BSO、GSH、VC和DMPS对汞肾毒性影响的实验研究

目的探讨一次染汞的肾脏毒性作用并观察2氨基4(S丁基磺酰亚氨)丁酸(BSO)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、维生素C(VC)和二巯基丙磺酸钠(DMPS)预处理对汞肾脏毒性的影响。方法Wistar大鼠64只,随机分成8组。第1组为对照组,第2～4组为低、中、高剂量染汞组,分别皮下注射0.75、1.5和2.5mg kg的氯化汞溶液,第5～8组为预处理干预组。BSO预处理组先腹腔注射BSO0.5mmol kgbw,4h后皮下注射0.75mg kgHgCl2溶液。其他3个预处理组中,先分别腹腔注射GSH3mmol kg,VC4mmol kg或DMPS200μmol kgbw,2h后皮下注射2.5mg kgHgCl2溶液。注射容量均为5ml kgbw。对照组皮下注射生理盐水。注射12h后收集大鼠12h尿液,采集血液,分离血清,切取肝脏和肾皮质样品。测定肝脏、肾皮质和尿中汞含量;尿NAG、ALP、LDH活性和尿蛋白,血清尿素氮(BUN)含量。结果染汞后肝、肾皮质和尿汞含量随染汞剂量加大而逐渐增加。肾皮质汞含量有明显的剂量-效应关系,高剂量组肝汞含量显著高于中低剂量组和对照组。中高剂量组尿汞含量显著高于对照组。BSO预处理组和单纯0.75mg kgHgCl2组比,使肝汞含量增加,肾皮质和尿汞含量降低。GSH、VC和DMPS预处理组肝汞含量显著低于单纯2.5mg kgHgCl2组。尿NAG、ALP、LDH活性和尿蛋白、BUN含量随染汞剂量加大而升高,且2.5mg kgHgCl2组显著高于对照组、0.75和1.5mg kg HgCl2组。BSO预处理组尿NAG、ALP活性和尿蛋白、BUN含量显著高于单纯0.75mg kgHgCl2组和对照组。GSH、VC和DMPS预处理组和单纯2.5mg kgHgCl2组相比,尿NAG、ALP、LDH活性和尿蛋白、BUN含量显著降低。结论随着染汞剂量增加,肝脏、肾皮质和尿汞含量也增加。BSO预处理可增强汞的肾脏毒性作用,而GSH、VC和DMPS预处理则对汞的肾脏毒性具有一定的拮抗作用。     

谷胱甘肽和牛磺酸对汞急性肾毒性影响的实验研究

目的 探讨预先投予GSH和牛磺酸对汞急性肾毒性的影响。方法 将32只Wistar大鼠随机分为对照、HgCl2染毒、GSH HgCl2和牛磺酸 HgCl2 4组。对照组皮下注射0．9％的生理盐水,汞染毒组皮下注射2．5mg／kg的HgCl2溶液,注射容量为5ml／kg。GSH和牛磺酸组于注射相同剂量Hg口2前2h分别腹腔注射3mmoL/kg的GSH溶液和4mmol／kg的牛磺酸溶液。测定尿N-Z乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性,尿蛋白和尿肌酐含量,血清尿素氮(BUN)以及尿汞和肾汞含量。结果 与对照组比较,HgCl2染毒组尿NAG、ALP、LDH活性显著升高,尿蛋白、BUN、尿汞、肾汞含量明显增加。预先投予GSH和牛磺酸后,可使汞染毒大鼠尿NAG和ALP活性、尿蛋白和BUN含量均较HgCl2染毒组显著减低;GSH组尿汞显著低于单纯染汞组,而牛磺酸组尿汞、肾汞与汞染毒组比较差异则无显著性。结论 GSH和牛磺酸对汞致急性肾损伤有一定的保护作用。     

