多发性内分泌性腺瘤病1型1例报告并文献复习

正多发性内分泌腺瘤病(MEN)是指患者身上同时或相继发生2种或2种以上内分泌腺增生或肿瘤,临床上主要分MEN1型和MEN2型,后者又分为MEN2A、MEN2B亚型。其中MEN1型的发病率为1/5万~1/3万,外显率较高,常见的临床表现有甲状旁腺腺瘤、胃肠胰肿瘤(以胃泌素瘤和胰岛素瘤常见)和垂体前叶瘤(以催乳素瘤常见)~([1-2])。目前认为,     

多发性内分泌腺瘤病

多发性内分泌腺瘤病分为1型(MEN1)和2型(MEN2),其中MEN2又可分为MEN2A和MEN2B。MEN1主要临床表现为甲状旁腺腺瘤、胃肠胰肿瘤(以胃泌素瘤和胰岛素瘤常见)和垂体前叶瘤(以泌乳素瘤常见)。MEN2A主要表现为甲状腺髓样癌、嗜铬细胞瘤和甲状旁腺增生,MEN2B为甲状腺髓样癌、黏膜神经纤维瘤和嗜铬细胞瘤。1997年,美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)和欧洲MEN1研究联合体(ECMEN1)成功地克隆到MEN1的致病基因men1[1-2]。之后,在绝大部分MEN1家系病人中都发现了该基因的突变,从而确定了men1基因与MEN1之间的因果关系。MEN2由原癌基因ret突…     

多内分泌腺瘤病的研究现状

多内分泌腺瘤病分为1型(MEN1)和2型(MEN2),其中MEN2又可分为MEN2A和MEN2B。MEN1主要临床表现为甲状旁腺腺瘤、胃肠胰肿瘤(以胃泌素瘤和胰岛素瘤常见)和垂体前叶瘤(以泌乳素瘤常见)。MEN2A主要表现为甲状腺髓样癌(MTC)、嗜铬细胞瘤和甲状旁腺增生; MEN2B为MTC、黏膜神经纤维瘤和嗜铬细胞瘤。Wermer于1954年首先描述了垂体前叶腺瘤、     

多发性内分泌腺瘤2A型

多发性内分泌腺瘤2型(MEN2)又称Sipple综合征,其病理学特征为甲状腺髓样癌(MTC)或甲状腺C细胞增生。根据不同的临床表现可分为MEN2A、MEN2B、家族性甲状腺髓样癌(FMTC)及其他型。文献报告MEN2A占MEN2的60%,以MTC为主要临床表现,约50%伴有嗜铬细胞瘤(PCC),30%～40%伴有甲状旁腺增生或腺瘤(HPT)。MEN2B以黏膜多发性神经瘤、MTC和(或)PCC为特点,可有类马凡体征,少数患者还伴有肠道神经节母细胞瘤,角膜神经粗大,骨骼发育异常及发育延缓等,无甲状旁腺疾病。FMTC则仅有MTC,且患有MTC的家族成员不少于4个。MEN2A患者的发病…     

氩氦刀冷冻治疗泌胰岛素性多发性内分泌瘤Ⅰ型1例

通过对1例因胰腺占位病变、持续低血糖入院患者进行病理诊断和MEN1基因突变检测,确诊为泌胰岛素性多发性内分泌瘤Ⅰ型(multiple endocrine neoplasia type1,MEN1),尝试胰腺氩氦刀冷冻消融治疗,术后患者病灶呈大部低密度坏死,血糖恢复正常.结合患者病史及诊疗经过,提高对泌胰岛素性MEN1认识.     

多发性内分泌腺瘤病

多发性内分泌腺瘤病分为1型（MEN1）和2型（MEN2），其中MEN2又可分为MEN2A和MEN2B。MEN1主要临床表现为甲状旁腺腺瘤、胃肠胰肿瘤（以胃泌素瘤和胰岛素瘤常见）和垂体前叶瘤（以泌乳素瘤常见）。MEN2A主要表现为甲状腺髓样癌、嗜铬细胞瘤和甲状旁腺增生，MEN2B为甲状腺髓样癌、黏膜神经纤维瘤和嗜铬细胞瘤。1997年，美国国立卫生研究院（NIH）和欧洲MEN1研究联合体（ECMEN1）成功地克隆到MEN1的致病基因men1。之后，在绝大部分MEN1家系病人中都发现了该基因的突变，从而确定了men1基因与MEN1之间的因果关系。MEN2由原癌基因ret突变所致，大量的病例显示，临床表型与ret基因突变类型之间有很好的相关性。     

加强对多发性内分泌腺瘤病1型的认识

多发性内分泌腺瘤病1型(multiple endocrine neoplasia,MEN1)是一种遗传性的肿瘤综合征,MEN1临床主要表现为甲状旁腺腺瘤,胰胃肠肿瘤和垂体瘤等;本文通过对1例MEN1病例报告,结合相关资料进行回顾性分析,提高我们对MEN1的认识,提高诊断,减少误诊和漏诊.     

