社区抗高血压药物用药情况和依从性调查

目的探讨社区高血压患者降压药物的依从性及其相关因素。方法调查并回顾性分析社区高血压病患者1648例的降压药物依从性及其相关因素;调查降压药物的使用情况和药物副作用的发生率;观察药物依从者和不依从者的血压水平变化。结果社区高血压患者的心血管危险因素分层前几位依次为脂质代谢紊乱、吸烟、左心室肥厚和糖尿病。30．1％的患者曾住院治疗,36．5％的患者在社区保健院门诊随访,63．5％的患者在医院门诊随访。在社区和医院门诊随访期间的药物依从性分别为48．3％和47.9％。药物不依从的原因包括：药物副作用、血压控制不佳、经济原因等。药物依从者血压控制佳,波动小;而不依从者血压控制不佳,波动大。结论在社区和医院门诊随访期间的药物依从性无明显差异。     

3种抗高血压药物治疗高血压伴糖尿病肾病的疗效比较

目的比较氨氯地平、贝那普利和厄贝沙坦单独和联合使用治疗高血压伴糖尿病肾病的疗效及安全性。方法将268例患者按使用的降压药物类型分为氨氯地平组、贝那普利组、厄贝沙坦组、氨氯地平+贝那普利组(氨贝组)、氨氯地平+厄贝沙坦组(氨厄组)。比较各组治疗前后血压、尿微量白蛋白水平及不良反应发生情况。结果治疗后,氨氯地平组、贝那普利组和厄贝沙坦组均能较好地控制血压,贝那普利组和厄贝沙坦组的尿蛋白也有显著下降,但贝那普利组的不良反应发生率相对较高。联合用药组的降压疗效、肾脏保护作用及不良反应发生率均显著优于单药各组。结论氨氯地平、贝那普利和厄贝沙坦均具有明显的降压效果,其中厄贝沙坦降压作用与氨氯地平相当,厄贝沙坦与氨氯地平联用后疗效增强,不良反应少,值得临床使用。     

Hemodynamic effects of antihypertensive drugs

Elevated total peripheral resistance and normal cardiac output are the hemodynamic characteristics of chronic essential hypertension. One approach to treating hypertension matches the individual pathophysiology with the hemodynamic effects of antihypertensive drugs. Antiadrenergic drugs are appropriate second-step therapy in many cases of established hypertension; by reducing total peripheral resistance, these agents can reduce blood pressure while sparing cardiac output and renal blood flow. The physician should treat elderly hypertensive patients cautiously and consider using drug with a favorable hemodynamic profile.     

Lipid and non-lipid effects of enduracin in patients with arterial hypertension]

AIM: To analyze lipid and non-lipid effects of 6-month administration of enduracine in patients with marked dislipoproteinemia suffering from arterial hypertension with ischemic heart disease or without it. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 40 hypertensive patients (27 males and 13 females, mean age 52.43 +/- 1.68 years) entered the study of enduracine effects. Most of them received enduracine for 6 months in a dose 1500 mg/day. Lipids levels were measured in all the patients. Blood flow along major brain arteries was determined at transcranial dopplerography in 23 patients. RESULTS: A 6-month course of enduracine in a dose 1500 mg/day promoted normalization of serum lipid spectrum, vascular tonicity and reactivity of cerebral arteries, produced a mild hypotensive effect. CONCLUSION: Endurance (a long-acting form of nicotinic acid) has favourable lipid and non-lipid effects in patients with dislipoproteinemias and arterial hypertension in the presence or absence of ischemic heart disease.     

Metabolic and antihypertensive effects of nebivolol and atenolol in normometabolic patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension.

