石蕊试纸和吻合器在胰十二指肠切除术中的应用

目的探讨石蕊试纸和吻合器在胰十二指肠切除术中的应用价值。方法在24例胰十二指肠切除消化道重建过程中,采用下列措施预防吻合口漏：（1）改良套叠式胰空肠吻合术;（2）石蕊试纸检查胰腺断面和胰肠吻合口;（3）应用吻合器施行胆管空肠吻合及胃空肠吻合;（4）完成吻合后,在各吻合口周围喷撒纤维蛋白胶封闭剂。结果患者恢复良好,术后无1例胰漏、胆漏及肠漏。随访2个月～2年,各吻合口未发生狭窄。结论在胰十二指肠切除施行消化道重建过程中,应用石蕊试纸和吻合器,不仅明显缩短了手术时间,而且有助于减少吻合口漏等并发症,利于患者顺利康复。     

剥离空肠浆肌层的胰肠套叠式端端吻合术174例观察

目的探讨剥离空肠浆肌层的胰肠套叠式端端吻合术应用价值。方法自1985年8月至2008年10月共施行胰十二指肠切除174例,术后游离胰腺残端2．5～3．0cm,将准备与胰腺吻合的空肠袢断端2．0～2．5cm浆肌层剥除,施行胰肠套叠式端端吻合术,最后在距浆肌层游离缘1．0～1．5cm处空肠上下壁各缝一针,同定套入的胰腺残端。吻合口周围喷撒纤维蛋白胶封闭剂。观察患者消化道重建后恢复和并发症发生情况。结果174例患者中,术后胰漏8例（4．6％）,保守治疗愈合,无腹腔感染及大出血等严重并发症。结论施行胰十二指肠切除消化道重建过程中,采用剥离空肠浆肌层的胰肠套叠式端端吻合术,有助于减少胰漏,适用于胰腺残端各种情况的处理,利于患者顺利康复。     

胆胰分流消化道重建在胰十二指肠切除术中的运用

目的 介绍一种新的胆汁胰液分流的消化道重建方式,并探讨其在胰十二指肠切除术中临床应用价值.方法 对136例胰十二指肠切除术采取胆汁胰液分流的消化道重建方式,57例为胰胃吻合,79例为胰肠吻合.手术主要步骤：①胰胃吻合术后,在距胰胃吻合口远端5～ 10 cm处行近端空肠胃后壁端侧吻合.②胰肠吻合术后,胰肠吻合口10 cm左右将胃后壁与空肠行侧侧吻合.随后在距胃肠吻合口40 ～ 50 cm处离断空肠,形成游离肠袢;远端封闭后与胆管行端侧吻合;在距胆肠吻合口40～50 cm处与游离肠袢的远端行侧侧或端侧Y形吻合.收集术前、术中和术后资料分析其临床应用效果.结果 136例消化道重建（含胰胃或胰肠吻合时间）中位时间为71min（62～97 min）,手术死亡率为0;术后并发症为13.2％（18例）,包括术后出血2例,胆漏2例,肺部感染2例,切口脂肪液化并感染2例,胃瘫3例,腹腔感染3例,胰漏4例（3例A级和1例B级胰漏）.结论 胆胰分流的消化道重建方式是一种安全有效的胰十二指肠切除术切除术后消化道重建方式,对降低胰十二指肠切除术后严重并发症发生具有一定的意义.     

改良套叠式胰空肠吻合术应用石蕊试纸和纤维蛋白胶预防胰漏47例体会

目的 总结降低胰十二指肠切除术后胰空肠吻合口漏发病率的经验体会。方法 切除胰头后，将胰腺残端游离2．5～3．0cm，利用红色石蕊试纸遇碱性胰液变蓝的特性，帮助寻找胰腺断面被横断的小导管，丝线贯穿缝扎。将空肠袢断端2．0～2．5cm浆肌层剥除后施行套叠式胰空肠端端吻合，距浆肌层游离缘1．0～1．5cm处空肠上下壁各缝1针固定，最后用纤维蛋白胶封闭吻合口。结果 47例患者中无一例发生胰空肠吻合口漏。结论 该法操作较简便，适用于胰腺残端各种情况的处理。     

