Fatty acid and lipid composition of the monkey retina in diet-induced hypercholesterolemia

We determined the fatty acid composition of the lipids of cynomolgus monkey retina in animals fed commercial chow or a saturated fat, cholesterol-enriched atherogenic diet for 100 days. Dososahesaenoic acid (22 :6) accounted for 25.8% of the ethanolamine phosphoglyceride fatty acids, 17.6% of the serine plus inositol phosphoglyceride fatty acids, 8.4% of the choline phosphoglyceride fatty acids and 5.8% of the neutral lipid fatty acids in the retinas of the chow-fed animals. Therefore, monkey retinas, like those of other mammalian species, ordinarily contain large amounts of 22 : 6. Retinas from the monkeys fed the atherogenic diet contained less 22 : 6 as well as other polyunsaturates in each of the phospholipid classes. The decrease in polyunsaturates was compensated for by increases in palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids. There was no difference in the amount of phospholipid, the distribution of phospholipid classes, or the amount of cholesterol in the retinas of the monkeys fed the atherogenic diet. These results indicate that the single type of lipid alteration produced in the retina by a diet enriched in saturated fat and cholesterol is a decrease in the polyunsaturation of the retinal phospholipids. The reduction in retinal 22 : 6 content might have significance for photoreceptor function.     

Fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membrane lipid obtained from children suffering from kwashiorkor and marasmus

The fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membrane (EM) lipids obtained from normal, kwashiorkor, and marasmic children was analyzed by gas chromatography. The proportion of palmitic acid (16:0) was lower and of oleic acid (18:1) higher in the kwashiorkor group than in the control group. The marasmic group showed lower proportions of eicosatrienoic acid (20:3) and arachidonic acid (20:4) and a higher proportion of oleic acid (18:1) than the control group. A significant difference was found between the marasmic and kwashiorkor groups with respect to arachidonic acid (20:4), which showed a lower proportion in the former group than the latter. The ratio of arachidonic acid to linoleic acid (20:4/18:2) was markedly lower in the marasmic group than the control group, suggesting a possible impairment in the conversion of linoleic acid to arachidonic acid in marasmic children. The ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to saturated fatty acids was markedly elevated in the kwashiorkor group over that of control group, indicating increased fluidity of EM in kwashiorkor. It is suggested that the altered membrane fatty acid composition reflects deranged lipid metabolism and affects the physical and physiological properties of EM and could contribute to changes in the activities of several red blood cell membrane-bound enzymes reported earlier in kwashiorkor children.     

伯氏疟原虫氯喹抗性逆转的实验观察

Objective To search for reverser of chloroquine-resistance in Plasmodium berghei (P.berghei) ANKA. Methods Seventy-two healthy Kunming mice were each infected with chloroquine sensitive (CS) or chloroquine resistance (CR) P. berghei ANKA respectively, then treated with various schedule of reversal agents C-2832 、D-6182 or ketotifen(Ket) respectively with or without co-administration of low dose (5%ED90) of chloroquine (CQ). Schedule 1: mice infected with CS were randomly distributed into 4 groups, 6 mice in each group, 30 min after infection,then treated i.g. with D-6182, C-2832, Ket or 0. 1% gum tragacanth(control) respectively for 5 consecutive days. The parasitemia of each experiment group was then determined by routine microscopic examination on blood smears from the tail blood of each mouse from D1 to D7.Schedule 2:mice infected with CR were randomly distriduted into 8 groups, 6 mice in each group, 3 d after infection, then treated i.g. with D-6182, C-2832, Ket, chloroquine or 0. 1% gum tragacanth (control) with or without co-administration of 12 mg/(kg · d) chloroquine (5% ED90) 2 h after the first administration for 5 consecutive days. The parasitemia of each experiment group was then determined microscopically by examination on blood smears from the tail blood of each mouse from D4 to D7. The reduction rates of each group were calculated and compared between the groups with or without treatment of reverser. Results 1. The parasitemia of mice infected with CS was going up daily from D1 to D4 and reached the peak on D4 in all groups administered with 80 mg/(kg · d) D-6182, 120 mg/(kg · d) C-2832 or 10 mg/(kg · d) Ket for5 d. From D5 the parasitemia kept going up in control group while it kept at the level of D4 in all treated groups. 2. Chloroquine 12 mg/(kg · d) administered i.g. 2 h after administration of C-2832 or D-6182 or Ket for 5 d(D3-D7) could reach 97.77%, 99.28% or 96.73% of reduction rate of parasitemia on D4 and 99.81%, 98.87% or 100.00% on D7 respectively in CR P. berghei infected mice. Conclusion Two compounds of C-2832 and D-6182 exhibited the reversal activity on CQ resistance in CR P. berghei infected mice at the same range of that of well-recognized reverser Ket.     