伴促甲状腺激素瘤的多发性内分泌腺瘤病1型一例报道及文献复习

目的通过研究1例伴有促甲状腺激素瘤的多发性内分泌腺瘤病1型(MEN1)患者的临床诊治过程及结局以提高对本病的认识。方法分析1例伴有促甲状腺激素瘤的MEN1患者诊治过程中的临床表现、生化和激素、影像学、手术及术后病理结果。使用二代测序再以Sanger法验证分析MEN1及其他基因,并以PolyPhen2和PROVEAN在线检测其产物危害性。结果1例19岁的男性患者因高代谢症状和甲状腺激素(THs)升高诊断甲亢,TSH 2.78 mIU/L,TSH受体抗体(TRAb)阴性。并发现高血钙和低血磷、血浆甲状旁腺激素(PTH)升高以及右下甲状旁腺99mTc显影阳性,诊断甲状旁腺腺瘤,手术治疗后上述指标恢复正常。抗甲状腺药物治疗1年症状和激素无明显改变,MRI显示右下垂体大腺瘤,考虑TSH瘤;经鼻蝶入路切除肿瘤后1个月复查TSH和TH恢复正常,免疫组化TSH阳性。CT和MRI发现胰腺体尾部占位,无相关症状。基因分析发现MEN1杂合突变:c.415C>T,p.His139Tyr(H139Y),蛋白质预测为有害。文献复习目前仅有5例报道。结论MEN1中的TSH瘤少见,既需要在甲状腺功能亢进中鉴别出TSH瘤,同时要考虑TSH瘤合并于MEN1,以减少误诊误治。     

多发性内分泌腺瘤2A型

多发性内分泌腺瘤2型（MEN2）又称Sipple综合征，其病理学特征为甲状腺髓样癌（MTC）或甲状腺C细胞增生。根据不同的临床表现可分为MEN2A、MEN2B、家族性甲状腺髓样癌（FMTC）及其他型。文献报告MEN2A占MEN2的60％，以MTC为主要临床表现，约50％伴有嗜铬细胞瘤（PCC），30％-40％伴有甲状旁腺增生或腺瘤（HPT）。MEN2B以黏膜多发性神经瘤、MTC和（或）PCC为特点，可有类马凡体征，少数患者还伴有肠道神经节母细胞瘤，角膜神经粗大，骨骼发育异常及发育延缓等，无甲状旁腺疾病。FMTC则仅有MTC，且患有MTC的家族成员不少于4个。     

肾上腺疾病的诊治进展：多发性内分泌肿瘤

多发性内分泌肿瘤(MEN)是两个或两个以上的内分泌腺体同时或先后发生增生或肿瘤。该病是常染色体显性遗传病,外显率高。MEN分为三大类：①MENI型：又称Wermer氏综合征,常涉及垂体、甲状旁腺及胰腺。②MENⅡ型：又分为两个亚型,即MENⅡA型。又称Sipple氏综合征,表现为嗜铬细胞瘤、甲状腺髓样癌(MTC)与甲状旁腺腺瘤或增生;MENⅡB型,除有MENⅡA型表现外,尚包括多发性粘膜神经瘤、消化道弥漫性神经节细胞瘤、先天性巨结肠、骨骼肌肉异常与马凡氏体征等。③混合型：是MENI型、MENⅡ型肿瘤的重叠。本文仅简介MENⅡ型。     

Concepts for screening and diagnostic follow-up in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1).

The recent identification of MEN1 gene mutations as the molecular cause of familial multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 syndrome (MEN1) has had a significant impact on clinical patient care. In the following consensus statement we will present recommendations for clinical screening and follow-up in patients and relatives with suspected or established MEN1 syndrome. MEN1 mutational analysis should be performed in individuals with newly diagnosed MEN1-typical endocrine neoplasia (e.g., primary hyperparathyroidism, gastroenteropancreatic tumor, pituitary adenoma) if additional diagnostic criteria are met (e.g., age <40 years; positive family history; multifocal or recurrent neoplasia; two or more organ systems affected). Genetic family screening is advisable in first degree relatives of MEN1 patients during early adolescence to reliably assess future MEN1 disease risk. In symptomatic individuals carrying MEN1 germ line mutations, annual clinical and biochemical (calcium, PTH, gastrin, prolactin) follow-up as well as routine pancreatic and pituitary imaging may be complemented as individually needed. In contrast, relatives without family-specific MEN1 mutation do not require routine follow-up. Diagnostic procedures and treatment in symptomatic MEN1 mutation carriers and patients may differ from that in sporadic endocrine neoplasia, calling for individual management. Genetic counselling and dedicated endocrine surgery should be integral parts of current medical care in MEN1 syndrome.     

