大鼠胰腺促性腺激素释放激素受体mRNA的原位杂交

目的 研究大鼠胰腺促性腺激素释放激素（GnRH)受体mRNA的存在及细胞定位。方法 采用原位杂交组织化学法。结果 胰脏的外分泌部腺上皮细胞、胰导管上皮细胞及内分泌部胰岛细胞内可检测到较强的GnRH受体mRNA杂交信号,杂交阳性信号物质均分布在胞质内,胞核呈阴性。结论 大鼠胰脏内、外分泌部均能合成GnRH受体。GnRH也是一种消化激素,它由胰脏自身合成,又作用于胰脏,可能参与胰脏内、外分泌功能的调节。     

发育中小鼠胰腺D细胞的发生、形态及分布

目的观察发育中小鼠胰腺生长抑素免疫反应细胞（D细胞）的个体发生、分布及形态。方法免疫组织化学SP法。结果胚胎第14天，小鼠胰腺中出现D细胞。胚胎期D细胞散在分布于外分泌部腺泡之间或胰岛内；出生后直至发育成熟，D细胞多分布于胰岛周边，也有单个细胞镶嵌于外分泌部导管的上皮细胞之间。D细胞形态多样，可见免疫反应阳性的细胞突起伸至其他细胞之间。结论小鼠胰腺中的D细胞不仅分布于胰岛内，还可见于外分泌部的腺泡及导管上皮细胞之间。D细胞分泌的生长抑素可能对胚胎期胰腺的形态发生、发育及胰腺的外分泌和内分泌功能均有影响。     

迷走神经对胰腺内分泌的调节及应用

胰腺是具有内分泌和外分泌的实质性腺体。胰腺内分泌是由胰岛的多种细胞产生的，其中以B细胞数量最多，产生胰岛素；A细胞产生胰高糖素；G细胞产生胃泌素；D细胞产生胰血管活动肠肽、抑生长激素、胰多肽、5-羟色胺等。胰腺外分泌是指由腺泡细胞和导管细胞产生的胰液，它的主要成分是碳酸氢盐和消化酶。过去认为胰腺分泌以激素调节为主，神经调节为辅。然而，近年来的研究从多方面表明迷走神经对胰腺内分泌起重要的调节作用，并且在临床得到广泛应用。     

胎儿胰腺形态及B细胞的免疫组织化学观察

取20例坐高85mm～240mm的胎儿胰腺,按头、体、尾分别取材。组织学观察显示胰腺实质被结缔组织分割成叶或小叶,腺泡分化逐渐清晰,但基底部嗜碱性不明显,提示其外分泌功能还很弱。少量聚集的内分泌细胞与外分泌部细胞无明显界限。仅见较大量聚集成团的内分必细胞外有结缔组织包绕,易与外分泌部区别。免疫组织化学染色显示胰岛内B细胞,各小叶间、叶间B细胞数目差别显著,而同一胰腺的头、体、尾部B细胞数目无明显差异。提示:本研究对临床进行胎儿胰岛移植提供了形态学依据。     

急性胰腺炎怎么治

急性胰腺炎不少见,它来势猛,病情重笃,稍一疏忽就有生命危险,故值得重视。胰腺是一个条带状的腺体组织,位于腹中部腹膜之后,横卧在第一、二腰椎前方。胰腺兼有外分泌和内分泌两种功能。散在胰腺内的一种胰岛细胞能分泌胰岛素直接进入血循环,是维持人体正常糖代谢的重要激素;具有外分泌功能的腺泡纽织则分泌胰液。酶     

新西兰兔脊髓内水通道蛋白-4的定位与表达

目的:探讨正常新西兰大白兔脊髓水通道蛋白-4(AQP4)的定位与表达,为研究其在脊髓水代谢中的作用提供理论基础.方法:选用正常成年新西兰大白兔,采用免疫组化和原位杂交技术检测脊髓AQP4蛋白及其mRNA的定位及表达.结果:免疫组织化学染色和原位杂交结果显示胶质细胞、前角运动神经元、中央管室管膜细胞、软脊膜上皮细胞均表达阳性,AQP4主要分布于细胞膜,其中,胶质细胞和中央管室管膜细胞表达存在极性,前者主要分布在与毛细血管内皮细胞接触的一侧,后者主要分布在中央管室管膜细胞的基底侧膜.结论:AQP4在正常兔脊髓内具有广泛的表达,其表达的解剖定位提示AQP4在脊髓内主要参与水分子的转运及平衡调节、电解质代谢,并受局部调节以适应特殊的功能需求.     