This was a double-blind, randomized, two-center, active-controlled, prospective, parallel study designed to evaluate the effects of nebivolol at daily doses of 5 mg on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism and on blood pressure in comparison with atenolol at daily doses of 50 mg. Normometabolic subjects with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension were recruited for this study, which included a 4-week, single-blind placebo washout phase and a 12-week double-blind treatment phase. After 12 weeks of treatment, both drugs demonstrated a significant decrease from baseline in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) apolipoprotein A-I (HDL-apoA-I) (nebivolol, P <.02; atenolol, P <.05). A significant reduction in HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) from baseline was also observed with nebivolol (P <.05). There were no significant differences between the drugs for these parameters, and the ratio low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)-to-HDL-C did not change significantly after 12 weeks of active treatment with nebivolol or atenolol. There were no significant changes in total cholesterol, HDL (2) -C, HDL (3) -C, LDL-C, very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), total triglycerides, HDL-triglycerides (TG), LDL-TG, VLDL-TG, total apoB, LDL-B, VLDL-B (including the ratio LDL-C-to-LDL-apoB), or Lp(a) during treatment with both drugs. No significant differences in plasma apoA-I and apoC-III as well as in apoA-I-, C-III-containing lipoprotein particles (including the apoC-III ratio) were observed between the drugs, neither before nor after each active treatment. There were no significant differences between the drugs or within each treatment group in plasma glucose, insulin, or C-peptide concentrations after a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test. Mean clinic trough sitting systolic blood pressure (SBP)/diastolic blood pressure (DBP) significantly decreased from 150/98 mm Hg at baseline to 141/90 mm Hg at termination for nebivolol and from 160/99 mm Hg at baseline to 145/88 mm Hg at termination for atenolol. No significant between-treatment differences were observed for the mean clinic trough sitting SBP/DBP. Both drugs significantly increased the atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) N-terminal plasma levels, whereas no changes were observed in ANF C-terminal plasma concentrations. A significant decrease (P <. 05) in the plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone levels was observed after administration of both drugs. A significant decrease (P <.05) in plasma cortisol levels was observed only after atenolol treatment. The incidence of adverse events reported during nebivolol treatment was comparable to that observed during atenolol treatment. Heart rate was significantly reduced by both drugs. There were no significant changes in hematology, biochemistry, or urinalysis studies. Neither nebivolol nor atenolol adversely affected lipid or carbohydrate metabolism in normometabolic hypertensive patients. Both treatments demonstrated adequate and similar antihypertensive effects and were well tolerated.     

波依定、洛汀新、倍他乐克治疗轻中度原发性高血压患者的疗效分析

目的 比较波依定、洛汀新、倍他乐克对轻中度原发性高血压患者的降压疗效.方法 采用随机、单盲的方法分三组治疗,运用偶测及动态血压监测结果分析疗效.结果 以偶测血压观察三组的降压效果,三组降低清晨平均血压的作用均无显著差异.波依定组降低白昼平均和全天24 h平均血压的幅度大于洛汀新、倍他乐克组.结论 波依定组降压总有效率为90%,洛汀新组降压总有效率为86.7%,倍他乐克组总降压有效率为83.3%,三组药物均能有效降低血压,其中以波依定组起效较快,降低白昼及全天平均血压幅度优于洛汀新、倍他乐克组,但三组相比其差异无显著性(P＞0.05).     

不同降压药物对老年高血压患者脉搏波速度改善作用的比较

目的：评价替米沙坦、氨氯地平、氢氯噻嗪三种不同类型降压药对轻中度原发性高血压患者肱踝脉搏波速度（baPWV）的影响。方法：135例1～2级原发性高血压患者,随机分为3组：替米沙坦组（40mg／d,n=48）、氨氯地平组（5mg／d,n=45）、氢氯噻嗪组（12．5mg/d,n=42）,治疗4周后,如血压仍高于140／90mmHg（1mmHg=0．133kPa）,剂量加倍,疗程共12周。观察治疗前后血压及脉搏波传导速度的变化。结果：治疗12周后替米沙坦、氨氯地平及氢氯噻嗪组血压均有明显降低（P〈0．05）,但各组间的血压变化差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;替米沙坦组和氨氯地平组baPWV均明显下降（P〈0．05）,而氢氯噻嗪组治疗前后baPWV差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：替米沙坦及氨氯地平均能改善轻中度高血压患者酌动脓掸性日此种作用部分涯千茸隆压以外的颜．制．     

