那格列奈片剂与胶囊在健康人体内的药动学和生物等效性研究

目的:研究那格列奈片剂和胶囊的人体药动学和生物等效性。方法:18例健康受试者随机分为3组,交叉口服那格列奈片(受试制剂)、那格列奈胶囊(受试制剂)及市售那格列奈片(参比制剂),剂量均为120 mg。血样加入内标(地西泮)经预处理后用HPLC-MS／ESI法测定,检测离子为m／z 318(那格列奈)和m／z 286(内标)。结果:受试片剂、受试胶囊、参比制剂的主要药动学参数Cmax分别为(9．29±2．50),(8．84±2．20)和(9．74±2．53)μg·mL-1;Tmax分别为(1．11±0．40),(0．99±0．29)和(1．04±0．38)h;t1/2分别为(1．91±0．46),(1．87±0．37)和(1．96±0．40)h;AUC0-(?)分别为(22．02±3．62),(21．17±4．16)和(21．53±3．22)μg-h·mL-1。受试片剂、受试胶曩的相对生物利用度分别为(102．75±11．51)％和(98．85±15．26)％。经方差分析及双单侧t检验结果显示,受试制剂和参比制剂具有生物等效性。结论:那格列奈受试片剂、胶囊与市售片剂具有生物等效性。     

盐酸头孢他美酯分散片人体药物动力学及生物等效性研究

目的研究盐酸头孢他美酯分散片在健康人体内的药物动力学,并评价其与同剂量的普通片剂的生物等效性。方法18名健康男性志愿者采用随机交叉自身前后对照口服盐酸头孢他美酯供试制剂或参比制剂500 mg,用高效液相色谱法测定盐酸头孢他美血药浓度,计算药物动力学参数和相对生物利用度,评价两种制剂的生物等效性。结果供试制剂和参比制剂的AUC0~12分别为(16.61±6.68)、(15.58±7.25)μg.h.mL-1,AUC0~∞分别为(18.00±7.01)、(16.93±7.55)μg.h.mL-1,Cmax分别为(3.10±1.24)、(2.95±1.30)μg.mL-1,tmax分别为(2.11±0.53)、(2.64±0.23)h,t1/2分别为(2.61±0.50)、(2.65±0.61)h。相对生物利用度为109.1%±14.0%。结论盐酸头孢他美酯分散片具有崩解快、吸收快的特点,相同剂量的分散片和普通片生物等效。     

2种司帕沙星胶囊人体生物利用度与生物等效性研究

目的:比较2种司帕沙星胶囊的人体药动学参数、生物利用度,评价二者的生物等效性。方法:22名男性健康志愿者随机交叉单剂量口服200mg受试制剂或参比制剂后,应用高效液相色谱法测定血浆中司帕沙星浓度,并利用3p97程序计算药动学参数及评价二者生物等效性。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂体内药-时曲线符合二室模型,Cm ax分别为(0.85±0.23)、(0.90±0.27)μg.mL-1,tm ax分别为(5.59±2.28)、(4.95±1.17)h,AUC0~120分别为(27.92±6.09)、(29.65±8.49)μg.h.mL-1,AUC0~∞分别为(29.95±6.51)、(31.74±9.38)μg.h.mL-1。受试制剂相对生物利用度为(97.47±18.32)%。结论:受试制剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性。     

国产替硝唑片的人体生物等效性研究

目的评价不同厂家替硝唑片的相对生物利用度和生物等效性。方法18名男性健康受试者采用随机、自身对照、交叉试验方法,单剂量口服不同厂家的替硝唑片后,用RP-HPLC法测定血浆中替硝唑质量浓度。结果单剂量口服替硝唑1 000 mg受试和参比制剂的达峰时间tmax分别为(1.72±0.45)和(1.97±0.66)h;血药浓度峰值Cmax分别为(21.39±3.36)和(20.56±2.98)μg.mL-1;t1/2分别为(17.83±2.24)和(17.71±2.65)h;Ke分别为(0.039±0.005)和(0.04±0.006)h-1;药时曲线下面积AUC(0→t)分别为(502.56±83.83)和(505.48±84.91)μg.h.mL-1。两种片剂的药物动力学参数均无显著性差异(P>0.05),受试制剂的相对生物利用度(F)为99.42%。结论两种制剂生物等效。     

