mouse: in vitro and in vivo

This study aimed at elucidating the in vivo metabolism of nicotine both with and without inhibitors of nicotine metabolism. Second, the role of mouse CYP2A5 in nicotine oxidation in vitro was studied as such information is needed to assess whether the mouse is a suitable model for studying chemical inhibitors of the human CYP2A6. The oxidation of nicotine to cotinine was measured and the ability of various inhibitors to modify this reaction was determined. Nicotine and various inhibitors were co-administered to CD2F1 mice, and nicotine and urinary levels of nicotine and four metabolites were determined. In mouse liver microsomes anti-CYP2A5 antibody and known chemical inhibitors of the CYP2A5 enzyme blocked cotinine formation by 85-100%, depending on the pre-treatment of the mice. The amount of trans-3-hydroxycotine was five times higher than cotinine N-oxide, and ten times higher than nicotine N-1-oxide and cotinine. Methoxsalen, an irreversible inhibitor of CYP2A5, significantly reduced the metabolic elimination of nicotine in vivo, but the reversible inhibitors had no effect. It is concluded that the metabolism of nicotine in mouse is very similar to that in man and, therefore, that the mouse is a suitable model for testing novel chemical inhibitors of human CYP2A6.