腹膜后淋巴结清除术与卵巢癌的预后

腹膜后淋巴结转移是卵巢癌的重要播散途径。临床期别、细胞分化、病理类型及残余灶等是影响淋巴结转移的有关因素。淋巴结转移可能和预后有关。腹膜后淋巴结清除术为确定分期和估计预后提供重要信息，但在改善卵巢癌预后方面的价值存在争议，需进一步研究。     

PET在卵巢上皮性癌腹膜后淋巴结转移中的诊断价值

卵巢上皮性癌的转移包括腹腔种植、淋巴转移、血性转移，腹膜后淋巴结转移是重要转移途径，合理切除腹膜后淋巴结，对不同分期进行个体化治疗，有助于改变患者的预后。恶性肿瘤组织的葡萄糖氧化分解和无氧酵解高于正常组织，葡萄糖摄取率、利用率为正常组织20～30倍，提示恶性肿瘤的代谢变化早于肿瘤的体积变化；正电子发     

卵巢癌淋巴结转移影像学评估研究进展

淋巴结转移是卵巢癌转移的重要途径,淋巴结切除术是卵巢癌手术治疗的重要组成部分。但卵巢癌在淋巴结切除方面仍存在争议。正确识别出存在转移的淋巴结,才能实现精准的肿瘤转移淋巴结切除术。其中影像学评估是识别卵巢癌淋巴结转移最常用的手段。本文将围绕近年来关于卵巢癌术前及术中影像学评估淋巴结转移的研究分析不同影像学方法的特点,探究术前及术中适宜采用的影像学评估方法,旨在促进卵巢癌转移淋巴结切除的精准手术。     

卵巢癌腋窝淋巴结转移1例

1临床资料患者38岁,因体检发现盆腔肿物和右侧腋窝肿物伴压痛2个月入院。患者2个月前无意中发现右侧腋窝有一鸡蛋黄大小肿物,伴明显压痛,有时伴右臂内侧疼痛。偶有轻度腹痛及肛门下坠感。经全面体检发现盆腔肿物。既往史:6年前因双侧卵巢成熟囊性畸胎瘤,行双侧卵巢肿瘤剥除术。查体:子宫大小正常,于左附件区可触及一约5cm×3cm×4cm肿物,囊性,活动度欠佳,轻压痛,于子宫右后方可触及大小约7cm×8cm肿物,固定不动,与直肠关系密切。右腋窝可触及一肿物,直径约4cm,与周围组织边界     

异种移植卵巢癌模型中腹膜因素对门点转移的影响

门点转移是卵巢癌患者腹腔镜检查的并发症之一。为评估CO_2气腹对肿瘤播散及门点转移的影响,采用前瞻性随机     

腹膜后淋巴结清除术与卵巢癌的预后

腹膜后淋巴结转移是卵巢癌的重要播散途径.临床期别、细胞分化、病理类型及残余灶等是影响淋巴结转移的有关因素.淋巴结转移可能和预后有关.腹膜后淋巴结清除术为确定分期和估计预后提供重要信息,但在改善卵巢癌预后方面的价值存在争议,需进一步研究.     

上皮性卵巢癌患者腹膜后淋巴结肉眼阳性的临床意义

为了解细胞减灭术中哪个阶段肉眼发现淋巴结被肿瘤侵犯和淋巴结病变的大小及不同手术时间发现淋巴结阳性与生存率的关系,对初次细胞减灭术时行腹膜后淋巴结切除的100例ⅢC期和Ⅳ期上皮性卵巢癌患者进行前瞻性研究。记录术中发现肉眼阳性淋巴结的手术时间及淋巴结内病     

诊断宫颈癌淋巴结转移的研究进展

宫颈癌淋巴结转移的分布具有一定的规律性,遵循由近及远的逐站式转移模式,先从盆腔淋巴结到髂总淋巴结,然后再到腹主动脉旁淋巴结,并可继续向上转移至锁骨上淋巴结,很少见跳跃转移的情况。术前诊断宫颈癌淋巴结转移的常用影像学检查方法包括计算机断层扫描(CT)、磁共振成像(MRI)、正电子发射计算机断层显像(PET/CT),各有优缺点。近年来术中前哨淋巴结检测逐渐成为热点,但是目前仍没有人明确指出识别前哨淋巴结可以替代系统的淋巴结切除术。应根据各自的特点,选择合适的检查方法,提高检测淋巴结转移的诊断符合率,选择合适的治疗方法,减少患者不必要的损伤和并发症。     

