江苏省盐城地区低出生体重对青少年体重及心血管功能的影响

目的探讨低出生体重（lowbirthweight，LBW）对青少年体重及心血管功能的影响，为青少年心血管疾病的早期预防提供依据。方法2006年至2007年，在江苏省盐城市城区盐城卫生职业学院和盐城高等机电技术学校随机抽取1200例青少年（本研究遵循的程序符合本院人体试验委员会所制定的伦理学标准，得到该委员会批准，分组征得受试对象本人的知情同意，并与之签署临床研究知情同意书），采集其出生时体重资料，分析该地区低出生体重发生率。从1200例青少年低出生体重者中，随机抽取20例纳入实验组，从正常出生体重者中，随机抽取20例纳人对照组，分别测量身高、体重、收缩压（systolicbloodpressure，SBP）、舒张压（diastolicbloodpressure，DBP）、心率（heartrate，HR）水平及心脏超声检测心功能。结果1200例青少年中，低体重发生率约为11．1％（117／1055），两组体重及体重指数（bodymassindex，BMD比较，差异无显著意义（P〉0．05）；收缩压、舒张压及心率水平比较，实验组高于对照组，且差异有显著意义（P〈0．01）；心脏超声检测各项指标两组比较，差异无显著意义（P〉O．05）。结论低出生体重可增加青少年高血压、心血管疾病患病风险，心血管疾病的防治工作应从胎儿时期抓起。     

盐城地区低出生体重对青少年肾脏功能的影响

为了研究低出生体重对青少年肾脏功能的影响,为早期干预和预防胎源性疾病的发生发展提供理论依据,2007年笔者在盐城市城区做了本调查,报道如下. 1 对象与方法 1.1 对象在盐城市城区盐城卫生职业学院和盐城高等机电技术学校按整群分层抽样法随机抽取1200名排除慢性病患者的17～22岁青少年(男579人,女621人),出生体重＜2500 g人群中按年龄分层随机抽取20名(男、女各10名)为实验组,从出生体重2500～3999 g中按1:1配对(性别相同,年龄相差≤1岁,生活在同一个城市)选取20名为对照组.     

盐城地区低出生体重对青少年肝脏功能的影响

目的探讨低出生体重对青少年肝脏功能的影响,为早期干预和预防胎源性疾病的发生发展提供理论依据。方法2007年4月,在盐城市城区随机抽取1200名17~22岁健康青少年,从出生体重2500 g人群中选取20名为实验组,从出生体重正常者中按1∶1配对选取20名为对照,检测并比较部分血液生化指标。结果检测实验组与对照组各20人,低出生体重组丙氨酸氨基转移酶水平高于出生体重正常组(P0.05),直接胆红素水平与乳酸脱氢酶水平低于对照组(P0.05),总胆红素、总蛋白、白蛋白、碱性磷酸酶、r-谷氨酰转移酶、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、载脂蛋白平均水平与对照组的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论低出生体重对青少年(17~22岁)肝脏功能有影响,心血管疾病的防治工作应从胎儿时期抓起。     

低出生体重对青少年肝、肾功能的影响

[目的]探讨低出生体重对青少年肝、肾功能的影响,为早期干预和预防胎源性疾病的发生发展提供理论依据。[方法]2007年4月,在盐城市城区随机抽取1 200名17~22岁健康青少年,从出生体重2 500 g人群中选取20名为实验组,从出生体重正常者中按1∶1配对选取20名为对照组,检测并比较部分血液生化指标。[结果]检测实验组与对照组各20人,低出生体重组丙氨酸氨基转移酶水平高于出生体重正常组(P0.05),直接胆红素水平与乳酸脱氢酶水平低于对照组(P0.05),总胆红素、总蛋白、白蛋白、碱性磷酸酶、r-谷氨酰转移酶、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶、尿素氮、尿酸、载脂蛋白平均水平与对照组的差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]低出生体重对青少年肝脏功能有影响,对肾脏功能的影响不明显,今后要扩大研究样本量。     

