二维与三维超声联合应用对胎儿畸形的产前诊断价值

目的 探讨超声成像在胎儿畸形诊断中的临床应用价值。方法对联合应用二维、三维超声检出的90例胎儿畸形进行回顾性分析,并将超声诊断与临床诊断进行比较。结果二者联合应用诊断总符合率高达100％,三维超声可以弥补二维超声的不足。结论二维超声联合三维超声可以准确诊断胎儿畸形,提高检出率。     

实时三维超声对胎儿畸形的诊断价值

目的:探讨实时三维超声成像在胎儿畸形诊断的临床价值。方法:利用实时三维超声仪,所有患者先常规作二维超声检查,之后再由同一操作者行三维超声检查,并将二维及三维超声检查结果相对照。结果:实时三维超声成像技术应用可使胎儿某些畸形诊断更为准确直观。结论:三维超声能直观显示胎儿结构,三维超声检查诊断胎儿畸形的敏感性、特异性及准确性高,是二维超声检查的重要补充,与二维超声联合应用,可提高胎儿畸形的检出率。     

三维超声成像技术在诊断胎儿畸形中的应用价值

目的探讨三维超声成像技术在诊断胎儿畸形的临床价值。方法采用美国GE公司VOLUSON-730型三维超声成像仪对1510例中晚期妊娠胎儿进行二维及三维超声检查,并临床随访。结果本组对1510例胎儿检查中,经引产或出生后证实共有畸形胎儿32例。二维超声检查漏诊2例,误诊1例,其敏感性、特异性分别为93.8%、99.9%,而三维超声联合二维超声均作出正确诊断。结论三维超声可提供更丰富的诊断信息,可提高产前诊断胎儿畸形的准确率。     

三维超声诊断胎儿先天性畸形的应用分析

目的探讨三维超声成像在先天性胎儿畸形诊断中的应用价值。方法对108例合并有胎儿畸形的孕妇进行二维及三维超声检查,对比两者在先天性胎儿畸形诊断中的应用价值。结果追踪产后或引产后结果,共确定胎儿先天性畸形118处,三维超声检查并符合实际畸形情况的共有110处,诊断准确率为93.2%,二维超声确诊并与实际符合共有88处,诊断准确率为74.6%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论与二维超声相比,三维超声直观立体感强,能够直观地反映胎儿体表结构、立体形态及相互间的位置关系,实时观察宫内胎儿各个器官发育情况,且具有方法简单,准确性高的优点,对临床具有重要的诊断价值。     

超声检查在胎儿全前脑畸形中的应用分析

目的探讨超声在产前诊断胎儿全前脑畸形中的应用价值。方法先用二维超声对胎儿进行检查，按顺序、连续、多切面及多角度进行观察，然后对检出有全前脑畸形胎儿进行面部实时三维成像，并将产前诊断与引产后病理诊断进行跟踪对照。结果在检出10例全前脑畸形中有4例无叶全前脑、6例半叶全前脑；畸肜胎儿的孕龄在15～32w之间；全部病例均伴有颜面部畸形，漏诊1例；5例伴有其它系统的畸形。结论三维超声提供逼真胎儿图像，对二维超声具有重要的补充作用；如超声医生能熟练掌握胎儿正常及异常的颅脑结构的超声特征，能在较早妊娠中期准确诊断无叶全前脑及半叶全前脑病变。     

三维及二维超声成像诊断胎儿畸形198例对照分析

目的探讨三维超声成像诊断胎儿畸形的临床应用价值.方法对198例有胎儿畸形的孕妇进行二维及三维超声检查,对照两者的检查结果,比较两者对胎儿畸形的诊断水平.结果198例孕妇经追踪随访共有胎儿畸形212处.三维超声成像确定并与实际畸形数相符共207处,二维成像为183处.三维超声对胎儿颅面部、脊柱四肢畸形的诊断率可达到98.1%和81.3%,与二维超声相比,差异有显著意义（P＜0.05）.结论三维超声能够直观地反映胎儿体表结构的细微特征、立体形态及相互间的位置关系,在胎儿颅面部、脊柱、四肢畸形方面的诊断中明显优于二维超声,作为二维超声的有益补充,在产前诊断胎儿畸形方面发挥重要作用.     