Monosomy of chromosome 11 in pituitary adenoma in a patient with familial multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1) represents an endocrine syndrome characterized by complex pituitary, parathyroid and pancreatic neoplasia. Loss of heterozygosity of the specific region 11q13 has been reported in several tumours from patients with MEN 1 inherited disorder. We present a case of a young patient with familial MEN 1 syndrome with a pituitary adenoma exhibiting monosomy of chromosome 11. The patient presented with a large and rapidly growing pituitary adenoma associated with markedly elevated serum PRL levels, progressive bilateral visual loss and hydrocephalus. The resected adenoma was chromophobic, mainly PRL-producing and to a lesser degree immunoreactive for GH. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using an alpha-satellite centromeric probe detected loss of one chromosome 11 copy in almost all pituitary adenoma cells. Clinical and biochemical studies revealed parathyroid hyperplasia and MRI studies detected a pancreatic tumour in addition to the pituitary adenoma. To our knowledge this is the first study reporting monosomy 11 in pituitary adenoma in a patient associated with familial MEN 1 syndrome.     

Giant insulinoma in a patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia-type I: a case report.

We report a case of giant cystic insulinoma constituting part of multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type I. A 29-year-old Japanese man presented with a history of recurrent hypoglycemic attacks. Endocrine examination showed hyperinsulinemia discordant with hypoglycemia, and a giant cystic insulinoma (11 x 10 cm) located in the pancreatic tail was detected radiologically. Hyperprolactinemia due to pituitary adenoma and hyperparathyroidism due to parathyroid hyperplasia were also present. The insulinoma, prolactinoma and hyperplastic parathyroid gland were surgically removed. Fluorescent microsatellite analysis detected loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in chromosome 11q13 in DNA samples from all resected tissues but not from white blood cells. This is a rare case of MEN type I because of the giant cystic insulinoma and the evidence of common LOH detected in all MEN type I tissues.     

Phenotype and phenocopy: the relationship between genotype and clinical phenotype in a single large family with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1)

BACKGROUND: The majority of reports describing the natural history and prognosis of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN 1) utilize phenotypic rather than molecular genetic criteria to establish a diagnosis of MEN 1. OBJECTIVES AND PATIENTS: We sought to determine the spectrum of endocrine abnormality amongst 152 members (64 gene carriers and 88 noncarriers) of a large MEN 1 family in whom a determination of MEN 1 status had previously been made by phenotype screening. The predictive utility of both clinical and molecular screening techniques are described. RESULTS: A novel IVS2-3 (C-G) MEN1 mutation was identified in affected members of this family. Seven (10%) of 71 individuals satisfying clinical diagnostic criteria for MEN 1 were found to be genetically negative (excluded by mutation analysis and haplotyping) for MEN 1. These cases of MEN 1 phenocopy comprised four cases of primary hyperparathyroidism, two 'nonsecretory' pituitary adenoma and one case of coincident prolactinoma and hyperparathyroidism. Three of the patients with hyperparathyroidism had previously required parathyroidectomy and each had achieved normocalcaemia following parathyroid resection. Predictive genetic testing prospectively identified three children with the MEN 1 genotype. Serum calcium was normal at the time of their initial molecular genetic diagnosis. In each case hyperparathyroidism subsequently developed during adolescence. CONCLUSION: Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 phenocopy is an important differential diagnosis in patients exhibiting an multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 phenotype. This is a relevant consideration, particularly when the diagnosis of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 is made using sensitive, but nonspecific, criteria such as mild hyperparathyroidism, pituitary micoadenoma, and hyperprolactinaemia. Confirmatory genetic testing should be undertaken to confirm clinical diagnoses of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1.     