磁共振弥散加权成像在卵巢癌腹膜转移中的应用

卵巢癌是女性生殖器官常见的肿瘤之一,发病率仅次于宫颈癌和宫体癌,是致死率最高的恶性肿瘤,腹膜种植转移是卵巢癌最早期的转移方式.早期卵巢癌腹膜转移的正确诊治对其预后具有重要意义.弥散加权成像( DWI)对于恶性肿瘤腹膜转移具有高度敏感性.DWI与传统的磁共振成像(MRI)相结合,可进一步提高卵巢癌腹膜转移诊断的准确度.本文对DWI原理、DWI在卵巢癌腹膜转移中的应用及DWI应用时的缺陷进行综述.     

彩色多普勒超声诊断胎盘植入的价值

目的：评价彩色多普勒超声诊断胎盘植入的价值。方法：回顾性分析2012年1月-2013年10月在天津市中心妇产科医院超声诊断胎盘低置状态或低置胎盘或前置胎盘的住院患者93例,其中超声检查疑似胎盘植入者24例。经腹部超声及阴道超声着重扫查胎盘的位置及其厚度、胎盘内回声、胎盘附着处子宫肌层厚度及其与子宫肌层的关系、与子宫相邻的膀胱壁情况、胎盘附着处血流情况。结果：24例经彩色多普勒超声检查疑似胎盘植入,经手术病理确诊为胎盘植入20例,其中粘连性胎盘4例,植入性胎盘14例,穿透性胎盘2例。超声误诊5例,漏诊1例。彩色多普勒超声检查的敏感度为95.00%,特异度为93.15%,阳性预测值为79.17%,阴性预测值为98.55%。结论：彩色多普勒超声为产前检查胎盘植入的较好方法。     

影像学检查在宫颈癌盆腹腔淋巴结转移诊断中的价值

2018年国际妇产科联盟（International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics,FIGO）更新宫颈癌分期,将治疗前影像学诊断盆腔淋巴结转移定义为ⅢC1r期,腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移定义为ⅢC2r期。术前影像学检查评估盆腹腔淋巴结是否转移与诊疗方案的制定相关,影像学准确地判断盆腹腔淋巴结状态可以明确分期,让患者接受规范的诊疗。目前临床上影像学检查方法众多,常用检查有B超、盆腔磁共振成像（magnetic resonance imaging,MRI）、计算机体层摄影术（computed tomography,CT）、正电子发射体层摄影术（positron emission tomography,PET）/CT及PET/MRI。B超经济方便,但对淋巴结检出率过低;CT在国内使用广泛、检查速度快,扫描范围大,临床应用易于推广,但CT诊断缺乏统一的诊断标准,诊断价值不突出;MRI具有良好的组织分辨率、能同时实现功能成像,但存在检查敏感度不高的情况;PET检查准确性较其他影像学检查较高,但其敏感度较MRI及CT检查并无统计学上的差异。     

子宫内膜癌淋巴结转移的评估与处理的现状

子宫内膜癌（endometrial carcinoma,EC）是女性常见恶性肿瘤之一,晚期EC的预后较差,淋巴结转移是影响其预后的一个重要因素。早期EC是否行淋巴结清扫仍有争议,可通过影像学检查、肿瘤标记物、前哨淋巴结活检等术前、术中评估淋巴结是否转移,拟定淋巴结清扫方式及范围。淋巴结转移即为晚期EC,治疗方式采取放疗、化疗及激素等综合治疗模式。淋巴结清扫术对EC的预后、分期和术后治疗方案有着重要的意义。EC患者手术治疗应遵循个体化的原则,制定合理的手术方案,决定是否需行淋巴结清扫及清扫范围。现就EC淋巴结转移的评估、治疗现状及预后相关因素进行综述。     

