膈顶部原发性肝癌的射频消融

目的 探讨膈顶部原发性肝癌射频消融(RFA)的治疗转归.方法 2006年2月至2008年3月,共有251例原发性肝癌患者接受了超声引导下的经皮RFA,其中42例56个肿瘤位于膈顶部,定义为A组.另有209例368个肿瘤位于非膈顶部,定义为B组.结果 初次RFA后,A、B两组的完全消融率、局部复发率及并发症发生率分别为85.7%比86.6%;9.5%比11.5%和7.1%比4.7%.差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05).将B组按肿瘤具体部位进一步分为肝实质内、包膜下、空腔脏器旁以及肝门部肿瘤,再与A组比较,显示上述5个不同部位肿瘤完全消融率两组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).膈顶部和非膈顶部直径<3 cm,3～5 cm和>5 cm肿瘤的完全消融率分别为90.2%,76.9%,50%和96.6%.78.1%.69.2%,两组同等直径范围肿瘤的完全消融率差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).A、B两组1年无复发生存率分别为62.3%和59.2%,总生存率分别为90.O%和92.O%.2年无复发生存率分别为56.6%和52.4%,总生存率分别为82.7%和84.2%.A、B两组1、2年无复发生存率和总体生存率之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 尽管膈顶部肿瘤位置的特殊性影响着RFA后疾病转归,但与其他部位肿瘤相比,膈顶部肿瘤在治疗效果、治疗风险、局部复发以及生存预后方面均不逊色,膈顶部肿瘤并非RFA的禁忌证.     

超声引导下重叠布针射频消融肝癌的临床疗效观察

目的:评价超声引导下重叠布针内冷循环射频消融肝癌的临床应用价值.方法:71例患者,115个肿瘤结节(直径2.2～9cm),在超声引导下应用18G针尖裸露长度为2～3cm的冷循环电极针进行RFA治疗.每个肿瘤结节治疗2～8次,采用立体布针,多点重叠法.新发现的结节再次行RFA治疗.结果:即有患者临床症状改善,未发生严重伴发症.CT显示肿瘤完全坏死率在术后3～7天、3、6、12、24个月分别为88%、81%、78%、63%、40%,存活率在3、6、12、24个月分别为98%、95%、88%、61%.结论:超声引导下重叠布针内冷循环消融肝癌是有效和安全的方法,减少了残余肿瘤的机会.扩大了适用范围,延长了患者的寿命,改善了患者生活质量.     

射频消融联合肝动脉栓塞治疗肝癌疗效的实验研究

目的 研究射频消融(RFA)与肝动脉栓塞(TAE)联合治疗VX2兔肝移植瘤的疗效.材料与方法将VX2肿瘤块植入实验兔的肝脏内,建立36只兔肝癌模型,随机分为4组,每组9只.A组行单纯RFA治疗,B、C、D组分别在TAE治疗后1、4、7天行RFA治疗.各组在治疗后1、4、7天取标本,观察疗效.结果 毁损范围:A组(2.99±0.18)cm2与B组(3.67±0.32)cm2、C组(3.65±0.29)cm2、D组(3.53±0.16)cm2比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),B、C、D组之间比较筹异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 在一定时间内TAE与RFA联合治疗可以明显增加肝脏肿瘤的坏死范围,提高坏死率.     

单针灌注电极射频消融治疗肝脏肿瘤疗效分析

目的 评价CT引导下单针灌注电极在肝脏肿瘤射频消融(RFA)治疗中的临床价值.方法 2008年1月-2008年12月,在CT引导下对24例患者37枚肝脏肿瘤采用RITA UniBlate射频电极进行RFA治疗,其中单个肿瘤者14例,2枚肿瘤者7例,3枚肿瘤者3例;肿瘤最大径≤3 cm者24枚,3.1～5 cm者8枚,>5 cm者5枚;随访期12个月.结果 治疗后完全消融肿瘤22枚(22/37,59.5%),其中病灶长径小于3 CB者19枚(19/24,79.2%),3.1～5 cm者2枚(2/8),大于5 cm者1枚(1/5);未完全消融肿瘤15枚(15/37,40.5%).随访12个月仍存活者15例(15/24,62.5%);死亡患者9例(9/24,病死率37.5%).10例AFP阳性患者中,术后5例下降至正常水平,3例虽有下降但仍高于正常,2例持续升高.RFA治疗后1例患者肝脏包膜下少量出血;患者均有不同程度发热和上腹部疼痛.结论 CT引导下RITA UniBlate单针灌注电极RFA治疗创伤小、并发症发生率低,近期疗效确切,是肝脏肿瘤安全有效的局部治疗方法;对直径小于3 cm的肿瘤1次消融有较高的完全消融率;对大于3 cm的肿瘤,需行多点重叠消融并结合其他消融治疗方法以实现肿瘤病灶的完全消融.     