Germline CDKN1B/p27Kip1 mutation in multiple endocrine neoplasia

CONTEXT: Germline mutations in the MEN1 gene predispose to multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) syndrome, but in up to 20-25% of clinical MEN1 cases, no MEN1 mutations can be found. Recently, a germline mutation in the CDKN1B gene, encoding p27(Kip1), was reported in one suspected MEN1 family with two acromegalic patients. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to evaluate the role of CDKN1B/p27(Kip1) in human tumor predisposition in patients clinically suspected of MEN1 but testing negative for MEN1 germline mutation as well as in familial and sporadic acromegaly/pituitary adenoma patients. DESIGN: Genomic DNA was analyzed for germline mutations in the CDKN1B/p27(Kip1) gene by PCR amplification and direct sequencing. SETTING: The study was conducted at nonprofit academic research and medical centers. PATIENTS: Thirty-six Dutch and one German suspected MEN1 patient, who previously tested negative for germline MEN1 gene mutations, were analyzed. In addition, 19 familial and 50 sporadic acromegaly/pituitary adenoma patients from Europe and the United States were included in the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We analyzed germline CDKN1B/p27(Kip1) mutations in individuals with pituitary adenoma and MEN1-like features. RESULTS: A heterozygous 19-bp duplication (c.59_77dup19) leading to a truncated protein product was identified in one Dutch patient with suspected MEN1 phenotype, pituitary adenoma, carcinoid tumor, and hyperparathyroidism (one of 36, 2.8%). No mutations were detected in either familial or sporadic acromegaly/pituitary adenoma patients. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the previous finding that germline CDKN1B/p27(Kip1) mutations predispose to a human MEN1-like condition. However, such mutations appear uncommon in suspected MEN1 cases and rare or nonexistent in familial or sporadic acromegaly/pituitary adenoma patients.     

The clinical, pathological, and genetic features of familial isolated pituitary adenomas

Pituitary adenomas occur in a familial setting in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) and Carney's complex (CNC), which occur due to mutations in the genes MEN1 and PRKAR1A respectively. Isolated familial somatotropinoma (IFS) is also a well-described clinical syndrome related only to patients with acrogigantism. Pituitary adenomas of all types--not limited to IFS--can occur in a familial setting in the absence of MEN1 and CNC; this phenotype is termed familial isolated pituitary adenomas (FIPA). Over the past 7 years, we have described over 90 FIPA kindreds. In FIPA, both homogeneous and heterogeneous pituitary adenoma phenotypes can occur within families; virtually all FIPA kindreds contain at least one prolactinoma or somatotropinoma. FIPA differs from MEN1 in terms of a lower proportion of prolactinomas and more frequent somatotropinomas in the FIPA cohort. Patients with FIPA are significantly younger at diagnosis and have significantly larger pituitary adenomas than matched sporadic pituitary adenoma counterparts. A minority of FIPA families overall (15%) exhibit mutations in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein (AIP) gene; AIP mutations are present in only half of IFS kindreds occurring as part of the FIPA cohort. In families with AIP mutations, pituitary adenomas have a penetrance of over 50%. AIP mutations are extremely rare in patients with sporadic pituitary adenomas. This review deals with pituitary adenomas that occur in a familial setting, describes in detail the clinical, pathological, and genetic features of FIPA, and addresses aspects of the clinical approach to FIPA families with and without AIP mutations.     

Assessment of p27 (cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B) and aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein (AIP) genes in multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN1) syndrome patients without any detectable MEN1 gene mutations

Objective  Germline mutations in the MEN1 gene predispose to the multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN1) syndrome; however, approximately 10–20% of patients with MEN1 do not have a detectable MEN1 mutation. A rat strain with multiple endocrine tumours, a phenotypic overlap of both MEN1 and MEN2, has been reported to have a homozygous germline p27 ( CDKN1B ) mutation. Recently, two MEN1 mutation-negative MEN1 syndrome patients have been identified to harbour a germline CDKN1B mutation. The recently identified gene AIP can also cause familial isolated pituitary adenoma, but no other specific tumour is associated with this syndrome. The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible contribution of CDKN1B and AIP germline mutations in a cohort of MEN1 mutation-negative MEN1 syndrome patients.
Patients  Eighteen sporadic and three familial cases of MEN1 mutation-negative MEN1 syndrome were studied (18 pituitary adenomas, 12 hyperparathyroidism, 10 neuroendocrine tumours including 2 ACTH-secreting lesions and one adrenal nodular hyperplasia). Clinical data and genomic DNA were analysed for mutations in the CDKN1B and AIP genes.
Results  There were no mutations in the coding region or exon/intron junction of the CDKN1B and AIP genes in any patient. Although we have a limited number of patients in our cohort, our data is consistent with others in the literature suggesting that CDKN1B and AIP mutations are extremely rare in MEN1 syndrome.
Conclusion  Our results suggest that mutations in the CDKN1B and AIP genes are relatively uncommon in MEN1 mutation-negative MEN1 syndrome patients.     