伯氏疟原虫氯喹抗性逆转的实验观察

目的 寻找伯氏疟原虫氯喹抗性逆转剂.方法 将健康昆明小鼠72只(雌、雄各半)每只腹腔注射0.2 ml伯氏疟原虫ANKA株氯喹敏感系(chloroquine sensitive,CS)或由其选育的高抗氯喹系(chloroquine resistance,CR),按下述随机分组后灌胃给药治疗,观察各组疗效.(1)小鼠感染CS疟原虫30 min后随机均分为4组,每组6只,给D-6182{(Z,Z)-N,N,N-三甲基-2,3-双[(1-氧代-9-十八碳烯酸)-氧代]-1-丙胺基盐酸盐|、C-2832[胆畄醇-3-N-(二甲胺基乙基)氨甲酸酯]、Ket(酮替酚)、0.1%西黄蓍胶(对照组),连续灌药5 d.于D1至D7每天每鼠取尾血涂片作常规镜检,确定各实验组的原虫血症.(2)小鼠感染CR疟原虫后第3天随机均分为8组,每组6只,给D-6182、C-2832、Ket组、氯喹组、0.1%西黄蓍胶对照组及给予D-6182、C-2832、Ket后2 h再加灌服小剂量12 mg/(kg·d)氯喹(5%ED90),连续5 d.每鼠于D4至D7每天取尾血涂片作常规镜检,确定各实验组的原虫血症,并计算各组的原虫减虫率.结果 (1)感染伯氏疟原虫CS株的小鼠,分别灌服80 mg/(kg·d)D-6182、120 mg/(kg·d)C-2832或10 mg/(kg·d)Ket连续5 d,各给药组与对照组小鼠的原虫感染率自D1至D4逐日上升,至D4达峰值,D5时对照组小鼠原虫感染率继续上升,而各给药组维持在D4的峰值水平.(2)感染伯氏疟原虫CR株的小鼠给适宜剂量的C-2832、D-6182或Ket后2 h加灌服小剂量氯喹12 mg/(kg·d)(5%ED90),此后连续5 d(D3-D7),于D4原虫减虫率可达到97.77%、99.28%或96.73%,而在D7可达到99.81%、98.87%或100.00%.结论 C-2832和D-6182两种化合物对伯氏疟原虫CR株感染小鼠的氯喹抗性具有逆转作用,其逆转能力与Ket相当.     

Serum-soluble malarial antigens and immune complex nephritis in Plasmodium berghei berghei infected mice.

Swiss albino mice infected with Plasmodium berghei berghi showed the serum-soluble malarial antigen and antibody on day 10 of infection onward. Immune complex nephritis in these mice developed on the seventh day after inoculation. The infected kidneys revealed the deposition of mouse gamma globulin, mouse beta1C globulin and malaria antigen along the capillary wall of the glomeruli. Proteinuria was detected on seventh day of infection. Serum-soluble malaria antigen in probably responsible for forming the soluble immune complex which causes glomerulonephritis in infected mice.