人血浆中氟康唑的HPLC-MS测定及其相对生物利用度

目的建立人体血浆中氟康唑浓度的HPLC-M S测定方法,评价氟康唑胶囊在健康人体内的药动学及生物等效性。方法以甲硝唑为内标,血浆样品用甲醇直接沉淀去除蛋白,采用HPLC-M S法,测定20名健康受试者随机双交叉口服150m g氟康唑受试胶囊或参比胶囊后不同时间点的血药浓度,计算其主要药动学参数及相对生物利用度,评价两种制剂的生物等效性。结果氟康唑受试胶囊和参比胶囊的主要药动学参数分别为:AUC0-120(121.59±12.79)、(115.01±13.44)μg.h.mL-1;Cm ax(3.09±0.29)、(3.18±0.33)μg.h.mL-1;Tm ax(2.6±1.1)、(2.3±1.0)h、t1/2(31.67±4.33)、(30.99±4.95)h。以AUC0-120计算的受试胶囊的相对生物利用度为(106.4±11.8)%。结论该测定方法灵敏、准确、简便、快速;2种制剂具有生物等效性。     

格列齐特缓释片人体药动学及生物等效性研究

目的:研究格列齐特缓释片的药动学及相对生物利用度,验证国产与进口格列齐特缓释片的生物等效性。方法:采用拉丁方试验设计,研究受试者在空腹条件下分别单剂量和多剂量口服格列齐特缓释片后,采用高效液相色谱法测定人血浆中格列齐特的浓度,计算其药动学参数和相对生物利用度,评价2制剂的生物等效性。结果:单剂量口服格列齐特缓释片受试制剂(国产)和参比制剂(进口)的主要药动学参数分别为:tma(x6.71±1.43)、(7.38±1.50)h,Cma(x0.813±0.178)、(0.782±0.129)μg.mL-1,AUC0～7(221.29±5.86)、(21.09±5.34)μg.h.mL-1,AUC0～∞(23.19±7.49)、(23.15±5.64)μg.h.mL-1,t1/2k(e18.79±5.24)、(20.03±5.67)h;多剂量口服格列齐特缓释片达稳态后2制剂主要药动学参数分别为:AUCs(s27.85±9.77)、(27.63±10.84)μg.h.mL-1,Cssmax(1.892±0.503)、(1.829±0.521)μg.mL-1,tssma(x5.33±1.24)、(6.13±1.42)h,Cssmi(n0.771±0.379)、(0.830±0.478)μg.mL-1,血药浓度波动度DF(103.8±40.0)%、(97.6±52.9)%。结论:2制剂具有生物等效性。     

头孢克洛缓释胶囊的药动学及生物等效性研究

目的:研究头孢克洛缓释胶囊的药动学及生物等效性。方法:采用随机交叉-自身对照试验设计,20名健康志愿者单剂量(375mg)及多剂量(每日2次,连续5d)口服头孢克洛缓释胶囊受试制剂与参比制剂后,以高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)法测定人血浆中头孢克洛的浓度,并以BAPP软件求算药动学参数,以方差分析法和双单侧t检验对主要药动学参数及两制剂生物等效性进行判定。结果:受试者单剂量口服受试制剂与参比制剂后主要药动学参数:tmax分别为(1.050±0.390)、(1.450±1.120)h,Cmax分别为(4.391±1.146)、(4.331±1.081)μg.mL-1,t1/2分别为(0.835±0.078)、(0.836±0.114)h,AUC0～12分别为(12.696±1.620)、(12.651±2.199)μg.h.mL-1,AUC0～∞分别为(12.699±1.621)、(12.654±2.199)μg.h.mL-1;多剂量口服受试制剂与参比制剂后主要药动学参数:Cav分别为(1.353±0.214)、(1.398±0.344)μg.mL-1,AUCss0～τ分别为(16.240±2.567)、(16.780±4.129)μg.h.mL-1。结论:受试制剂与参比制剂为生物等效制剂。     

