Regulation of glutathione transferase and DT-diaphorase mRNAs in persistent hepatocyte nodules during chemical hepatocarcinogenesis.

We have utilized cDNA probes and in vitro translation analysis to quantitate the levels of rat liver glutathione transferase (glutathione S-aralkyltransferase; RX:glutathione R-transferase, EC 2.5.1.18) and DT-diaphorase [NAD-(P)H:quinone-acceptor oxidoreductase, EC 1.6.99.2] mRNAs in persistent hepatocyte nodules induced by chemical carcinogens. Our results indicate that within the nodules, glutathione transferase mRNAs specific for the Ya/Yc and Yb subunits are increased 3-fold and 5-fold, respectively, over the levels observed in normal liver or in the liver tissue surrounding the nodules. Similarly, the level of DT-diaphorase mRNA is increased 5- to 7-fold within the nodules as compared to surrounding liver tissue or normal liver. When animals were administered 3-methylcholanthrene, a typical inducer of these mRNAs in normal animals, a further increase in the glutathione transferase Yb mRNA(s) and DT-diaphorase mRNA was observed in the nodules; however, the Ya/Yc mRNA levels remained unaffected. Our data indicate that during chemically induced neoplastic transformation, the mRNA levels for the Yb subunit of glutathione transferase and DT-diaphorase are increased in the nodules but still retain the capacity to be regulated by 3-methylcholanthrene. Although the glutathione transferase Ya/Yc mRNAs are also increased in the nodules, they lost their ability to be regulated by 3-methylcholanthrene. These latter data suggest that within the nodules there is a specific defect in the regulatory mechanism(s) that leads to an induction of the Ya/Yc mRNAs in normal tissue by xenobiotics.     

Purification, induction, and distribution of placental glutathione transferase: a new marker enzyme for preneoplastic cells in the rat chemical hepatocarcinogenesis.

A polypeptide of Mr 26,000 and pI 6.7 that was markedly increased in rat livers bearing hyperplastic nodules (HNs) induced by chemical carcinogens was identified immunochemically as the subunit of neutral glutathione (GSH) transferase (GSHTase; RX:glutathione R-transferase, EC 2.5.1.18; also called GSH S-transferase) purified from placenta (GSHTase-P) and was demonstrated immunohistochemically to be localized in preneoplastic foci and HNs. In the present study, GSHTase-P has been purified from the HN-bearing liver, and the distribution and inducibility have been examined quantitatively using anti-GSHTase-P antibody. Elevation of GSHTase-P in the HN-bearing livers was also confirmed by in vitro translation of mRNAs isolated from the HN-bearing livers. The purified GSHTase-P was homogeneous in size but had two charge isomers on two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. In normal tissues, including liver, placenta, and fetal liver, the protein content of GSHTase-P was generally low but was significantly high in kidney and pancreas. In contrast, the amount of GSHTase-P in HN-bearing livers (primary hepatomas) and transplantable Morris hepatoma 5123D were several 10-fold higher than that in normal liver but were undetectably low in transplantable Yoshida ascites hepatoma AH 130. Different from ordinary drug-metabolizing enzymes, GSHTase-P was uninducible by administration of drugs and carcinogens prior to appearance of the preneoplastic foci and HNs. In addition, species specificity of GSHTase-P was low as it was crossreactive among rat, hamster, and human.     

Stage-specific gene expression during hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat

The alteration of genetic expression ubiquitously seen in both preneoplastic and neoplastic tissues has been investigated for many years in the hope that the critical molecular changes resulting in cancer can be elucidated. The alteration of the expression of specific genes has already been employed in diagnostic and even screening procedures for this disease. In the past many observations of such alterations have led to a variety of theories but not definitive generalizations. Studies of the alteration of genetic expression may now be viewed in the light of our understanding of the multistage nature of neoplastic development. This brief review describes a number of genes the expressions of which are altered during the stages of initiation and promotion, in contrast to the alteration of expression of genes during the stage of progression. The promotion stage is concerned primarily with the chronic interaction of promoting agents in the environment with the genetic apparatus of the cell, played out on the altered genetic background resulting from the stage of initiation. In contrast, the progression stage is characterized primarily by an evolving karyotypic instability resulting in continual genetic changes during this stage. On the basis of these distinctions it is possible to identify genes the altered expression of which is unique to the stage of progression. The identification of these genes and an understanding of mechanisms resulting in their altered expression will allow not only a better molecular characterization of the progression stage but also the quantitative analysis of neoplastic development in several model animal systems as well as eventually in the human.Abbreviations GSTP glutathioneS-transferase placental form - GTT -glutamyltranspeptidase - TGF transforming growth factor Dedicated to the Cancer Institute on the occasion of its 60th anniversary and to Dr. Haruo Sugano on the occasion of his 70th birthday. This work was supported in part by grants from the National Cancer Institute (CA-07175, CA-22484 and CA-45700)     