前哨淋巴结活检对早期宫颈癌盆腔淋巴结转移诊断的Meta分析

目的:系统评价前哨淋巴结活组织检查术(SLNB)用于宫颈癌早期盆腔淋巴结转移诊断的临床价值。方法:计算机全面检索Pub Med、Embase、Medline数据库及中国知网、万方、维普数据库,检索2001~2013年国内外关于SLNB确定早期宫颈癌盆腔淋巴结的研究,用Meta分析的相关软件Meta Disc1.4进行统计学处理。结果:筛选出文献11篇,患者共581例。最后合并的早期宫颈癌SLNB的敏感度为0.86(95%CI 0.78~0.91),特异度为0.98(95%CI 0.97~0.99)。结论:合并后早期宫颈癌SLNB的敏感度、特异度较高,其对诊断宫颈癌淋巴结转移是可靠的。     

Preoperative Ultrasound Study in Predicting Lymph Node Metastasis for Endometrial Cancer Patients

Objective.The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of preoperative ultrasound (US) findings such as tumor size, status of myometrial invasion, and intratumoral “resistance index” (RI) in predicting lymph node metastasis in endometrial carcinoma patients.Methods.Forty-two patients with endometrial cancer were enrolled. All patients underwent total abdominal hysterectomy, pelvic lymph node dissection or sampling, and para-aortic lymph node sampling. Two-dimensional and color Doppler US were performed before surgery to measure tumor size, depth of myometrial invasion, and intratumoral arterial RI. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded pathologic slides from surgical specimens were reviewed by a senior pathologist to evaluate histologic type and grade, depth of myometrial invasion, cervical involvement, lymph-vascular emboli, and status of lymph node metastasis.Results.There were 12 patients with pelvic and/or para-aortic lymph node metastases and 30 patients without nodal metastases. Patients with tumors larger than 2.5 cm by US (11/12 vs 14/30,P= 0.008), more than half myometrial invasion by US (9/12 vs 5/30,P< 0.001), and intratumoral RI values less than 0.4 by US (12/12 vs 4/30,P< 0.001) had a significantly higher incidence of nodal metastases as compared with patients with tumors smaller than 2.5 cm, no or superficial myometrial invasion, and RI values higher than 0.4, respectively. Multiple regression analysis showed that only intratumoral RI values less than 0.4 were significantly correlated with nodal metastasis (P< 0.001,r²= 0.650). We used the intratumoral RI value as the parameter to evaluate nodal metastasis in endometrial cancer patients. Twelve of sixteen patients with intratumoral RI values <0.4 had a high incidence of nodal metastases. None of the 26 patients with intratumoral RI values >0.4 had nodal metastases.Conclusions.Preoperative ultrasound features can offer important information for predicting lymph node metastasis in endometrial cancer patients. Patients with tumors with intratumoral RI values less than 0.4 should be highly suspected of having lymph node metastases and further management such as pelvic lymph node dissection or postoperative pelvic radiotherapy would be needed for these patients.     

Surgical Technique for Sentinel Lymph Node Sampling in Presumed Early-stage Ovarian Cancer

Study ObjectiveSurgical staging for apparent early-stage ovarian cancer includes systematic pelvic and para-aortic lymph node evaluation to detect occult stage III disease [1]. Although, lymphadenectomy procedure is associated with increased duration of surgery and a 13% risk of lymphocyst formation [2]. Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is still investigational, and no standardized approach has been studied. Recent mounting evidence has approved the applicability of SLN technique in early-stage ovarian cancer [3,4]. The objective of this video is to demonstrate a surgical technique for robotic performance of SLN biopsy in presumed early-stage ovarian cancer.DesignStepwise demonstration of the robotic technique for SLN sampling in presumed early-stage ovarian cancer. This video report is part of an institutional, investigational review board–approved study.SettingAcademic tertiary referral center.InterventionsThis video presents our team's robotic technique for SLN sampling in a 37-year-old woman who presented to our center with a 10-cm right complex adnexal mass, suspicious for malignancy. A 27-gauge spinal needle was inserted through the abdominal wall under direct visualization. We injected 0.5 mL of dilute indocyanine green solution (Novadaq Technologies, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada) (1.25 mg/mL) subperitoneally into the utero-ovarian ligament. The SLN was checked with the fluorescence-guided camera of the Xi DaVinci robotic system (Sunnyvale, CA). Eight to 10 minutes after the injection, a right para-aortic SLN was identified, and dissection was performed. After dissection, the node was extracted and sent to pathology for evaluation by ultra-staging. The final pathology revealed a stage IA low-grade serous ovarian cancer.ConclusionSLN sampling appears to be feasible in presumed early-stage ovarian cancer and may allow the avoidance of systematic lymph node dissection in this set of patients.     