胰岛A细胞的功能及研究进展

胰岛 (ｉｓｌｅｔｏｆｐａｎｃｒｅａｓ )是由多种内分泌细胞组成的球形细胞团 ,分布于胰腺小叶内的腺泡之间。目前 ,一般认为胰岛细胞主要有 4类 ,即Ａ细胞、Ｂ细胞、Ｄ细胞和ＰＰ细胞。此外还有Ｇ细胞、ＥＣ细胞 ,但各类胰岛细胞的数量因不同的动物而有差异 ,甚或完全缺少某种细胞。胰岛Ａ细胞又称为甲细胞 ,α细胞、Ａ2 细胞、α2 细胞 ,主要分布在胰体和胰尾的胰岛内 ,排列于胰岛周边部 ,少数散在于外分泌部的中、小导管上皮间和腺泡细胞之间 ,约占胰岛细胞数的 2 0 %～ 2 5 %。近年来发现胰岛Ａ细胞除了调节糖代谢以外 ,对中枢神经、周…     

淀粉酶升高不一定都是胰腺炎

大家都知道,诊断急性胰腺炎的依据之一是血、尿淀粉酶升高。难免容易将淀粉酶的升高紧紧地与胰腺炎捆到一起,真的都是这样吗?可靠吗?淀粉酶的基本知识淀粉酶的正常分泌①主要来源——胰腺。胰腺具有内分泌和外分泌两种功能。内分泌来源于胰岛,以B细胞为主,分泌胰岛素;外分泌,主要为腺泡细胞,分泌胰液,其     

胰腺炎患者会发生糖尿病吗

要弄清这个问题,我们首先要了解胰腺这个腺体的主要作用。胰腺具有外分泌与内分泌两种功能。外分泌功能是由胰腺腺泡细胞产生的胰液通过胰导管进入十二指肠参与食物的消化,而内分泌功能是由像岛屿一样散布在胰腺中的胰岛细胞来完成。胰岛的α细胞分泌胰高血糖素,有促进肝糖原分解、升高血糖的作用。胰岛β细胞分泌胰岛素,是调节体内糖代谢的重要激素,促进血糖转化为糖原降低血糖。急性胰腺炎时由于胰酶在胰腺组织内被激活,引起胰腺自身消化,导致胰腺发生不同程度的水肿、出血、坏死。这些病理改变必然影响到散布在胰腺中的胰岛α细胞、β细…     

胰腺局部肾素-血管紧张素系统的生理作用

全身肾素-血管紧张素系统(RAS)在调节血压及水、电解质平衡方面起重要作用。而最近发现多种组织、器官中存在局部独立的RAS,在局部自分泌、旁分泌等生理功能方面起不同程度的作用。目前发现在胰腺组织内,包括胰腺腺泡、导管、胰岛、上皮细胞以及星形细胞中存在局部RAS,在生理和包括低氧、胰腺炎、胰岛移植、糖尿病等病理刺激条件下,其表达发生相应改变。RAS在胰腺内、外分泌功能中起重要作用:调节局部血流、导管细胞分泌碳酸氢钠、腺泡细胞分泌消化酶、胰岛β细胞合成及释放胰岛素、δ细胞分泌生长抑素、胰腺细胞增殖和分化。此外,还可能介导氧化应激诱导的细胞炎症、凋亡和纤维化。通过上述影响,胰腺局部RAS在胰腺炎、糖尿病、囊性纤维化及胰腺肿瘤的形成中可能起一定的作用,本文就胰腺局部RAS的生理功能及临床意义进行综述。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.