Binding of growth hormone to rat liver during experimental chemical hepatocarcinogenesis

Male F-344 rats (180-200 g) received either a single injection of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) or continuous feeding with 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF). DEN induced a decrease in the binding of human GH (hGH) to its hepatic Golgi receptors in a dose-dependent manner; the changes were due to a decrease in the number of hGH receptors without significant changes in their affinity. Thirty days after DEN, the binding of hGH returned to normal. After the administration of AAF, the binding of hGH increased owing to the greater number of binding sites, and this effect persisted for the 30-day period of the continuous AAF feeding. In three separate hepatocellular carcinomas, the hGH binding to the Golgi fraction of the tumors was only one quarter of the binding to the peritumorous tissues. We conclude that DEN and AAF, administered acutely for a short time, affect hepatic hGH receptors in a different way, but that hepatocellular carcinomas bind much less hGH than peritumorous or normal tissues. The results show that hepatocarcinogenesis encompasses changes in receptors belonging to different classes.     

c-myc gene amplification during hepatocarcinogenesis by a choline-devoid diet.

Liver tumors arise in rats fed a choline-devoid diet without added carcinogens. We found amplification of the c-myc gene in 13/13 of these tumors. The amplification ranged from 2- to 70-fold and was accompanied by an increase in c-myc gene expression. Amplification of c-myc was larger in tumors of rats fed a choline-devoid diet followed by a choline-supplemented diet than in tumors from animals fed a choline-devoid diet exclusively. In the former animals, low levels of c-myc gene amplification were also detected in nontumorous regions of tumor-bearing livers. The choline-devoid diet provides an in vivo experimental model for the induction of gene amplification in the rat liver. In this setting, amplification of the c-myc gene may be an early and critical event in carcinogenesis.     

Tissue-specific activation of tumor marker glutathione transferase P transgenes in transgenic rats

By means of transgenic rats, we have recently shown that the GPEI enhancer of the glutathione transferase P (GST-P) gene, which has two one-base-missmatched AP-1 sites locating palindromically with three-base spacing in between, is sufficient for conferring tumor-specific activation of the gene in vivo. It is noted that there is another consensus AP-1 site near the promoter of this gene. By using seven independent transgenic rats, bearing distinct areas of the GST-P gene that are connected to the chloramphenicol acetyltransferese (CAT) coding sequence, we analyzed CAT expression in various tissues (brain, lung, liver, kidney, spleen) in these transgenic rats. We found that the ECAT gene, which has sufficient of the upstream regulatory region (approx. 2.9 kb) of the gene containing GPEI, istrans-activated in the kidney and lung of transgenic rats in a similar manner to endogenous GST-P. When either the GPEI core sequence or the AP-1 site near the promoter is deleted, CAT expression decreases to almost background level. Substitution of the GPEI core or the AP-1 site near the promoter to this silent construct (5CATGPEIcore) reconstituted CAT expression in the transgenic rats. In these rats, CAT was expressed in the brain and lung rather than in the kidney, showing a somewhat different pattern from the endogenous GST-P. In the brain tissue of the 5CATGPEIcore transgenic rat, CAT was demonstrated in the glia cells, which is consistent with endogenous GST-P expression. These results suggest that a relatively long upstream region (approx. 2.9 kb) is required for tissue-specific expression of the GST-P gene and that GST-P expression in the brain may be regulated differently from its expression in other organs.     

Cytochrome P4501A1 and glutathione S transferase gene polymorphisms in patients with aplastic anemia in India

The etiology of acquired aplastic anemia (AA) in most patients remains unclear. It is believed that patients with a reduced ability to detoxify environmental toxins are at increased risk of developing AA. Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) and glutathione S transferase (GST) are the major phase I and phase II xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. We analyzed the impact of the polymorphisms in CYP4501A1 and GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes on the susceptibility and disease severity in 200 patients with AA and compared the frequency with the normal population. There was a significantly increased frequency of the CYP1A1m4 allele in AA patients compared with normal controls (odds ratio = 3.01; 95% confidence interval 1.76-5.17; p = 0.00001). None of the other CYP1A1 genotypes or the GST genotypes were significantly different between AA patients and controls. Altered metabolism of benzo(a)pyrene due to the polymorphism in the CYP1A1 gene might be an etiologic factor in the increased incidence of AA in these patients. The CYP1A1m4 allele may play a role in determining the risk of AA in India.     