五味子乙素对汞性大鼠急性肾损伤的影响

目的探讨五味子乙素(Sch B)对汞致大鼠急性肾损伤的影响。方法 Wistar大鼠30只,按体重随机分成5组:第1组为正常对照组,第2~4组分别为低、中、高剂量单纯染汞组,第5组为Sch B预处理组。对照组和单纯染汞组空腹以大豆油灌胃,Sch B预处理组16 mg/kg Sch B空腹灌胃,灌胃容量为5 ml/kg;2 h后,对照组皮下注射生理盐水,低、中、高剂量单纯染汞组分别皮下注射2.2μmol/kg、4.4μmol/kg、8.8μmol/kg氯化汞,Sch B预处理组皮下注射8.8μmol/kg氯化汞,注射容量为5 ml/kg。第二日重复上述操作,并将大鼠放入代谢笼,收集24 h尿液;而后将大鼠乙醚麻醉,腹主动脉采血,切取大鼠肾皮质,测定尿汞和肾皮质汞,尿β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、尿乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)及尿碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活力,尿蛋白和血尿素氮(BUN)含量,肾皮质还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和丙二醛(MDA)含量,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力。结果与对照组比较,高剂量氯化汞组尿汞和肾皮质汞含量,尿NAG、LDH及ALP活力,尿蛋白和BUN含量,GSH和M...     

维生素C、E对汞急性肾毒作用影响的实验研究

目的 探讨Vit C和Vit E对汞急性肾毒作用的影响。方法 Wistar大鼠随机分成6组：对照组,低、中、高剂量染汞组,Vit C、Vit E预处理组。染毒12h后收集12h尿样,采集血液,分离血清,切取肝脏、肾皮质样品。测定肝、肾皮质和尿中汞含量,尿 N-乙酰-β-D氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性和尿蛋白、血清尿素氮(BUN)含量。结果高剂量染汞组肝、肾皮质和尿中汞含量显著高于对照组,且肾皮质中汞含量显著高于肝汞,高剂量染汞组尿NAG、ALP、EDH活性和尿蛋白、BUN含量显著高于对照组。Vit C和Vit E预处理组肝、肾皮质和尿中汞含量显著高于对照组,尿NAG、ALP活性和尿蛋白含量显著低于高剂量染汞组,LDH活性和BUN含量也低于高剂量染汞组,且Vit C预处理组与高剂量染汞组差异有显著性。结论Vit C和Vit E对汞急性肾毒作用有一定的拮抗作用。     

N-乙酰半胱氨酸和α-硫辛酸对汞急性肾功能损伤的影响

为探讨N-乙酰半胱氨酸(NAC)和α-硫辛酸(LA)对汞急性肾功能损伤的影响,将32只Wistar大鼠随机分成4组:对照组、单纯染汞组、NAC干预组、LA干预组。单纯染汞组先腹腔注射生理盐水,2 h后,皮下注射HgCl2溶液9.2μmol/kg。NAC和LA干预组先分别腹腔注射NAC溶液2 mmol/kg及LA溶液0.35 mmol/kg,2 h后,皮下注射HgCl2溶液。对照组在相应时间内注射生理盐水。染毒后12 h将鼠移至代谢笼中收集12 h尿样,染毒后48 h腹主动脉取血并切取肾脏,测定尿碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)活性,尿蛋白、血清尿素氮(BUN)含量及尿和肾皮质中汞含量。与对照组比较,单纯染汞组尿汞、肾皮质汞含量,尿ALP、LDH、NAG活性,尿蛋白、BUN含量显著升高;NAC干预组尿汞、肾皮质汞含量及LA干预组肾皮质汞含量明显升高。与单纯染汞组比较,LA干预组尿汞含量显著降低,肾皮质汞含量明显升高;两干预组尿ALP、LDH、NAG活性及尿蛋白、BUN含量显著降低。说明NAC和LA预处理对汞急性肾功损伤有一定的保护作用,但对LA改变汞组织分布应进一步研究。     