胰十二指肠切除术中胰肠吻合口的重建

胰肠吻合口的重建是胰十二指肠切除术中重要的组成步骤,也是影响其成败的关键。根据重建方式的不同,主要分为胰腺-空肠吻合和胰胃吻合。根据胰腺残端与空肠吻合位置的不同,分为端端吻合和端侧吻合。在目前的随机对照研究中,胰腺-空肠吻合和胰胃吻合在胰漏的发生率方面无明显的差异。捆绑式胰肠和捆绑式胰胃吻合分别建立在经典胰肠（胃）吻合的基础上,操作简便,预防胰肠吻合口瘘效果确切。胰肠吻合口成功与否的影响因素包括胰腺质地和胰管大小等,胰管支撑管的放置可能有助于减少胰肠吻合口瘘的发生。胰十二指肠切除术中的消化道重建,应遵循简单、有效的原则,才能将胰肠吻合口瘘的发生减至最低。     

胰肠插入荷包式吻合术防胰瘘效果的临床观察

胰瘘是胰十二指肠切除术后较常见的并发症 ,是引起术后病人死亡的重要原因。 1996年底我们设计了胰肠插入荷包式吻合术 ,经临床使用 ,效果满意。现将我院近 17年来传统胰肠端端套入式吻合术与胰肠插入荷包式吻合术的资料作一比较 ,结果如下。1.资料和方法 :(1)手术方式 :全组病例均按Child法重建消化道。空肠与胰腺的吻合分为两种术式 :一种是传统的胰肠端端套入式 ,即将胰腺端与空肠端吻合后 ,再将胰腺套入空肠内 3cm ,行空肠浆肌层与胰腺被膜结节缝合。另一种是胰肠插入荷包式吻合 ,即将胰腺端直接插入空肠内 3cm ,空肠端与胰腺被膜缝合 …     

胰肠吻合方式与胰漏发生关系的研究

目的探讨胰十二指肠切除术胰肠吻合方式与胰漏发生的关系,以寻找预防胰漏的办法。方法2001年1月至2005年12月行胰十二指肠切除术胰肠吻合106例。其中行胰腺空肠端端套入吻合52例,胰腺-空肠端侧套入吻合31例,胰管与空肠黏膜吻合23例;胰管支撑胰液内引流101例,胰管支撑胰液外引流5例。所有病例均放置T管。结果术后出现胰漏11例,占10．4％,其中胰腺空肠端端吻合5例（9．6％）,胰腺空肠端侧吻合4例（12．9％）,胰管空肠黏膜对黏膜吻合2例（2／23）;胰管内放置支撑管胰液内引流101例、外引流5例,三种胰肠吻合方式的胰漏发生率差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）,显示胰肠吻合方式与胰漏的发生无相关性。结论同一种吻合方式并不适用于所有病人,熟练掌握操作技术,积累丰富的临床经验,并根据具体情况选择相应的处理方法,才能将胰漏的发生率降到最低程度。     

连续17例胰十二指肠切除术无严重并发症的手术经验体会

目的总结连续17例胰十二指肠切除术无严重并发症的手术经验。方法17例胰十二指肠切除术患者,采用保留空肠起始部的胰十二指肠切除术,消化道重建为胰肠、胆肠、胃肠顺序,并在方法上进行改进。结果17例无一例发生胰漏,无胆漏和胃肠吻合口瘘,无术后出血等严重并发症。平均住院时间19（14-28）d,均痊愈出院。平均随访14个月（2个月-3年）,未发生急性胰腺炎,消化功能无明显影响。结论采用保留空肠起始部的胰十二指肠切除术,按胰肠、胆肠、胃肠顺序重建消化道,并注意术前、术后的营养支持可预防和减少胰十二指肠切除术后并发症的发生。     

胰十二指肠切除术中胰肠吻合方式的选择策略

目的 评价胰肠吻合方式选择策略在胰十二指肠切除术中应用的临床效果.方法 回顾性分析2007年6月至2012年6月第四军医大学西京医院收治的455例行胰十二指肠切除术患者的临床资料.对于胰管直径≥4 mm的患者采用胰管空肠黏膜吻合术(胰管空肠黏膜吻合组,210例);对于胰管直径＜4 mm的患者,其胰肠吻合术式由胰腺残端直径和空肠管腔口径决定,空肠管腔口径＜胰腺残端直径者选择改良Child胰肠吻合(改良Child胰肠吻合组,140例),空肠管腔口径≥胰腺残端直径者选用捆绑式胰肠吻合(捆绑式胰肠吻合组,105例).比较分析各组临床疗效及术后并发症发生率.计数资料采用x2检验,计量资料采用t检验.结果 胰管空肠黏膜吻合组的胰管直径为(4.4±0.7)mm,显著大于改良Child胰肠吻合组的(2.8±0.6)mm和捆绑式胰肠吻合组的(2.3 ±0.7)mm(t =2.25,2.48,P＜0.05).改良Child胰肠吻合组胰腺残端直径为(36 ±5)mm,显著大于捆绑式胰肠吻合组的(21 ±6)mm(t =21.65,P＜0.05).总体胰液漏发生率为8.4％(38/455).3组患者胰液漏、腹腔出血、腹腔感染、消化功能异常、平均住院时间比较,差异无统计学意义(x2=0.53,0.88,1.63,5.34,F=2.53,P＞0.05).结论 在胰十二指肠切除术中根据胰管直径、胰腺残端直径和空肠管腔口径合理选择胰肠吻合方式可取得较好的临床效果.     