树鼩实验性肝癌发生过程p53基因的变化

目的 探讨由人乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)和黄曲霉毒索B1(AFB1)诱发的树鼩肝细胞癌变过程,p53基因的表达及变化。方法 将树鼩分为四组:A组:HBV AFB1;B组:只感染HBV;c组:只摄入AFB1;D组:作空白对照。定期肝活检,用免疫组织化学、分子生物学等技术对实验树鼩肝及肿瘤组织进行检测。 结果 (1)接受HBV及AFB1双因素的A组,肝细胞癌(HCC)发生率(66.7％)明显高于只接受HBV的B组或AFB1的C组(30％),而且HCC的平均发生时间也明显早于C组,(120.0±16.6)周与(153.3±5.8)周,t=3.336,P<0.01。(2)在第75周前各组动物肝均未检出突变的p53蛋白。(3)105周时,A组p53蛋白表达率为78.6％,B组为60％,C组为71.4％,D组为10％(x2≥5.03,P<0.05)。在A、C组检出p53基因异常带。(4)树鼩肝癌p53基因突变点分别位于275、78及13密码子;其野生型p53基因的核苷酸及氨基酸序列与人的p53基因的核苷酸及氨基酸序列的同源性分别为91.7％、93.4％。 结论 再次证实HBV和AFB1有协同致肝癌作用;突变的p53蛋白出现于肝细胞发生癌变之前,p53基因的突变促进了肝癌的发生和演进。HBV可能协同AFB1致p53基因突变。     

树Qu实验性肝癌发生过程p53基因的变化

目的探讨由人乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)和黄曲霉毒素B1(AFB1)诱发的树鼩肝细胞癌变过程,p53基因的表达及变化.方法将树鼩分为四组A组HBV+AFB1,B组只感染HBV;C组只摄入AFB1;D组作空白对照.定期肝活检,用免疫组织化学、分子生物学等技术对实验树鼩肝及肿瘤组织进行检测.结果 (1)接受HBV及AFB1双因素的A组,肝细胞癌(HCC)发生率(66.7%)明显高于只接受HBV的B组或AFB1的C组(30%),而且HCC的平均发生时间也明显早于C组,(120.0±16.6)周与(153.3±5.8)周,t=3.336,P＜0.01.(2)在第75周前各组动物肝均未检出突变的p53蛋白.(3)105周时,A组p53蛋白表达率为78.6%,B组为60%,C组为71.4%,D组为10%(x2≥5.03,P＜0.05).在A、C组检出p53基因异常带.(4)树鼩肝癌p53基因突变点分别位于2 7 5、7 8及1 3密码子;其野生型p 5 3基因的核苷酸及氨基酸序列与人的p 5 3基因的核苷酸及氨基酸序列的同源性分别为91.7%、93.4%.结论再次证实HBV和AFB1有协同致肝癌作用;突变的p53蛋白出现于肝细胞发生癌变之前,p 5 3基因的突变促进了肝癌的发生和演进.HBV可能协同AFB1致p 5 3基因突变.     

Age-dependent removal of circulating glutathione by rat liver: Role of gamma-glutamyl transferase

Total gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) activity was found to be 93% greater in the liver of old (60 weeks) rats compared to young (12 weeks) adult animals. In vitro perfused livers of old animals also had shown 92% greater capacity to hydrolyze glutathione (GSH) from the circulation. GSH removal was fully dependent on GGT activity. It increased 50% when glycylglycine was added to the perfusion buffer. There was a positive and highly significant correlation (r=0.984; p<0.005) in the liver of old rats between total GGT activity and the ability of the liver of these animals to remove GSH from the circulation. Results presented here point to a physiological and functional significance to the age-related differences in total liver GGT.     