三维彩色多普勒超声在胎儿畸形诊断中的应用

目的探讨实时动态三维超声在产前胎儿畸形诊断中的应用价值。方法对45例孕中期经二维超声检查后可疑畸形的胎儿,在征得孕妇同意后进一步行三维彩超检查：应用西门子Acuson Antares三维彩色多普勒超声诊断仪,采用表面模式和透明模式成像,对可疑畸形部位多方位扫查;明确诊断的畸形胎儿,产后及引产后对照、统计,对骨骼畸形的胎儿做X线检查。结果45例胎儿中发现畸形43例（复合畸形6例）,均经引产或产后证实;上述胎儿畸形中,实时三维超声成像对于唇裂、体表赘生物、内脏外翻、脊柱裂、四肢及脊柱等畸形均可清晰而直观地显示,而对于其他胎儿畸形如多囊肾、肾积水、小脑发育异常等则无法显示。结论实时三维超声成像技术在产前畸形诊断中有一定的优势,是二维成像技术的补充,而不能替代二维成像,在临床诊断唇裂、内脏外翻、脊柱裂、四肢和脊柱畸形等方面有非常重要的价值。     

三维超声与二维超声在胎儿畸形检查中的应用

目的探讨三维超声与二维超声检查产前胎儿畸形的临床诊断价值。方法 2010～2011年我院门诊及住院超声检查1105位孕妇进行产前超声检查,采用三维超声和二维超声联合筛查胎儿是否存在畸形。结果检出35例胎儿畸形中,均经引产后证实,且无一例漏诊。三维超声的检出率为98%。结论二维超声及三维超声在观察胎儿畸形上各有其临床价值和优势,我们需综合分析评价,以做出正确的判断。产前三维超声诊断胎儿畸形,对预后的判断及优生优育有重要的临床价值。     

产前超声检查诊断胎儿畸形价值分析

目的 探讨产前超声检查诊断胎儿畸形的临床价值.方法 常规开展孕期保健的产妇2950例,产前均二维、二维+三维超声检查,统计分析产前超声诊断胎儿畸形部位及孕周分布情况,以病理筛查为金标准,分析比较二维、二维+三维超声筛查结果的灵敏度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值.结果 2950例孕妇经超声检出21例畸形,占0.71％....     

实时三维超声诊断胎儿体表畸形的价值

目的探讨实时三维超声(又称四维)在诊断胎儿体表畸形中的应用价值。方法回顾性分析76例经超声诊断胎儿存在不同程度畸形病例,并经产后证实,所有检查均包含应用了实时三维与二维超声,分析二维及三维超声提供的畸形部位、形态,并比较二者超声诊断与产后诊断的符合率。结果产前76例胎儿诊断体表畸形83处,产后证实畸形87处,二维超声诊断与产后诊断相符的有68处(符合率78.16%),实时三维超声诊断85处(符合率97.7%),二者比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论实时三维超声成像较二维超声成像更直观准确,能够提供二维超声无法提供的更多、更准确的信息,在产前诊断方面具有一定的临床应用价值。     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg.kg) or i.p. (50 mg.kg) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) l.h. kg in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) l.h. kg in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Quantitative in vivo and in vitro sex differences in artemisinin metabolism in rat

1. The pharmacokinetics of the antimalarial compound artemisinin were compared in the male and female Sprague-Dawley rat after single dose i.v. (20 mg x kg(-1)) or i.p. (50 mg x kg(-1)) administration of an emulsion formulation. 2. Plasma clearance of artemisinin was 12.0 (95% confidence interval: 10.4, 13.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the male rat and 10.6 (95% CI: 7.5, 15.0) 1 x h(-1) x kg(-1) in the female rat suggesting high hepatic extraction in combination with erythrocyte uptake or clearance. Artemisinin half-life was approximately 0.5 h after both routes of administration in both sexes. Values for plasma clearance and half-lives did not statistically differ between the sexes. 3. After i.p. administration artemisinin AUCs were 2-fold higher in the female compared with male rat (p < 0.001). Artemisinin disappearance was 3.9-fold greater in microsomes from male compared with female livers and it was inhibited in male microsomes by goat or rabbit serum containing antibodies against CYP2C11 and CYP3A2 but not CYP2B1 or CYP2E1. 4. The unbound fraction of artemisinin in plasma was lower (p < 0.001) in plasma obtained from the male (8.8 +/- 2.0%) compared with the female rat (11.7 +/- 2.2%). 5. The possibility of a marked sex difference, dependent on the route of administration, has to be taken into account in the design and interpretation of toxicological studies of artemisinin in this species.     