莱菔硫烷对汞致大鼠肾急性损伤的保护作用

目的 探讨莱菔硫烷(sulforaphane,SFN)对莱菔硫烷(sulforaphane,SFN)所致大鼠急性肾损伤的保护作用。 方法 清洁级Wistar大鼠30只按体重随机分5组,每组6只,分别为对照组,低、中、高剂量染汞组, SFN干预组。对照组及各染汞组皮下注射生理盐水,SFN干预组皮下注射2 mg/kg SFN;2 h后,对照组腹腔注射生理盐水,其他四组腹腔注射2.2、4.4、8.8、8.8 μmol/kg HgCl₂,连续3 d,染毒容量均为5 ml/kg。于最后一次染毒结束后,测定尿液中Hg及尿蛋白含量,碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)活力;腹主动脉采血测定血清尿素氮(BUN)含量;测定肾皮质中Hg含量和谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)水平及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力。分析各组各项指标差异。 结果 与对照组比较,各剂量染汞组大鼠尿Hg、肾皮质Hg含量,尿蛋白和血清BUN 含量,尿NAG、LDH 和ALP 活力,肾皮质中GSH 和MDA含量显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01);肾皮质SOD 和GSH-Px 活力显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01)。与8.8 μmol/kg HgCl₂组比较,SFN 干预组尿蛋白和血清BUN 含量、尿NAG、LDH 和ALP活力、肾皮质GSH 、MDA含量均显著下降(P<0.05或P<0.01);肾皮质SOD 和GSH-Px 活力显著升高(P<0.01),而尿汞、肾皮质汞含量间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。 结论 莱菔硫烷对汞所致大鼠急性肾毒性有一定的保护作用。     

沙棘油和亚硒酸钠对汞中毒大鼠的拮抗作用

目的 探讨在体一次染毒条件下氯化汞对大鼠肝肾脏毒性作用并观察沙棘油和亚硒酸钠预处理对汞毒性的影响。方法将Wistar大鼠随机分成对照组、单纯染汞组、沙棘油和亚硒酸钠干预组。各组经染毒处理12h后收集大鼠12h尿液。采集血液、切取肝脏和肾皮质样品。测定肝脏、肾皮质和尿汞含量；尿N-乙酰-β-氨基葡萄苷酶（NAG）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性和尿蛋白、血清尿素氮（BUN）含量。结果 沙棘油干预组肝汞、肾皮质汞、尿NAG、尿ALP活性和BUN含量显著低于单纯染汞组。亚硒酸钠干预组肝汞含量显著高于单纯染汞组。而肾皮质汞、尿汞含量和尿NAG、ALP、LDH活性、尿蛋白、BUN含量则显著低于单纯染汞组。结论 沙棘油和亚硒酸钠对汞的肝、肾脏毒性具有一定拮抗作用。     

几种物质对汞致大鼠肾脏氧化损伤的影响

目的探讨1次染汞致大鼠肾脏氧化损伤作用并观察2-氨基4-(S-丁基磺酰亚氨)丁酸(BSO)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、维生素C(Vit C)和二巯丙磺钠(DMPS)预处理对汞致肾脏氧化损伤的影响. 方法 Wistar大鼠64只,随机分成8组:对照组1组,染汞组3组,分别皮下注射0.75、1.5或2.5 mg/kg的氯化汞溶液,预处理干预组4组.BSO预处理组先腹腔注射BSO 0.5 mmol/kg体重,4 h后皮下注射0.75 mg/kg HgCl2溶液.其他3个预处理组中,先分别腹腔注射GSH 3 mmol/kg,Vit C 4 mmol/kg或DMPS 200 μmol/kg体重,2 h后皮下注射2.5 mg/kg HgCl2溶液.测定肝脏、肾皮质和尿汞含量以及肾皮质中GSH、丙二醛(MDA)、蛋白含量和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活性. 结果染汞后肝、肾皮质和尿汞含量随染汞剂量加大而增加.BSO预处理组肾皮质MDA含量和GSH-Px活性显著高于对照组和0.75 mg/kg HgCl2组,而GSH含量则与此相反.GSH、Vit C和DMPS预处理组肾皮质中:MDA含量均显著低于2.5 mg/kg HgCl2组;GSH含量均高于对照组;GSH-Px活性显著高于对照组和2.5 mg/kg HgCl2组.Vit C和DMPS预处理组肾皮质GSH含量也显著高于2.5 mg/kg HgCl2组. 结论肝脏、肾皮质和尿汞含量随染汞剂量而增加.BSO预处理可增强汞致肾脏氧化损伤作用,而GSH、Vit C和DMPS预处理则对汞致肾脏氧化损伤具有一定的拮抗作用.     