2015—2021年南宁市西乡塘区新生儿低出生体重变化趋势及影响因素分析

目的 分析2015—2021年南宁市西乡塘区新生儿低出生体重(LBW)变化趋势及影响因素,为制定降低LBW发生率的干预措施提供依据。方法 对《广西桂妇儿健康管理信息系统》收集的2015-2021年南宁市西乡塘区活产儿出生信息进行回顾性分析,用趋势性χ²检验分析低出生体重发生率随着时间的变化趋势,用时间序列建模分析预测5年后LBW发生率,用多因素Logistic回归分析探讨LBW的影响因素。结果 共分娩活产14075例胎儿,其中低出生体重儿875例,LBW发生率由2015年的4.9%上升至2021年的7.3%(χ²_趋势=4.352,P=0.037),预测2026年发生率为8.3%。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,母亲分娩年龄为35岁及以上(OR=1.556,95%CI:1.095～2.209)、早产(OR=37.601,95%CI:31.446～44.962)、多胎(OR=10.290,95%CI:7.588～13.955)是新生儿发生LBW的危险因素;产次为2(OR=0.602,95%CI:0.474～0.764...     

低出生体重儿体格生长6年观察

目的观察低出生体重（LBW）儿1～6岁对体格生长的影响。方法低出生体重儿与适于胎龄（AGA）儿为对照组测量记录小儿在1～6岁时体重、身长。结果1～6岁LBW几的体重、身长比对照组均低。结论要做好孕期保健尽量减少LBW儿的发病率。     

低出生体重学龄儿童智力发育状况研究

目的 了解6～12岁低出生体重(LBW)儿童智力发育状况,为采取相应的干预措施提供依据.方法 采用出生队列结合巢氏病例对照方法,按照1:1匹配原则,选取1994年6月-2000年6月在铜陵市妇幼保健院出生的单胎低出生体重儿童和足月正常出生体重(NBW)儿童各101名;采用问卷调查其人口统计学特征,运用中国韦氏智力量表(C-WICS)评价其智力商数(IQ).结果 6～12岁低出生体重儿童在学龄期的总智商低于正常出生体重儿童,两组分别为99.97±15.07,104.33±13.95,差异有统计学意义(P=0.038).LBW儿童操作智商低于NBW儿童,而在言语智商方面与NBW儿童差异无统计学意义(P值均＞0.05).结论 对LBW儿童实施早期教育和智力开发与监测,将有利于加快LBW儿童的智力追赶发育.     

低出生体重儿发生的孕前因素效应分析

目的探索孕前危险因素对低出生体重(Low Birth Weight,LBW)的影响。方法采用多阶段随机整群抽样方法抽取4个县区40个乡的2 011名拟孕育龄妇女,开展孕前健康检查,随访观察妊娠结局。数据资料采用EpiData 3.02双录入,SAS9.3进行数据分析。结果共有767名怀孕,有16名体重低于2 500g,LBW发生率为2.08%,7例早产儿。有生殖道感染史的妇女LBW发生风险是无感染者的4.56倍(95%CI:1.333~15.631);有孕早期自然流产史的妇女LBW发生风险为孕早期无自然流产史的3.0倍(95%CI:1.01~8.92)。BMI18.5kg/m2的妇女其LBW发生率高于正常BMI妇女,BMI25kg/m2的妇女LBW发生率低于正常体型妇女;血红蛋白水平异常(增高或降低)的妇女LBW的发生率高于正常血红蛋白(Hb)水平妇女;LBW的发生率与妇女孕前空腹血糖水平负相关(P0.05)。结论母亲孕前有生殖道感染史、孕早期自然流产史可能增加其胎儿低体重发生风险。     

昆山市2001～2009年低出生体重儿流行病学分析

目的:描述昆山市2001～2009年9年间低出生体重(LBW)发生率,分析产妇及胎儿特征对低出生体重的影响。方法:利用昆山市《围产保健监测系统》研究33 631对产妇与胎儿,使用单因素与多因素无序多分类Logistic回归分析来估计各因素对出生体重的影响。结果:LBW发生率为1.86%。产妇超重肥胖、有人工流产史、男性胎儿可减小LBW发生风险。产妇体质指数偏低、初产妇、习惯性流产史可增加LBW发生风险。按照体质指数(BMI)分层,相对于LBW,BMI偏低组,高水平的孕期体重变化均可减小LBW胎儿发生风险。BMI正常组,高水平的孕期体重变化可减小LBW胎儿发生风险。没有发现在超重与肥胖组产妇孕期体重变化与分娩LBW胎儿之间存在统计学关联。结论:LBW发生率为1.86%,产妇与胎儿特征综合影响LBW。体重偏低与正常人群中,高水平的孕期体重变化可减小LBW发生风险。     