无水酒精注射术联合射频消融术与单纯射频消融术治疗小肝癌的疗效比较

目的比较无水酒精注射术（PEI）联合射频消融术（RFA）治疗方案与单纯RFA治疗小肝癌的疗效。方法回顾分析我院2006年1月～2008年1月进行的68例小肝癌射频消融治疗患者的临床资料。68例中37例行PEI联合RFA术,31例行单纯RFA术。比较两组肿瘤完全消融率,复发率,复发时间,术后1、2、3年生存率等情况。结果 PEI联合RFA组肿瘤完全消融率91.89%,局部复发率10.81%,局部复发时间（14.22±3.48）月,1、2、3年的生存率分别为89.19%、81.08%和72.97%。单纯RFA组肿瘤完全消融率70.97%,局部复发率32.26%,局部复发时间（9.15±2.68）月,1、2、3年的生存率87.10%、77.42%和48.39%。PEI联合RFA组在肿瘤完全消融率、局部复发率、复发时间、术后3年生存率方面好于单纯RFA组。结论 PEI联合RFA治疗小肝癌疗效优于单纯RFA治疗,在小肝癌的治疗中有重要临床应用价值。     

超声引导下经皮微波消融较大肝癌治疗策略探索

目的探索较大肝癌经皮微波消融的治疗方案设计、布针原则、治疗效果及其并发症。方法 99例原发性肝癌(134个癌结节)经超声引导下行肿瘤微波消融治疗。根据瘤体大小、形态设计不同的治疗方案及布针原则。术后进行疗效的评估。结果本组病灶经超声引导下行肿瘤微波消融治疗后,4.1～5.0 cm、5.1～6.0 cm及>6 cm的肝癌完全消融率分别达到97.78%(44/45)、94.44%(34/36)、73.68%(14/19),总消融率94.03%(124/134);46个临近重要结构或大血管的病灶在超声引导下均穿刺布针成功,肿瘤完全消融率86.05%(37/43);微波消融后并发症的总发生率为21.21%(21/99),对症处理后均自然消失;病灶局部复发率为18.66%(25/134);远处再发率为15.15%(15/99);患者1、2、3、5年累计生存率分别为89.90%(89/99),71.83%(51/71),53.06%(26/49),28.57%(4/14)。结论采用"地毯式消融"、"防火带消融"策略以及"扩大消融范围的组合方案"治疗较大和邻近重要结构的肝癌是安全、有效、可行的。     

CT导向下射频消融治疗肝脏肿瘤

目的 研究射频消融(RFA)对肝脏恶性肿瘤的治疗效果.方法 对30例肝脏恶性肿瘤患者共38个病灶CT引导下进行经皮射频消融治疗,大小2.5～12 cm,其中原发性肝癌26例,转移性肝癌4例.应用美国RIDA 1500型射频消融仪,电极针为15G的9根伞状排列的可伸缩针,电极针打开后最大直径可达5 cm.术前术后均进行增强CT扫描,并定期随访.结果 RFA操作均顺利完成.平均5.5 d后患者康复出院或接受其他方案治疗. 治疗结束后即刻CT平扫,肿瘤内有小点状气体形成者20例,30 d后螺旋CT扫描,增强后38个结节中,直径≤3 cm的4个病灶全部坏死,直径在3～5 cm之间12个病灶,7个全部坏死,5个部分坏死, 直径>5 cm的22个病灶5个全部坏死,均为先行1～2次经肝动脉导管化疗栓塞治疗病人,17个病灶部分坏死.术后常见并发症主要为肝区疼痛、发热、气胸及胸腔积液,无射频治疗相关的死亡.结论 CT引导下经皮射频消融是一种安全有效治疗肝脏恶性肿瘤的方法.     