捆绑式胰肠吻合术在胰十二指肠切除术中的应用

探讨捆绑式胰肠吻合术在胰十二指肠切除术后预防胰肠吻合口漏的临床价值。方法按照彭淑牖教授设计的胰肠捆绑式吻合法进行胰肠吻合,游离胰腺断端3cm．胰管内置硅胶管,两者用丝线固定,空肠3cm处断端用电凝或石炭酸破坏其粘膜,胰断端套入空肠内3cm,空肠断端与就近胰包膜缝合4针,并用生物蛋白胶外涂一周。距空肠断面约l～2cm处用粗丝线环绕空肠壁捆绑一道,使空肠壁与胰腺紧密相贴。结果经过连续17例临床应用,均未发生胰瘘．恢复顺利。结论本法操作方便,简单,是胰肠吻合理想的手术方式,值得推广。     

改良胆肠襻式吻合与Roux-en-Y吻合治疗胆道梗阻的临床对比研究

目的:比较胆道梗阻性疾病胆肠吻合应用改良胆肠襻式吻合术式和Roux-en-Y吻合术式的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析72例行胆肠吻合术患者的临床资料,其中行改良胆肠襻式吻合36例(改良组),行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术36例(对照组)。比较两组患者吻合手术时间、肠鸣音出现、肛门排气及住院时间,观察胆汁漏发生、总胆红素下降指标、胆肠吻合口狭窄、胆汁反流情况。结果:改良组吻合手术时间较对照组明显缩短(0.9±0.4 h vs 1.4±0.6 h,P<0.05);术后肠鸣音出现时间较对照组早(2.3±4.0h vs 60.2±5.2 h,P<0.05),肛门排气时间较对照组提前(70.2±5.3 h vs 88.1±6.5 h,P<0.05),住院时间较对照组少(10.0±1.9 d vs 12.0±3.0 d,P<0.05)。术后对照组发生1例胆汁漏(5.6%);术后2周总胆红素下降指标>50%比率,改良组优于对照组(91.7%vs 83.3%);胆肠吻合口狭窄情况改良组优于对照组(2.8%vs 5.6%);术后胆汁反流情况改良组优于对照组(2.8%vs 8.3%)。结论:改良胆肠襻式吻合术较传统胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术,能缩短手术时间、肠道功能恢复快、改善术后肝功能,术后胆汁反流发生率低、手术操作简单方便,尤其适用于基层县级医院,但仍存在捆扎肠襻再通可能,需进一步改进。     

An Effective Duodenum Bulb Mobilization for Extracorporeal Billroth I Anastomosis of Laparoscopic Gastrectomy

Background Data  Extracorporeal circular-stapled Billroth I (B-I) anastomosis is difficult in patients with obesity, a large body shape, or small remnant stomach, as it requires the duodenal stump to be lifted outside of the wound. The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of circular-stapled B-I reconstruction for laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy (LADG) with effective duodenal mobilization. Methods  Between March 2005 and December 2007, 199 patients with early gastric cancer underwent LADG with B-I reconstruction in the Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery at the Cancer Institute. The greater omentum, comprised of four membrane layers, was completely dissected for effective duodenal bulb mobilization to allow easy performance of extracorporeal end-to-end gastroduodenostomy. Several clinicopathophysiological features relating to anastomosis complications, including anastomotic leakage, stenosis, bleeding, and ulcers, were evaluated. Results  The success rate of extracorporeal circular-stapled B-I anastomosis was 100% for the 199 patients, 24% of whom had a body mass index greater than 25. The rate of anastomosis-related postoperative complications was 2%. Anastomotic leakage was not observed in this study. Anastomotic stenosis was observed in 2 (1%) patients, anastomotic bleeding was observed in 1 (0.5%) patient, and anastomotic ulcer was diagnosed in 1 (0.5%) patient. All these complications were managed conservatively. There was no postoperative mortality. Conclusions  Feasible duodenal bulb mobilization by complete dissection of the greater omentum allows easy performance of extracorporeal B-I anastomosis and minimizes complications related to anastomosis in LADG.     