茶多酚对氯化汞染毒大鼠急性肾损伤的影响

目的探讨茶多酚(tea polyphenols,TP)对氯化汞染毒大鼠急性肾损伤的影响。方法将30只成年清洁级Wistar大鼠按体重随机分为5组,分别为对照(豆油)组,2.2、4.4、8.8μmol/kg氯化汞单独染毒组和TP(500 mg/kg)+氯化汞(8.8μmol/kg)染毒组,每组6只,雌雄各半。对照组和各氯化汞单独染毒组空腹以豆油灌胃,TP+氯化汞染毒组空腹灌胃500mg/kg TP溶液,灌胃容量为5 ml/kg,2 h后,TP+氯化汞染毒组和各氯化汞单独染毒组皮下注射染毒氯化汞,对照组注射生理盐水,染毒容量为5 ml/kg;每天染毒1次,连续染毒2 d。染毒结束后,检测尿汞、肾皮质汞含量,尿β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、尿乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、尿碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活力,尿蛋白、血尿素氮(BUN)含量,肾皮质还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)、丙二醛(MDA)含量,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力。结果随着氯化汞染毒剂量的升高,大鼠尿汞、肾皮质汞含量,尿NAG、LDH、ALP活力,尿蛋白、血BUN含量,肾皮质GSH、MDA含量均呈上升趋势,肾皮质SOD和GSH-Px活力均呈下降趋势。与8.8μmol/kg氯化汞单独染毒组比较,TP+氯化汞染毒组大鼠尿NAG、LDH、ALP活力,尿蛋白、血BUN含量,肾皮质GSH、MDA含量均下降,肾皮质GSH、MDA含量和SOD、GSH-Px活力均上升,差异有统计学意义(P0.01);而尿汞、肾皮质汞含量间差异无统计学意义。结论 TP预处理对汞致大鼠急性肾损伤有一定的拮抗作用。     

沙棘油对汞致急性肝、肾损伤的保护作用

[目的]探讨急性染汞致大鼠肝、肾毒性的作用机制,观察沙棘油（SBO）的保护作用。[方法]24只Wistar大鼠随机均分为：阴性对照组（皮下注射0．9％生理盐水）;染汞组（皮下注射2．5mg／kgHgCl：）;SBO＋HgCl2组[灌胃SBO（体积分数为95％）5mL／kg,2h后皮下注射2．5mg／kgHgCl2］。染汞后12h将大鼠移入代谢笼,收集12h尿样。染汞48h后处死,采取血样和肝肾组织。测定肝脏、肾皮质和尿汞含量;尿N-乙酰-β—D-氨基葡萄苷酶（NAG）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）活性和尿蛋白、血清尿素氮（BUN）含量;肝、肾中谷胱甘肽（GSH）、丙二醛（MDA）、蛋白含量和超氧化物岐化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GSH-Px）活性。[结果]与对照组相比,HgCl2组、SBO＋HgCl2组的肝、肾皮质及尿汞含量均明显增加（P〈0．01）;与HgCl2组相比,SBO＋HgC｜2组尿汞含量增加（P〈0．05）。HgCl2组尿NAG、ALP、LDH活性和尿蛋白、BUN含量均明显高于对照组（P〈0．01）;SBO＋HgCl2组NAG、ALP活性和BUN含量均低于HgCl2组（分别为P〈0．05,P〈0．01和P〈0．01）。与对照组相比,HgCl2组肝、肾GSH含量、GSH—Px活性、SOD活性均下降（P〈0．01）,MDA含量增加（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）;SBO＋HgCl2组与HgCl2组相比,其肝GSH-Px活性明显增加（P〈0．01）。[结论]大鼠经一次染汞后可致急性肝、肾损伤。沙棘油具有促进汞从肾脏排出的作用,对汞致肝脏氧化损伤有一定保护作用。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.