温控射频消融治疗VX2肝癌实验研究

目的 探索不同温度控制条件下射频消融(RFA)治疗兔VX2肝癌后靶区内肿瘤细胞凋亡及增殖变化.方法 采用开腹组织块法构建兔VX2肝癌模型,随机分为对照组(n=6,未行RFA)和实验组A组(n=24,射频针温度50～70℃)、B组(n=24,射频针温度70～90℃)、C组(n=24,射频针温度90～110℃).实验组分别接受CT引导下不同温控RFA,靶区由消融中心向外周依次分为针道区、消融区和交界区;采用苏木精-伊红(HE)染色观察肿瘤及周围肝组织病理学变化,脱氧核糖核苷酸末端转移酶介导的缺口末端标记法(TUNEL)和增殖细胞核抗原(PCNA)免疫组化法检测各区带肿瘤细胞凋亡及增殖情况.结果 RFA后实验组各组各区带6个时间点(术后即刻,1、3、7、14、21 d)标本肿瘤细胞凋亡指数(AI)和增殖指数(PI)与对照组比较,均有统计学差异(P＜0.05);B、C组区带各时间点AI均高于A组(P＜0.05),B、C组间无明显差异(P＞0.05);术后7、14、21 d时B、C组消融区和交界区PI均低于A组(P＜0.05),且术后21 d时C组PI低于B组(P＜0.05).结论 RFA温控在50～110℃能达到基本灭活针道区兔VX2肝癌细胞的作用,选择90～110℃温控更利于彻底控制肿瘤.     

肝细胞癌的射频消融治疗:外科医生的观点

肝脏切除目前仍然是肝癌治疗的首选方法,但射频消融(RFA)对直径＜3cm的小肝细胞癌(HCC)可获得相当效果.由于肿瘤大小、位置、技术等诸多因素,射频消融治疗仍存在缺陷,若要突破此瓶颈,达到外科切除的效果,则应遵循外科的治疗原则,一次性对肿瘤进行完全消融是非常必要的.目前,在腹腔镜辅助下,对一些位置特殊及直径较大(＞3cm)的HCC已能实现一次性完全消融,且无痛、安全、微创.把微创外科与外科消融两种理念相结合,有可能促进HCC治疗的进一步提高和发展.     

经皮集束电极射频消融治疗小肝癌

目的 探讨经皮集束电极射频消融(radiofrequency ablation,RFA)对小肝癌(直径≤3cm)的治疗效果。方法利用RF-2000TM肿瘤射频治疗系统,在B超引导下对21例小肝癌患者24个肿块进行经皮肝穿刺射频热凝治疗,并用B超及CT检查以了解RFA治疗效果,随访观察其复发和生存情况。结果 RFA治疗后100％(20/20)的肿块血供消失(另4个治疗前即无血供),且2,4个肿块呈完全凝固性坏死(100％)。随访6月-3年,21侧中存活19例,半年生存率100％。存活的19例中,已有5例生存半年,4例生存1年,6例生存2年,4例生存3年。结论 集束电极RFA治疗小肝癌创伤小,安全,疗效可靠。     

Radiofrequency thermal ablation of liver tumors

Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of liver tumors was first proposed in 1990. New technologies enable us to produce liver thermal lesions of approximately 3–3.5 cm in diameter; RFA has consequently become an emerging percutaneous therapeutic option both for small hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and for non-resectable liver metastases, mainly from colorectal cancer. New devices (for example, triplet of cooled needles, wet needles) and combined therapies (tumor ischemia and RFA) have made it possible to treat large tumors. RFA can be carried out by a percutaneous, laparoscopic or laparotomic approach. Percutaneous RFA can be performed with local anaesthesia and mild sedation; deep sedation or general anaesthesia are also used. The guidance system is generally represented by ultrasound. CT or MR examinations are the more sensitive tests for assessing therapeutic results. The series of patients treated with RFA allow the technique to be considered as effective and safe, achieving a relatively high rate of cure in properly selected cases; it should be classified as curative/effective treatment for HCC, replacing percutaneous ethanol injection. The complication rate of RFA is low but not negligible; key elements in a strategy to minimize them are identified.     

Radiofrequency ablation of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: feasability,local tumor control,and long-term outcome

A retrospective analysis of patients who underwent radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHCC) was performed. Seven patients with 9 tumors underwent RFA. The mean tumor size was 2.4 cm (range=1.3–3.3 cm). RFA achieved technique effectiveness and local tumor control in 89% (8/9 tumors) of the patients respectively, with a mean overall survival of 38.5 months (range=12–69 months). To conclude, RFA was effective in achieving local tumor control and may offer a therapeutic option for patients with recurrent or primary IHCC.     