The influence of reflux of bile and pancreatic juice on gastric carcinogenesis in rats

The effect of reflux of the duodenal contents on the development of gastric stump carcinoma without carcinogen in rats was studied. At the first experiment, seventy male Wistar rats were subjected to gastrojejunostomy for the diversion of duodenal contents into the resected stomach through the afferent and the efferent loops. The incidence of adenocarcinoma in the afferent anastomosis were 0/8 (0%) at the 10th week, 3/16 (18.8%) at the 20th week and 7/20 (35%) at the 40th week, so the incidence was apt to rise in parallel to the time. In the second experiment, ninety rats were divided into 4 groups: Group I received the same operation as the first experiment, group II received the operation with Braun's anastomosis, group III received the operation for reflux of bile alone to the remnant stomach, and group IV received the operation for reflux of pancreatic juice alone. Animals surviving after surgery were sacrificed at the 40th week. The incidence were 33.3% in group I, 0% in group II, 0% in group III, and 8.3% in group IV, respectively. These findings suggest that reflux of duodenal contents (both bile and pancreatic juice) is an important factor in the gastric stump carcinogenesis.     

Novel bile duct repair for bleeding biliary anastomotic varices: Case report and literature review

An unusual case of variceal bleeding at the site of a biliary enteric anastomosis is presented. This entity can occur when a high-to-low pressure gradient forms in a variceal field. In this case the anastomotic site was the location of the pressure gradient from the high-pressure small bowel varices to the low-pressure biliary tract. This was successfully treated by disconnection of the anastomosis. The resulting biliary defect was patched with small intestinal submucosa, which functioned successfully as a scaffold for biliary epithelial ingrowth.     

根治性胰十二指肠切除术治疗壶腹部周围恶性肿瘤术后并发症的防治

目的 探讨根治性胰十二指肠切除术(RPD)治疗壶腹部周围恶性肿瘤导致术后出血、胰瘘、胆瘘和死亡的重要影响因素和防治措施.方法 回顾性分析华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院胆胰外科中心在2006年1月至2008年6月期间接受RPD术的156例壶腹部周围恶性肿瘤患者的临床资料,其中男性97例,女性59例,年龄37～79岁,平均56.9岁.其中胰头颈部肿瘤72例,胆总管下端肿瘤35例,壶腹部肿瘤27例,十二指肠乳头部肿瘤22例.结果 156例RPD患者中,4例发生了消化道应急性溃疡大出血,2例发生胰肠吻合口出血;术后出血的发生率为3.9%(6/156).6例发生并发症的患者中,1例因并发严重的肺部感染和呼吸窘迫综合征,在ICU住院2个月后死于呼吸功能衰竭(0.7%).1例胰肠吻合口出血患者于再次剖腹切开胰肠吻合口处空肠缝扎胰腺断端出血点后第3天发生胰瘘;1例胆总管下端肿瘤患者于术后11 d发生胆瘘.2例胆瘘、胰瘘患者均经超声引导下穿刺引流等保守治疗后痊愈.结论 及时有效地处理出血、胰瘘、胆瘘可大大降低壶腹部周围恶性肿瘤患者围手术期的病死率.     

根治性胰十二指肠切除术治疗壶腹部周围恶性肿瘤术后并发症的防治

目的 探讨根治性胰十二指肠切除术(RPD)治疗壶腹部周围恶性肿瘤导致术后出血、胰瘘、胆瘘和死亡的重要影响因素和防治措施.方法 回顾性分析华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院胆胰外科中心在2006年1月至2008年6月期间接受RPD术的156例壶腹部周围恶性肿瘤患者的临床资料,其中男性97例,女性59例,年龄37～79岁,平均56.9岁.其中胰头颈部肿瘤72例,胆总管下端肿瘤35例,壶腹部肿瘤27例,十二指肠乳头部肿瘤22例.结果 156例RPD患者中,4例发生了消化道应急性溃疡大出血,2例发生胰肠吻合口出血;术后出血的发生率为3.9%(6/156).6例发生并发症的患者中,1例因并发严重的肺部感染和呼吸窘迫综合征,在ICU住院2个月后死于呼吸功能衰竭(0.7%).1例胰肠吻合口出血患者于再次剖腹切开胰肠吻合口处空肠缝扎胰腺断端出血点后第3天发生胰瘘;1例胆总管下端肿瘤患者于术后11 d发生胆瘘.2例胆瘘、胰瘘患者均经超声引导下穿刺引流等保守治疗后痊愈.结论 及时有效地处理出血、胰瘘、胆瘘可大大降低壶腹部周围恶性肿瘤患者围手术期的病死率.     