Interindividual variability in metabolic activation in humans in vivo

In assessing interindividual variability in metabolic activation, the toxic metabolite is often too unstable for conventional analysis. Possible alternatives include a stable product of the reactive metabolite e.g. cysteinyl derivatives of N-acetyl-4-benzoquinoneimine, the toxic metabolite of paracetamol, adducts with DNA or protein, and indirect measurement of the activity of the enzyme(s) producing the active metabolite. An example of the last approach is the use of furafylline, a highly specific inhibitor of human CYP1A2, to determine the extent of the metabolic activation of the cooked food mutagens PhIP and MeIQx. The extent of inhibition, determined from levels of unchanged amine in urine, is an indirect measure of the activity of the activation pathway. Further refinement of this approach, allied to improved measures of the biological process of interest should prove of value in evaluating interindividual variability and its role in the risk assessment process.     

Theophylline kinetics in peripheral tissues in vivo in humans

Several biochemical and cellular effects have been described for methylxanthines under in vitro conditions. However, it is unknown, whether threshold concentrations required to exert these effects are attained in target tissues in vivo. We therefore employed the microdialysis technique for measuring theophylline concentrations in peripheral tissues under in vivo conditions.Following in vitro and in vivo calibration, microdialysis probes were inserted into the medial vastus muscle and into the periumbilical subcutaneous adipose layer of healthy volunteers. Following single oral dose administration of 300 mg or i.v. infusion of 240 mg theophylline, in vivo time courses of theophylline concentrations were monitored in tissues and plasma. Major pharmacokinetic parameters (c_max, t_max, AUC) were calculated for plasma and tissue time courses. The mean AUC_tissue /AUC_plasma-ratio was 0.56 (p.o.) and 0.55 (i.v.) for muscle and 0.55 (p.o.) and 0.72 (i.v.) for subcutaneous adipose tissue.We conclude that microdialysis provides important information on the distribution and the tissue pharmacokinetics of theophylline.Abbreviations FPIA Fluorescence polarisation immuno assay - AUC Area under the curve - t_max Time to peak concentration - c_max Peak concentration     

休克时血中氧自由基的变化

本实验测定10名休克患者血浆和红细胞的丙二醛(MDA)、血浆总抗的氧化活性(AOA)的含量。结果表明:休克病人红细胞膜和血浆 MDA 含量(4.298±0.722;5.348±0.834)与对照组(3.235±0.682;4.356±1.081)比较明显增高(P<0.05);血浆 AOA(39.65±7.858)与对照组(48.21±10.81)比较明显降低(P<0.01)。提示:休克时,患者机体内自由基反应增强是引起组织细胞损伤的原因之一。     

Changes in angiopoietin expression in glomeruli involved in glomerulosclerosis in rats with daunorubicin-induced nephrosis

AIM: To study the potential pathological role of endogenous angiopoietins in daunorubicin-induced progressive glomerulosclerosis in rats. METHODS: Seventy male Wistar rats were allocated randomly into a daunorubicin group (DRB; n=40) or a control group (n=30). The rats in the DRB group were injected with DRB (15 mg/kg), in their tails. Subsequently, at intervals of 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 weeks, 5 male Wistar rats in each group were chosen randomly for 24 h urinary protein quantitative measurements (24 h UPQM), and determination of plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), angiopoietin-1 (Ang1), and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) levels. Kidney sections were examined by electron microscopy, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization histochemistry. RESULTS: As glomerulosclerosis progressed in the DRB group, expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli decreased and expression of TNF-alpha protein, Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli increased. Expression of Ang1 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were negatively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression, and mean area of extracellular matrix (MAECM). In comparison, expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli were positively correlated with 24 h UPQM, Fn protein expression and MAECM; furthermore, there was a positive correlation between plasma Ang2 and 24 h UPQM. Plasma TNF-alpha and expression of TNF-alpha in glomeruli were positively correlated with expression of Ang2 mRNA and protein in glomeruli. There was a negative correlation between Ang1 protein expression and Ang2 protein expression in glomeruli. CONCLUSION: During DRB-induced glomerulosclerosis, podocyte injury led to a shift in the balance of Ang1 and Ang2 in glomeruli. Increased TNF-alpha in plasma and glomeruli may upregulate Ang2 expression in glomeruli. Elevated Ang2 in both plasma and glomeruli may mediate protein permeability through the glomerular filtration barrier. Moreover, local expression of Ang2 may facilitate the progress of glomerulosclerosis by upregulating a component expression of extracellular matrix.     

Trichinellosis in immigrants in Switzerland

We describe a case of trichinellosis diagnosed at the Division of Infectious Diseases, Hospital of Lugano, in January 2009. This case was associated with a cluster of cases and was traced to the consumption of contaminated meat after a wild boar hunt in Bosnia.