低出生体重儿150例分析

目的:分析低出生体重(LBW)的发生情况及相关影响因素,为降低LBW发生率提供参考依据。方法:采用台式婴儿体重磅秤测量3360例单胎活产儿的生后体重。结果:3360例活产儿中LBW发生率为4.46%,早产、女婴、产妇低龄和高龄均为LBW的危险因素。结论:加强孕产期保健和预防早产是降低LBW的重要措施。     

Functional abilities of the teenager's body based on body mass index

The nutrition status was investigated according to the body weight index (BWI) in teenagers studying at different educational facilities. 77.1% of male teenagers and 70% of female teenagers from among all examined subjects (1456 persons) were assigned to the group with normal BWI ranging from 18.5 to 25.0 kg/m2. Male teenagers with a lower BWI (below 18.5 kg/m20) were more often encountered in boarding schools and specialized technical-and-professional schools; as for female teenagers, subjects with a lower BWI were more often encountered in general education schools and among first-year students of high schools (24 and 43.75%, respectively). An insignificant number of teenagers with an excessive body weight was detected in all educational facilities. Finally, it was concluded that teenagers with normal BWI have the best indices of functional abilities.     

Young teenagers' perceptions of their own and others' bodies: a qualitative study of obese, overweight and 'normal' weight young people in Scotland

The rise in numbers of overweight/obese children in the UK is causing widespread concern. Biomedical constructions of body acceptability and 'good health' mean that overweight/obese young people are frequently seen as deviant. The socio-cultural contexts within which young teenagers become fat, and lay conceptualisations of fatness, have largely been ignored. This qualitative study involved in-depth interviews with teenagers aged 13-14 years (n = 36), drawn from families living in areas classified as socio-economically disadvantaged. Half of the sample had a Body Mass Index (BMI) classifying them as overweight or obese, whilst the remainder were classified as being 'normal' weight. Participants' embodied perceptions of fatness were complex and sometimes contradictory. We discuss what young teenagers perceive the influences on fatness and body size to be; the professed consequences of being fat; participants' experiences of attempting to lose weight; and, their reported interactions with friends and family relating to fatness and dieting. Participants rarely mentioned any health-related consequences of their own and others' fatness, although wearing 'nice' clothes and being slowed down were raised as considerations by girls and boys, respectively. 'Normal' weight teenagers who disliked their bodies or who wanted to lose weight often claimed to be anxious about this. Being very obese also led to anxiety and reported attempts at 'crash dieting'. Acceptance of body size/shape was, however, common amongst the overweight and obese teenagers, although some had attempted weight loss. The teenagers in this study were rarely supportive of friends or family who attempted to lose weight and frequently disagreed with others' perceptions of fatness. These findings are important as they contradict the common perception that being overweight/obese is related to body dissatisfaction and that young people have a fear of fatness.     

2000年与2010年盐城市中小学生生长发育及营养状况分析

目的 了解盐城市中小学生生长发育及营养状况,为促进中小学生正常生长发育,预防控制中小学生营养不良、超重肥胖提供科学依据。方法 以2000年、2010年分层随机整群抽取盐城市4所、6所城乡中小学6～18岁中小学生体质健康调研数据为资料,采用《中国6～19岁学龄儿童少年分年龄BMI筛查消瘦界值》、《中国儿童青少年超重、肥胖筛查的BMI分类标准》作为评价营养状况标准,对身高、体重和营养状况进行统计分析。结果 盐城市2000年调查的中小学生中超重率3.3%(79/2 394),肥胖率0.0%(0/2 394),营养不良率10.9%(262/2 394)。2010年调查的中小学生中超重率14.5%(765/5 269),肥胖率7.5%(396/5 269),营养不良率3.3%(191/5 749),10年来盐城市中小学生城男、城女、乡男、乡女的身高、体重分别增长5.49 cm、4.66 cm、5.73 cm、4.87 cm和8.85 kg、4.82 kg、7.97 kg、5.45 kg,生长发育时间有所提前。结论 盐城市中小学生营养状况从2000年的营养不良为主转变为2010年以超重、肥胖为主、营养不良较轻,应对不同学习阶段学生采取多种措施,预防控制学生超重、肥胖的发生。     

Leptin and maternal growth during adolescent pregnancy

BACKGROUND: Maternal growth on the basis of knee height occurs in nearly 50% of pregnant teenagers and is associated with greater gestational weight gain and accrual of subcutaneous fat in the mother but lower fetal growth compared with nongrowing teenagers and mature pregnant women. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine whether leptin is a biomarker for continued maternal growth. DESIGN: Leptin concentrations were measured in 162 growing and nongrowing teenage gravidas (aged 5-fold, fetal growth restriction increased >6-fold, and infant birth weight decreased by approximately 200 g. Gravidas who developed pregnancy-induced hypertension showed a different pattern-higher leptin concentrations at entry and week 28, no difference in the leptin surge, and no postpartum difference in leptin concentration. CONCLUSION: A leptin surge by week 28 appears to mark reduced mobilization of maternal fat stores that is associated with maternal growth on the basis of knee height during adolescent pregnancy.     