Comparative anti-hypertensive effectiveness and tolerance of drugs in patients with mild and moderate arterial hypertension

120 patients with mild and moderate arterial hypertension were treated outpatiently for 6 weeks with dilren (group 1), norvask (group 2), invoril (group 3) and caposide (group 4). Each group consisted of 30 patients. The drugs were given in doses: 300 mg/day, 5-10 mg/day, 10-20 mg/day and 1 tablet a day (50 mg capoten + 25 mg hydrochlortiaside), respectively. Arterial pressure was measured by patients in the morning and in the evening. A complete hypotensive response (AP < 140/90 mm Hg) to dilren was achieved in 25(83.3) patients, norvask in 22(73.3%), invoril in 18(60%), caposide in 13(43.3%) patients. The other 45(37.5%) patients responded partially. Side effects occurred in 31(25.8%) of 120 patients. In caposide, norvask, invoril and dilren treatment they were recorded in 9(30.3%), 8(26.7%), 8(26.7%) and 6(20%) patients, respectively. 11 patients withdrew because of side effects. Thus, dilren (300 mg/day), norvask (5-10 mg/day) and invoril (10-20 mg/day) are effective and safe in mild and moderate arterial hypertension. Caposide (1 tablet a day) failed to provide an adequate fall in arterial pressure throughout 24 hours.     

The hemodynamic effects of lomir and adalat in patients with postoperative arterial hypertension

Comparison of the hypotensive effects of lomir (isradipine) and adalat (nifedipine) in 36 patients showed lomir to be more effective after aortocoronary bypass surgery. Normalization of arterial pressure started 5-10 min after lomir infusion, followed by a 24.5% increase in cardiac output and decrease in peripheral vascular resistance by 43.8%. Arterial pressure did not rise after lomir infusion was discontinued. With adalat, arterial pressure normalized 30 min later, and the therapeutic effect was achieved with a very high dose (5-7 times higher than recommended). Cardiac output did not change, and cardiac arrhythmias were observed in 11.7% patients. Therefore, lomir is a preferable Ca channel blocker for treating postoperative arterial hypertension after aortocoronary bypass surgery.     

Early effects of enalapril in patients with chronic cerebral ischemia and arterial hypertension

The study included 56 patients with chronic cerebral ischemia and arterial hypertension. Protective effect of enalapril (enap) on endothelium was apparent as increased fibrinolytic activity of plasma, decreased platelet aggregation amplitude caused by adrenalin and ristocetin, partial restoration of endothelium-dependent vasodilation, and inhibition of Willebrand factor release in the arteriovenous occlusion test. The degree of reduction of neurologic deficit by enalapril correlated with the decrease in Willebrand factor release.     

不同类型的降压药物对高血压患者脉搏波速度的影响

目的探讨不同类型的降压药物对高血压患者臂一踝脉搏波速度（brachio—anklepulsewavevelocity,baPWV）的影响。方法健康体检首次确诊的高血压患者120例随机分为四组,每组30例,A组（苯磺酸左旋氨氯地平组）、B组（培多普利组）、C组（琥珀酸美托洛尔缓释片组）、D组（缬沙坦组）,与正常对照组对比分析血压、血糖、血脂和baPWV的变化。分别给予苯磺酸左旋氨氯地平、培多普利、琥珀酸美托洛尔缓释片、缬沙坦治疗12周后重复测量上述指标,前后对比分析血压和baPWV的变化。结果高血压患者与同期健康体检者对比,收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C）和baPWV显著高于正常对照组（P〈0．05）。前述药物治疗12周后,患者SBP、DBP和baPWV显著下降（P〈0．05）,苯磺酸左旋氨氯地平收缩压下降幅度（△SBP）（30．6±6．7）mmHgvs（20．7±5．3）mmHg、（19．6±6．1）mmHg、（21.5±4．3nllnHg）和舒张压下降幅度（ADBP）（20．8±7．1）mmHgvs（13．97±7．6）mmHg、（14．1±6．8）mmHg、（14．9±4．2）mmHg明显高于其他三种药物（P〈0．05）。结论常用降压药物可以降低高血压患者的脉搏波速度,改善动脉顺应性。     