131例胰十二指肠切除术早期并发症防治

1957～1993年因壶腹周围癌而行胰十二指肠切除术131例,全组手术早期并发症计61例,发生率46.5％;手术死亡13例,死亡率为9.9％。本文就其严重并发症胰、胆瘘及出血防治进行了讨论。胰漏的预防关键在于胰腺残端游离充分,吻合层次精确、张力小,胰管常规置引流,胆肠与胰肠吻合口相距10cm为宜。一旦发生胰瘘,充分引流非常重要,TPN可以提高其治愈率。胆肠吻合放置支撑引流管是必要的。术中仔细止血,减少输血量,是防止出血及休克的重要措施。消化道重建以Child术式为佳。     

Surgical complications after intestinal transplantation in infants and children—UK experience

Surgical complications have a significant impact on morbidity and mortality following intestinal transplantation (ITx). Birmingham Children's Hospital commenced intestinal transplantation in 1993 and the following surgical strategies evolved: (a) pretransplant abdominal tissue expanders, 1998; (b) combined en-bloc reduced liver and intestinal transplantation (CRLITx), 1998; (c) staged abdominal closure, 2001; (d) preservation of graft duodenal artery, 2005.

Aim

An internal audit was performed to document the surgical complications after ITx and to evaluate strategies in the management and prevention of complications.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of the medical records from January 1993 to June 2007 was conducted to identify surgical complications, evaluate management strategies, and report outcome following ITx.

Results

Forty-six children underwent 49 ITx (9 isolated intestinal, 39 combined liver and intestinal [CLITx], and 1 multivisceral transplant). Twenty three children had CRLITx since 1998, although there were none before 1997. The median donor: recipient weight ratio in CLITx was 2.2:1 (range, 0.67:1-6.70:1). Twenty-six children experienced 29 (59%) surgical complications: portacaval shunt thrombosis (n = 2, none alive); graft duodenal stump leakage (n = 3, 2 alive); spontaneous bowel perforation(n = 6, 2 alive); sub-acute bowel obstruction (n = 6, all alive); abdominal compartment syndrome ([ACS], n = 4, 2 alive); pancreatic leak (n = 3, 2 alive); biliary complications (n = 22, 17 alive ) failed staged abdominal closure with wound sepsis requiring skin grafting into the bowel (n = 1, alive), wound dehiscence (n = 1, alive), anastomotic leak (n = 1, alive) and intra-abdominal bleeding (n = 1,alive), primary nonfunction (n = 1, 1 died). Following the complications of ACS in children with primary abdominal closure and graft duodenal stump leaks in 2004, we modified our strategies in 2005 to include staged abdominal closure with recipient to donor weight mismatch, and preservation of the gastroduodenal artery during donor organ procurement in addition to pre transplant abdominal tissue expansion. Fifteen children with recipient and donor weight mismatch subsequently required staged closure of the abdomen and none of them developed ACS. Twelve children had gastroduodenal artery preserved and none developed graft duodenal stump leaks. Twenty-four of the 46 (52%) are alive 6 months to 10 years post transplant.

Conclusion

Evolving strategies may avoid or reduce surgical complications commonly seen after intestinal transplantation and thus contribute to an improved outcome.     

胰腺空肠端侧套入式胰管空肠黏膜吻合200例经验

目的探讨胰肠端侧套入式胰管空肠黏膜吻合术的临床效果。方法回顾性分析笔者所在医院基本外科2005年8月至2012年12月期间200例行胰十二指肠切除术患者的临床资料。采用Child法重建消化道,胰肠吻合施行胰肠端侧套入式胰管空肠黏膜吻合术,采用3层缝合结构（胰腺与空肠浆肌层、胰腺切缘与空肠浆肌层切缘以及胰管与空肠黏膜）,胰管内置入硅胶管并引至空肠内。吻合口周围覆盖部分大网膜,并于吻合口下方放置引流管。结果全部患者手术均顺利,未出现围手术期死亡者。手术时间为（298±77）min、280～420 min。胰瘘发生率为11%（22/200例）,A级17例、B级2例、C级3例;其中16例合并腹腔感染,1例合并脾静脉腐蚀大出血,1例合并胆肠吻合口假性动脉瘤破裂大出血,1例合并腹腔脓肿。3例C级胰瘘患者经二次手术治愈,其余19例均经保守治疗痊愈。结论胰肠端侧套入式胰管空肠黏膜吻合术操作简便,适用范围广,安全性高,可有效降低胰瘘发生率。吻合口覆盖大网膜可限制外漏胰液的扩散,减少胰瘘导致的严重并发症。