Overview of genetic testing in patients with pituitary adenomas

Clinically-relevant pituitary adenomas occur with a prevalence of one case per 1000-1300 of the general population. Although most are sporadic, there are several inherited conditions that incur an increased risk of developing a pituitary adenoma. Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 and Carney complex (due to mutations in MEN1 and PRKAR1A, respectively) are established pituitary adenoma predisposition conditions, while multiple endocrine neoplasia type 4 (due to CDKN1B mutations) is an emerging rare condition. Familial isolated pituitary adenomas (FIPA) is a novel condition not associated with these multiple endocrine neoplasias. Mutations in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacting protein gene account for about 15% of FIPA kindreds and are associated with about 10-20% of macroadenomas that occur in children, adolescents and young adults. When treating a pituitary adenoma patient, relevant familial and clinical factors such as associated tumors or syndromic features should be assessed at the outset in order to guide the correct choice of genetic testing in appropriate individuals.     

A case of ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1

Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is an autosomal dominant neoplasia syndrome characterized by the occurrence of tumors in the parathyroid glands, pancreas, and anterior pituitary. Approximately 30-40% of MEN1 patients also have adrenal lesions, such as hyperplasia, benign adenoma, and adrenocortical carcinoma. Most of the cases are hormonally silent. We describe the case of a 60-year-old man with bilateral macronodular adrenal lesions, in addition to parathyroid tumors, multiple insulinomas, and non-functioning pituitary microadenoma. Endocrinological tests revealed subclinical hypercortisolism; midnight cortisol level rose slightly (8.0 μg/dL), although basal plasma ACTH and cortisol levels were within the normal range (19.5 pg/mL and 12.0 μg/dL, respectively). One and 8 mg dexamethasone suppression tests showed cortisol levels of 2.3 and 9.8 μg/dL, respectively. (131)I-adosterol scintigraphy under dexamethasone suppression revealed bilateral adrenal uptake with right-sided predominance. The histological features of the removed right adrenal gland were consistent with ACTH-independent macronodular adrenal hyperplasia (AIMAH): immunoreactivity of 17α-hydroxylase was predominantly observed in the small compact cells, while that of 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase was exclusively expressed in the large clear cells. The glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) receptor was expressed at high levels in compact cells, suggesting that GIP is responsible for the development of AIMAH. Unilateral small adrenal lesions were detected in the patient's 2 children, who also presented with MEN1 symptoms. Genetic abnormalities in the MEN1, p27, and p18 genes were not found, however, the present case may provide a clue to the understanding of the etiology of MEN1 and AIMAH.     

Genetic and histologic studies of somatomammotropic pituitary tumors in patients with the "complex of spotty skin pigmentation, myxomas, endocrine overactivity and schwannomas" (Carney complex)

Carney complex (CNC) is a familial multiple neoplasia and lentiginosis syndrome with features overlapping those of McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS) and other multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndromes, MEN type 1 (MEN 1), in particular. GH-producing pituitary tumors have been described in individual reports and in at least two large CNC patient series. It has been suggested that the evolution of acromegaly in CNC resembles that of the other endocrine manifestations of CNC in its chronic, often indolent, progressive nature. However, histologic and molecular evidence has not been presented in support of this hypothesis. In this investigation, the pituitary glands of eight patients with CNC and acromegaly [age, 22.9+/-11.6 yr (mean +/- SD)] were studied histologically. Tumor DNA was used for comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) (four tumors). All tumors stained for both GH and prolactin PRL (eight of eight), and some for other hormones, including alpha-subunit. Evidence for somatomammotroph hyperplasia was present in five of the eight patients in proximity to adenoma tissue; in the remaining three only adenoma tissue was available for study. CGH showed multiple changes involving losses of chromosomal regions 6q, 7q, 11p, and 11q, and gains of 1pter-p32, 2q35-qter, 9q33-qter, 12q24-qter, 16, 17, 19p, 20p, 20q, 22p and 22q in the most aggressive tumor, an invasive macroadenoma; no chromosomal changes were seen in the microadenomas diagnosed prospectively (3 tumors). We conclude that, in at least some patients with CNC, the pituitary gland is characterized by somatotroph hyperplasia, which precedes GH-producing tumor formation, in a pathway similar to that suggested for MAS-related pituitary tumors. Three GH-producing microadenomas showed no genetic changes by CGH, whereas a macroadenoma in a patient, whose advanced acromegaly was not cured by surgery, showed extensive CGH changes. We speculate that these changes represent secondary and tertiary genetic "hits" involved in pituitary oncogenesis. The data (1) underline the need for early investigation for acromegaly in patients with CNC; (2) provide a molecular hypothesis for its clinical progression; and (3) suggest a model for MAS- and, perhaps, MEN 1-related GH-producing tumor formation.