华支睾吸虫一个谷胱甘肽转移酶新基因的克隆与表达

目的 克隆华支睾吸虫(Clonorchis sinensis,Cs)谷胱甘肽转移酶(glutathione transferase,GST)的一个新基因,并在大肠杆菌中表达。方法 用PCR方法从华支睾吸虫成虫cDNA(质粒)文库中扩增新基因CsGST1,对DNA及其推导的氨基酸进行序列分析。将CsGST1克隆到原核表达载体pET-30a(+),在大肠杆菌BL21/DE3表达,用SDS-PAGE鉴定重组蛋白。结果 从华支睾吸虫成虫cDNA(质粒)文库扩增出642 bp的CsGSTl,序列分析显示它所编码的氨基酸序列与麝猫后睾吸虫GST的同源性最高(88％),并具有GST N-末端和C-末端的保守功能域。构建了重组质粒pET-30a(+)-CsGST1,SDS-PAGE显示CsGST1在大肠杆菌中得到了高效表达,pET-30a(+)-CsGST1的蛋白条带的分子量约为30 kDa。结论成功构建了CsGST1的原核表达载体,并在大肠杆菌中得到了高效表达,为进一步研究该基因的功能打下了基础。     

猪带绦虫谷胱甘肽转移酶GST的原核表达及免疫学研究

目的通过对猪带绦虫谷胱甘肽转移酶GST的表达,对其免疫性进行初步研究。方法利用生物信息学从猪带绦虫成虫cDNA质粒文库中筛选出谷胱甘肽转移酶(GST)基因,将其克隆到原核表达载体pET28a(+),经过双酶切、PCR鉴定后,异丙基-β-D半乳糖苷(IPTG)诱导表达,并通过十二烷基磺酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)鉴定,重组后的蛋白用His-镍蛋白纯化柱纯化,纯化的重组蛋白用蛋白印迹进行免疫学分析,Western blotting鉴定该蛋白免疫反应性。结果成功构建了重组体,并得到高纯度蛋白,该蛋白可被感染猪带绦虫的病人及猪、感染牛带绦虫病人及感染亚带绦虫病人血清所识别。结论猪带绦虫谷胱甘肽转移酶可在原核系统中获得具有免疫反应性的高效表达。     

Effect in vitro of albendazole on the kinetics of cytosolic glutathione transferase from the rat liver

INTRODUCTION: Since the idea of multifunctional mode of action of anthelmintics is considered and in experimental trichinellosis in vivo albendazole seems to act as an allosteric activator of cytosolic GST from mice muscles, in this study a termosensitivity after in vitro incubation with albendazole of purified commercial cytosolic glutathione transferase (GST) from the rat liver was investigated. METHODS: Two extremal temperatures: -80 degrees C and +30 degrees C were used to destroy the dimer in quaternary structure of this enzyme. RESULTS: In control preparations both extremal temperatures destroy this structure, so the Michaelis-Menten kinetic curves of substrate saturation show the typical hyperbolic shape. After a long (15 h) freezing at -80 degrees C or heating (up to 14 h at +30 degrees C) the kinetics of substrate saturation of GST after incubation with albendazole show the sigmoidal or "double sigmoidal" shape, pointing out the quaternary GST structure as a complex of "frozen subunits". Drug inhibits about 6-times the total activity of GST after incubation at +30 degrees C. We conclude that albendazole in vitro influences the structure of cytosolic GST from the rat liver and inhibits its activity, but, in opposite to in vivo study in mouse muscles infected with Trichinella spiralis larvae, does not act as an activator of this enzyme.     

Expression of lectin receptors during hepatocarcinogenesis induced by chemicalcarcinogen in rats.

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Isozymes of nuclear protein tyrosine kinase during chemical induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats

The activity changes of isozymes of nuclear protein tyrosine kinase (nPTK) during chemically induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats was studied. Two isozymes were isolated from rat liver by using ion exchange chromatography. These two isozymes were designated as nPTK-I and nPTK-II, and were found to be minor and major components of total nPTK respectively. These proved to be two different enzymes due to their different characteristics, such as molecular weights, electrical charges and kinetics. The specific activity nPTK-I and its percentages in total nPTK significantly increased in preneoplastic stage (week 10) and slightly elevated further in neoplastic stage (week 18). The specific activity of the nPTK-II moderately increased at week 10, but compared to its value at week 10, it decrease at week 18, resulted in gradual decrease of its percentage in total nPTK. These results indicate that rat hepatic nPTK-I and nTPK-II may be related to neoplastic and preneoplastic stages of rat liver respectively.Abbreviations PTK Protein tyrosine kinase - DEN N-nitrosodiethylamine - PIPES piperazine-N, N-bis (2-ethanesulfonic acid)-1, 4-piperazinediethane sulfonic acid - HEPES N-(2-hydroxyethyl) piperazine-N-(2-ethenesulfonic acid) - pNPP p-nitrophenyl phosphate - PMSF phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride - DTT dithiothreitol - ATP adenosine-5-triphosphate - SDS sodium dodecyl sulfate - EDTA ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid Supported by the grant from China Medical Board (No 93583)