Sentinel Lymph Node Technique in Apparent Early Ovarian Cancer: Laparoscopic Technique

Study ObjectiveTo demonstrate the feasibility of laparoscopic sentinel lymph node technique in presumed early-stage ovarian cancer.DesignVideo illustrating the laparoscopic performance of the sentinel lymph node technique in ovarian cancer.SettingThe Oncologic Gynecology Department at the University Hospital La Fe.PatientsCandidates for the technique presented an apparent early stage ovarian cancer. The technique was performed in the context of a clinical trial called SENTOV (NCT03452982).InterventionsTo date, lymphadenectomy is recommended after the diagnosis of apparent early-stage ovarian cancer as part of the surgical staging. Minimally invasive surgery can be considered for the purpose of restaging [1]. Up to 14% of the patients are upstaged because of positive lymph nodes after pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy [2]. Regarding low-grade tumors, a lower rate of lymph node involvement has been reported [3]. Sentinel lymph node technique has been reported to be feasible in a recent pilot study [4]. Two clinical trials (Sentinel Lymph Node in Early Ovarian Cancer and Sentine Lymph Node in Early Ovarian Cancer) are currently ongoing to clarify the use of sentinel lymph node technique in early ovarian cancer.The injection points were at the infundibulopelvic and ovarian ligament stumps. Two hundred microliters of saline solution containing 37 MBq of technetium-99m nanocolloid followed by 0.5 mL of indocyanine green (ICG) was injected subperitoneally. We used a 27 G needle at each injection point.Immediately after injection and also at 15 and 30 minutes after injection, the operative field was checked guided by the acoustic signal of the gamma probe and the near-infrared camera. We performed a minimum dissection looking for the sentinel lymph node or nodes in the pelvic and para-aortic region. Any lymph node with a remarkable radioactivity count as high as 10 times the background and/or dyed with ICG was considered a sentinel lymph node and was harvested separately. A systematic surgical staging was performed after the sentinel lymph node procedure was completed.Because of its small size, the ICG molecule is not caught in the lymph node valve system and keeps migrating when performing lymphography. An exhaustive direct view of the dye path is required to avoid misleading detection of the real sentinel lymph node. This theoretical problem is resolved by the use of the 99mTC-nanocolloid. This tracer gets trapped into the lymph node valve system because of its molecular size and does not keep migrating as does ICG. As such, a combination of both methods is proposed.ConclusionLaparoscopic performance of sentinel lymph node technique in ovarian cancer seems to achievable. Between 2017 and 2019, this procedure was performed in 30 patients (13 laparoscopic), in the context of our pilot experience [4] and the Sentinel Lymph Node in Early Ovarian Cancer clinical trial (NCT03452982).     

Basement Membranes in Cervical Cancer: Relationship to Pelvic Lymph Node Metastasis and Prognosis

In this retrospective study, the pattern of basement membrane expressed by type IV collagen immunostaining was evaluated in 156 patients with cervical cancer FIGO stage IB-IV. Staining patterns were assessed semiquantitatively and divided into three patterns, according to intensity and continuity of staining: thick basement membranes with minimal discontinuity (pattern I), thin basement membranes with moderate discontinuity (pattern II), and fragmentary or absent basement membranes (pattern III). Correlations between basement membrane pattern, FIGO stage, and pelvic lymph node status were tested using χ2 statistics. Kaplan-Meier estimates of disease-free survival were calculated for groups of patients with basement membrane pattern I, II, or III and compared using the log-rank test. A fragmented or absent basement membrane, pattern III, was more frequently observed in advanced cervical cancer stage IIB/IV (P = 0.02). In patients with early cervical cancer stage Ib/IIA this pattern was associated with the presence of pelvic lymph node metastasis (P < 0.0001) and significantly associated with a decreased survival rate (P = 0.05). In advanced-stage disease no prognostic value was observed. These data indicate that in patients with early-stage cervical cancer the basement membrane pattern, expressed as the type IV collagen staining pattern, may be a useful marker in predicting lymph node metastasis and survival.