2015-2017年盐城市甲型H3N2流感病毒HA1、NA基因分子特征

目的 从分子流行病学角度对盐城市2015-2017年流行的甲型H3N2流感病毒血凝素（hemagglutinin,HA）和神经氨酸酶（neuraminidase,NA）基因的分子特征进行研究。方法 收集盐城市2015-2017年流感监测哨点医院以及流感爆发点采集的3 891例流感样病例标本进行核酸检测和病毒分离,从中筛选出20株经血凝抑制试验（hemagglutination inhibition,HI）验证为甲型H3N2亚型的毒株,采用反转录聚合酶链式反应方法扩增其HA1和NA基因并进行测序。结果 2015-2017年流行的20株甲型H3N2毒株HA1和NA基因各自分支的聚类关系基本一致。盐城市A/Jiangsu-YC/1474/2015、A/Jiangsu-YC/1725/2015两株分离株与疫苗株A/Switzerland/9715293/2013和A/Hongkong/4801/2014的进化距离较近,而其余18株分离株与国内部分省市相近年份毒株亲缘关系相近,并与疫苗株A/Switzerland/9715293/2013和A/Hongkong/4801/2014进化距离较远。该20株毒株HA1基因编码区抗原表位、受体结合位点和糖基化位点均发生了一定程度变异。从基因变异角度进行分析,疫苗株A/Switzerland/9715293/2013对盐城地区流感流行的保护效果要弱于疫苗株A/Hongkong/4801/2014。结论 2015-2017年盐城市流行的甲型H3N2毒株HA1和NA基因已逐渐发生变异,可能导致流感病毒发生实质性的抗原性漂移,降低与流感疫苗株的匹配度,减弱流感疫苗的保护作用。     

长沙市12~17岁儿童青少年血压水平的调查分析

【目的】 了解长沙市儿童青少年儿童血压水平及高血压的流行现状,为预防儿童青少年高血压提供依据。 【方法】 采用随机整群抽样方法,随机抽取长沙市18所中学生,对其初一至高二的全部学生进行血压和体格测量,并进行血压和营养状况的评价。 【结果】 1)18 922名12~17岁儿童青少年中,检出患高血压者1 276人,占6.7%;临界高血压者1 127人,占6.0%;2)儿童收缩压(systolic blood pressure, SBP)和舒张压(diatolic blood pressure, DBP)随年龄增长而增加,12岁女生的SBP和DBP高于男生,但男生逐渐追赶,16岁时超过女生水平;3)就高血压发生率而言,男生高于女生,随年龄增长发生率增高,但女生、较低年龄组临界高血压发生率较高;4)肥胖组的高血压和临界高血压发生率最高,其次为超重组,正常体重组的发生率最低,差异有统计学意义(χ²=69.348,P=0.000)。 【结论】 长沙市12~17岁儿童青少年高血压发生率处于中等水平,男生血压增长速度较快,儿童高血压发生率与肥胖呈正相关。     

Expectancies,Self-Esteem,Knowledge, and Adolescent Weight Reduction Behavior

The aims of the current study were to assess the factor structure of weight loss expectancy and to explain weight reduction behavior among teenagers. An anonymous questionnaire was administered to a sample of 599 adolescents. Principal components analysis identified four weight loss expectancy factors, which were labeled social confidence, adult approval, self-worth, and negative consequences. Results from regression analyses indicated that dieting frequency, diet pill use, and purging were best explained by different subsets of predictors. Overall, self-esteem, gender, and specific expectancy and knowledge variables accounted for most of the variance in measures of dieting frequency, diet pill use, and purging. The findings suggest that weight management education for teenagers should emphasize self-esteem enhancement. However, curriculum planning must also address the anticipated psychosocial rewards of weight loss and attend to gender-specific concerns.