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and tramadol in the treatment of osteoarthrosis deformans in patients with arterial hypertension

The prohypertensive effect of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can be manifested by the decreased efficiency of antihypertensive therapy. The tactics of their differential use in relation to the its effect on blood pressure (BP) in patients with osteoarthrosis (OA) and arterial hypertension (AH) has not been developed for the most effective and safe therapy. In this connection, it is extremely urgent to study the comparative safety of used NSAIDs as to their prohypertensive effect and to work out the management of patients with AH and OA. Ninety-eight patients with second-third degree OA of the knee and hip joints concurrent with the pain syndrome and first-second grade AH were followed up. Diclofenac, ketoprofen, arthrotec, nimesulide, and meloxicam were used. In a control group, the analgesic tramadol was supplemented to the therapy. AH was controlled by enalapril monotherapy. In groups of patients receiving diclofenac, arthrotec, meloxicam, and ketoprofen, there was a trend for the number of cases of an adequate nocturnal BP lowering (Dipper) to reduce and for those of an inadequate nocturnal BP decrease (Non-dipper), which may be accounted for by the prohypertensive effect of these drugs; this trend was most pronounced in the diclofenac and arthrotec groups. Despite its marked prohypertensive effect, nimesulide did not impair circadian BP variations. The central-acting analgesic tramadol exerted no prohypertensive effect and it did not increase BP values. The prohypertensive effect of the tested NSAIDs and tramadol increases in the following order: tramadol, ketoprofen, meloxicam, nimesulide, arthrotec, diclofenac.     

Syndrome of hypovolemia in patients with arterial hypertension

A total of 440 patients with essential arterial hypertension underwent measurement of daily sodium excretion in urine followed by calculation of table salt consumption, 24-hour monitoring of AP and determination of daily AP index. Patients divided into 3 groups of n = 98, 120 and 222 were estimated to daily consume 9, 12 and 16 or more gram of salt respectively. Clinical manifestations of arterial hypertension and AP values progressively increased from group 1 to 3. These changes were paralleled by increased requirement of hypotensive agents, AP variations, and the number of non-dippers and night-pickers. It is concluded that the above features of AH correlate with salt consumption and are related to hypervolemia.     

Clinical evaluation of changes in alimentary motivation and arterial pressure in patients with essential hypertension

A study was made of the main signs of food motivation in 132 patients with stages I-III essential hypertension on the basis of analysis of a special questionnaire: the patients were interviewed in hospital and after discharge (a total of 40-46 days) to reveal the effect of raised arterial pressure on food behavioral reactions. Clinical signs of a hypertensive crisis were noted in 87 patients, in 45 patients raised arterial pressure was not accompanied by a crisis. In 82% of the cases hypertensive reactions produced a marked effect on the manifestations of food motivation. Anorectic reactions prevailed in the first 3-6 days in 98 of 109 patients (80.7%). These reactions were pronounced and prolonged in the patients with normal body mass. During the second week hyperphagic reactions prevailed in 68% of the cases, their frequency, expression and period were greater in the patients with concomitant obesity. The revealed time course of food behavioral reactions reflected the phase of food motivation in patients with arterial hypertension: hypertensive anorexia followed by post-hypertensive hyperphagia for 2-3 weeks.     

Treatment of patients with arterial hypertension in Moscow

AIM: To analyze treatment for arterial hypertension in Moscow. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 1056 case histories of hypertensive patients referred to Moscow city cardiological hospital in 1999 were analysed. The analysis covered the following issues: frequency of use of antihypertensive drugs depending on the disease stage; adequacy of the doses; changes in the treatment due to the presence of hypertrophy of the left ventricular myocardium, cardiac failure, vascular complications, diabetes mellitus. RESULTS: Treatment of hypertension was not adequate in many patients. Often, inadequate decisions were made on the drugs doses, course regimens, monotherapy. CONCLUSION: Insufficiently effective treatment of arterial hypertension can result in aggravation of the disease and frequent complications.