LC-MS法评价2种盐酸非索非那定制剂的人体生物等效性

目的建立LC-MS法测定人血浆中非索非那定浓度,评价盐酸非索非那定胶囊(受试制剂)与盐酸非索非那定片(参比制剂)的人体生物等效性。方法采用Kromasil C18(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm)色谱柱;流动相:甲醇-质量分数为1%的甲酸水溶液(体积比为88∶12);离子源:大气压化学电离源,扫描方式:选择离子监测,用于定量分析的离子分别为m/z502.15(非索非那定)和m/z383.00(内标氯雷他定)。本法用于健康受试者口服盐酸非索非那定受试制剂和参比制剂的生物等效性研究。结果非索非那定质量浓度在10.0~2000.0μg.L-1内线性关系良好,方法的定量下限(LLOQ)为10.0μg.L-1。受试制剂与参比制剂的主要药物动力学参数:tmax分别为(1.9±0.2)和(1.9±0.2)h;ρmax分别为(173±77)和(183±83)μg.L-1;t1/2分别为(5.6±2.6)和(5.8±2.4)h;AUC0-t分别为(982±583)和(1081±772)μg.h.L-1,AUC0-∞分别为(1 176±738)and(1 271±998)μg.h.L-1。盐酸非索非那定胶囊的相对生物利用度为(90.8±15.3)%(n=18)。结论 2种盐酸非索非那定制剂具有生物等效性。     

阿奇霉素干混悬剂的人体药动学及生物等效性研究

目的:评价2种阿奇霉素干混悬剂的生物等效性。方法:20名男性健康志愿者随机交叉口服受试制剂或参比制剂10袋(含阿奇霉素1.0g)后,采用反相高效液相色谱法测定血浆中的药物浓度,并计算有关药动学参数,通过方差分析和双单侧t检验和1～2α置信区间法进行生物等效性评价。结果:受试制剂与参比制剂中阿奇霉素的Cmax分别为(29.651±5.600)、(29.256±6.382)μg·mL-1,tmax分别为(2.25±0.444)、(2.400±0.503)h,t1/2分别为(37.910±10.181)、(37.980±9.220)h,AUC0～120分别为(458.139±47.368)、(463.114±42.267)μg.h.mL-1,AUC0～∞分别为(519.217±57.262)、(522.980±48.267)μg.h.mL-1。受试制剂相对于参比制剂的生物利用度为(99.5±8.9)%。结论:2种制剂生物等效。     

国产罗格列酮胶囊在健康人体的相对生物利用度

目的研究健康受试者口服罗格列酮胶囊的药代动力学。方法20名健康受试者随机服用罗格列酮受试和参比制剂各4mg,用HPLC-MS法测定血浆中罗格列酮的浓度。结果经3P97程序处理,主要药代动力学参数如下。罗格列酮胶囊剂:t1/2为(5.18±0.84)h,AUC0-24h为(2.13±0.21)μg·h·mL-1,Cmax为(305.31±38.21)ng·mL-1,tmax为(1.1±0.4)h;罗格列酮片剂:t1/2为(5.10±0.64)h,AUC0-24h为(2.20±0.20)μg·h·mL-1,Cmax为(318.84±38.38)ng·mL-1,tmax为(1.2±0.3)h。罗格列酮受试和参比制剂的相对生物利用度为(97.6±12.7)%。结论2制剂具有生物等效性。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.