Radiofrequency Ablation for Treating Liver Metastases from a Non-Colorectal Origin

Objective

We wanted to assess the safety and efficacy of performing radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in patients with non-colorectal liver metastases.

Materials and Methods

In this retrospective study, 25 patients with 40 hepatic metastases (M:F = 17:8; mean age, 57 years; tumor size, 0.5-5.0 cm) from a non-colorectal origin (stomach, biliary, breast, pancreas, kidney and skin) were treated with RFA. The RFA procedures were performed using either an internally cooled electrode or a clustered electrode under ultrasound or CT guidance. Contrast-enhanced CT scans were obtained immediately after RFA and follow-up CT scans were performed within three months after ablation and subsequently at least every six months. The intrahepatic disease-free interval was estimated and the overall survival from the time of the initial RFA was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method.

Results

No intraprocedural deaths occurred, but four major complications developed, including abscesses (n = 3) and pneumothorax (n = 1). Technical effectiveness was determined on the initial follow-up images. During the follow-up period (range, 5.9-68.6 months; median time, 18.8 months) for 37 tumors in 22 patients where technical effectiveness was achieved, 12 lesions (32%, 12 of 37) showed local tumor progression and new intrahepatic metastases occurred in 13 patients (59%, 13 of 22). The median intrahepatic disease-free interval was 10.1 months. The 1-year, 3-year and 5-year overall survival rates after RFA were 86%, 39% and 19%, respectively.

Conclusion

RFA showed intermediate therapeutic effectiveness for the treatment of non-colorectal origin liver metastases.     

Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation of lung tumors in a large animal model

PURPOSE: Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is accepted therapy for liver tumors in the appropriate clinical setting, but its use in lung neoplasms remains investigational. We undertook this study to evaluate the feasibility and immediate effectiveness of RFA for treatment of both solitary pulmonary nodules and clusters of lung tumors in a large animal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Percutaneous RFA of 14 lung tumors in five dogs was performed under CT guidance. Animals were euthanatized 8-48 hours after the procedure. The lungs and adjacent structures were harvested for gross and histopathologic evaluation. RESULTS: Five solitary pulmonary nodules (range, 17-26 mm) and three clusters of three nodules each (range, 7-17 mm per nodule) were treated with RFA. All ablations were technically successful. Perilesional ground-glass opacity and small asymptomatic pneumothoraces (n = 4) were visualized during the RFA sessions. One dog developed a large pneumothorax treated with tube thoracostomy but was euthanatized 8 hours post-RFA for persistent pneumothorax and continued breathing difficulty. Follow-up CT 48 hours post-RFA revealed opacification of the whole lung segment. Gross and histopathologic evaluation showed complete thermal coagulation necrosis of all treated lesions without evidence of any viable tumor. The region of thermal coagulation necrosis typically extended to the lung surface. Small regions of pulmonary hemorrhage and congestion often surrounded the areas of coagulation necrosis. CONCLUSIONS: RFA can be used to treat both solitary pulmonary nodules and clusters of tumor nodules in the canine lung tumor model. This model may be useful for development of specific RFA protocols for human lung tumors.     

Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor: a Possible Complication of Percutaneous Radiofrequency Ablation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma

An inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is an uncommon, benign lesion characterized by the mesenchymal proliferation and infiltration of inflammatory cells composed primarily of lymphocytes and plasma cells. A percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) is an effective and safe therapeutic modality used for the management of liver malignancies. Here we report, for the first time, a case of IMT as a complication of RFA for hepatocellular carcinoma in a 61-year-old man with a Child''s class A hepatitis B-related liver cirrhosis. Gastrohepatic fistula formation was pathologically proven and associated with the RFA. Such a longstanding inflammation of the fistula might have been a possible cause of the development of IMT in this case.     

Percutaneous radiofrequency thermal ablation of lung VX2 tumors in a rabbit model using a cooled tip-electrode: feasibility,safety, and effectiveness

RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of percutaneous CT-guided transthoracic radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of lung VX2 tumors implanted in rabbits. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-five rabbits with implanted lung VX2 tumors were divided into two groups, an RFA group (n = 28) and a control group (n = 7). In the RFA group, RFA was performed on VX2 tumors using a 17-gauge internally cooled-tip electrode. Contrast-enhanced CT was performed before the RFA and on the same day, day 3, weeks 1, 2, 3, and months 1, 2, 6, and 9, after the RFA. The therapeutic efficacy was evaluated by CT and pathologic findings. RESULTS: RFA of lung tumors was technically successful in each instance. Complete tumor ablation was achieved in 19 of the 28 rabbits (67.9%) in the RFA group. Nine rabbits (32.1%) showed local tumor relapse and mediastinal lymph nodal or pleural metastasis. The animals in the control group died of end-stage malignancies with diffuse tumor spread and malignant pleural effusion (mean 26 +/- 2.7 days). There were 17 (60.7%) complications related to the procedure, ie, pneumothorax (n = 12), obstructive pneumonia (n = 3), hemothorax (n = 1), and burn (n = 1). RFA of centrally located VX2 tumors (in inner 2/3 of the lung) was more frequently associated with complications than RFA of peripherally located VX2 tumors ( P= 0.02). CONCLUSION: This experimental study demonstrates the feasibility of RFA therapy for treating lung VX2 tumors in rabbits, although RFA for central tumors carries the potential for major complications, including large pneumothorax or obstructive pneumonia.     

Radiofrequenzablation – ist eine Technik am Ende?

According to current scientific investigations radiofrequency ablation (RFA) as a local ablative tumor therapy for unresectable liver malignancies is currently accepted as the best therapeutic choice. The results of randomized trials justify RFA for small hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) and RFA is considered to be a viable alternative to resection for inoperable patients with limited hepatic metastatic disease, especially from colorectal cancer (CRC LM). However, surgical resection still remains the gold standard for resectable CRC LM. The intraprocedural image guidance modality of choice is computed tomography (CT) alongside CT fluoroscopy. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are used for preprocedural lesion detection and differentiation as well as for follow-up and can be used to perform RFA procedures as well. This article highlights new developments in RFA.     

螺旋CT对射频消融治疗肝脏恶性肿瘤的疗效评价

目的　探讨螺旋CT在肝脏恶性肿瘤射频消融治疗后随访过程中的价值。方法　对 3 6例超声引导下经皮穿刺射频消融治疗的肝脏恶性肿瘤患者 (2 9例原发性肝癌和 7例转移性肝癌 )定期进行螺旋CT双期增强扫描检查 ,观察射频消融的效果及肿瘤复发的情况。结果　肿瘤残留或原位复发的主要征象是消融区的边缘呈带状或结节样强化 ,或在随访CT复查中 ,肿瘤的体积不断增大。在射频消融治疗后的首次CT复查中 ,2 8例 (77.8% )肿瘤出现完全坏死。在随后的CT随访复查中 ,2例 (5.6% )出现肝内原位复发 ,4例 (11.1% )出现肝内异位复发。结论　对于合适的肝脏恶性肿瘤 ,射频消融是一种疗效确切的肿瘤局部治疗方法 ,在其疗效评价和长期随访过程中 ,螺旋CT双期增强扫描是有效的影像检查手段     

A tamponade leading to death after radiofrequency ablation of hepatocellular carcinoma

A case of hemorrhagic cardiac tamponade after radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) leading to death is presented. The complication occurred during a procedure performed under general anesthesia with an expandable needle system for a 2-cm HCC sited in the second segment of the liver close to the diaphragm. Thermal damage to the organs surrounding the liver are major complications of liver tumor RFA. For lesions that are adjacent to the cardiac cavities, a discussion of better therapeutic options remains necessary and has to take into account the effectiveness and complication rate of each technique.This revised version was published online in January 2005 with corrections to the author names. First names and names had been inverted.     

Hepatic transit time: indicator of the therapeutic response to radiofrequency ablation of liver tumours

The aim of this study was to evaluate changes of hepatic transit time (HTT) in patients treated by radiofrequency ablation (RFA). Five consecutive patients (2 females, 3 males; mean age 66 years) referred for treatment of liver neoplasm with percutaneous application of RFA were included in this study. The HTT of contrast agent (Sonovue(R); Bracco International B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands) was measured in patients with liver metastases on the basis of time intensity curve (TIC(R)) before and after RFA, respectively. Changes of HTT before vs after RFA were compared with therapeutic response based on three-phase dynamic CT or MRI. Before RFA HTT in all 5 patients was less than 10 s (mean 6.2+/-1.5 s). After RFA HTT in patients with complete therapeutic response was 11.3+/-1.2 s, whereas two patients with incomplete treatment showed unchanged HTT below 10 s (mean 6.3+/-1.8 s). Successful RFA leads to a normalization in HTT. HTT using ultrasound contrast agent appears to provide a new and alternative approach in assessing the therapeutic effect of RFA in liver metastases.