两种脱敏剂对牙本质粘接剂粘接强度的影响

目的 探讨两种脱敏剂对牙本质粘接剂粘接强度和微观形态的影响,以期对临床治疗有所指导.方法 将30颗完整且无龋的人第三磨牙去除(牙合)面釉质,采用随机数字表法随机分为3组:C组(对照组)、U组(UltraEZTM处理)和M组(MI Paste处理);每组10颗牙齿.C组不做处理,U组和M组分别使用相应脱敏剂对暴露的牙本质表面进行处理.3组样本牙再各随机分为两个小组,每小组5颗牙,分别用粘接剂A(Single Bond 2)和B(Xeno Ⅲ)粘接,用复合树脂修复达4～5 mm.用慢速锯将牙齿切成粘接面积为0.9 mm×0.9 mm的长方体试件,用微拉伸测试仪测试微拉伸强度,作为粘接强度,对其进行单因素方差分析.每组随机挑选3个试件对粘接界面进行扫描电镜观察.结果 对于粘接剂A,U组粘接强度[(14.58±2.31)MPa]与C组[(15.82±2.18)MPa]的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而M组粘接强度[(9.90±0.79)MPa]降低.对于粘接剂B,U组粘接强度[(10.55±1.06)MPa]与C组[(10.73±1.07)MPa]的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),而M组粘接强度[(8.74±0.87)MPa]降低.扫描电镜见各组混合层均较致密,M组两种粘接剂的树脂突较短且稀少.结论 两种脱敏剂对粘接剂粘接强度的影响不同,U组脱敏剂对全酸蚀和自酸蚀粘接剂的粘接强度无明显影响,而M组脱敏剂可降低两种粘接剂的粘接强度.     

脱敏剂对全酸蚀粘接剂剪切强度的影响

目的：研究3种牙本质脱敏剂处理牙本质表面后对全酸蚀粘接剂剪切强度的影响。方法：收集因正畸治疗需要拔除的双尖牙40颗。截去牙根,将牙冠切为颊、舌两部分。磨去颊、舌表面的釉质层,预备成牙本质平面,暴露牙本质面,将其余部分包埋于自凝树脂中。将80个样本分为8组,酸蚀前、酸蚀后依次用30％草酸钾、33％硝酸钾、极固宁、三蒸水处理牙本质表面。样本在37℃水浴中浸泡24h后测量剪切强度,加载速度为0．5mm／min。用双因素方差分析和Turkey’s检验对数据进行分析。结果：三蒸水处理组的剪切强度显著高于脱敏剂处理组。但无论使用哪一种脱敏剂在酸蚀前或者酸蚀后处理牙本质,对剪切强度影响无显著性差异。结论：本实验结果显示,使用脱敏剂处理牙本质表面会显著降低Single Bond的粘接强度。     

脱敏剂封闭牙本质小管的微结构特征及其对树脂粘接剂粘接强度的影响

目的采用扫描电镜观察涂用脱敏剂的牙本质的微观特征,评价脱敏剂对树脂粘接剂粘接强度的影响。方法对离体正畸牙进行常规牙体预备,分别涂用Gluma系统处理剂、Single Bond 2脱敏剂、BisBlockTM脱敏剂,用扫描电镜观察牙本质表面和剖面的微观特征。用树脂粘接剂把铸件粘接到经脱敏剂处理的牙本质表面,测定样本的剪切强度,用SPSS 13.0软件进行统计学分析。结果Gluma组牙本质小管开口几乎堵塞;Single Bond 2组牙本质表面形成厚的树脂层;BisBlockTM组牙本质小管开口部分堵塞。BisBlockTM组剪切强度最大,为（13.04±2.76）MPa,与对照组相比,其差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论Gluma系统处理剂、Single Bond 2脱敏剂、BisBlockTM脱敏剂能够堵塞牙本质小管开口。BisBlockTM脱敏剂可以增强树脂粘接剂的粘接强度。     

三种新型钙盐脱敏剂封闭牙本质小管的体外研究

目的 体外比较3种新型钙盐脱敏剂封闭牙本质小管的效果,以期为临床应用提供参考.方法 新鲜离体第三磨牙25颗,制备成1.00 mm厚的牙本质薄片,6%柠檬酸处理后,按随机数字表法分为5组(n=5),分别用蒸馏水(A组)、NovaMin(B组)、Pro-Argin(C组)、酪蛋白磷酸肽-无定形非晶体磷酸钙(D组)、75%NaF甘油(E组)处理样本冠面2 min,纵向劈开,扫描电镜观察牙本质表面和剖面后,测量牙本质小管封闭数目比及封闭深度,X射线能谱分析表面元素组成和剖面钙磷元素变化趋势.结果 A组牙本质小管完全开放,B、C、D、E组牙本质小管封闭数目比分别为(81.6±6.1)%、(71.5±6.3)%、(43.2±2.6)%、(39.9±4.1)%;剖面封闭深度分别为(30.33±2.26)、(24.55±2.58)、(16.10±4.65)、(8.90±1.51)μm;表面封闭数目比和剖面封闭深度4组间差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),但B、C组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);5组钙磷比差异无统计学意义(P=0.342).结论 体外牙本质小管即刻封闭效果比较,NovaMin处理组在牙本质表面和剖面均显示出较好的封闭性能,可形成类牙本质样物质.

Abstract：

Objective To evaluate the occluding effects of three new calcium desensitizers on dentinal tubules in vitro. Methods Twenty-five dentin specimens of 1.00 mm thick from freshly extracted third molars were divided into five groups randomly. After treatment with 6% citric acid, group A was treated with distilled water, and group B-E were treated with NovaMin, Pro-Argin, casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate( CPP-ACP), and 75% NaF glycerin for 2 min respectively. Then the teeth were vertically cleaved into two sections. The surfaces and cross sections were observed by the scanning electron microscope(SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), which were analyzed by the Image-Pro Plus software. Results The percentage of dentin tubules sealed were ( 81.6 ± 6. 1 ) %, ( 71.5 ± 6. 3 ) %, (43.2 ± 2. 6) %, ( 39. 9 ± 4. 1 ) %for groups B, C, D and E respectively, and the occluding depth were ( 30. 33 ± 2. 26 ), ( 24. 55 ± 2. 58 ),(16. 10 ±4. 65) and (8. 90 ± 1.51 ) μm respectively. The differences between these groups were statistically significant (P＜0. 01) except for group B and C (P ＞0.05). However, there was no significant difference between all the groups for the Ca/P ratios ( P = 0. 342). Conclusions NovaMin may have better immediate occluding effects than other desensitizers and could deposit a dentin-like mineral.     

三种新型钙盐脱敏剂封闭牙本质小管的体外研究

Objective To evaluate the occluding effects of three new calcium desensitizers on dentinal tubules in vitro. Methods Twenty-five dentin specimens of 1.00 mm thick from freshly extracted third molars were divided into five groups randomly. After treatment with 6% citric acid, group A was treated with distilled water, and group B-E were treated with NovaMin, Pro-Argin, casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate( CPP-ACP), and 75% NaF glycerin for 2 min respectively. Then the teeth were vertically cleaved into two sections. The surfaces and cross sections were observed by the scanning electron microscope(SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), which were analyzed by the Image-Pro Plus software. Results The percentage of dentin tubules sealed were ( 81.6 ± 6. 1 ) %, ( 71.5 ± 6. 3 ) %, (43.2 ± 2. 6) %, ( 39. 9 ± 4. 1 ) %for groups B, C, D and E respectively, and the occluding depth were ( 30. 33 ± 2. 26 ), ( 24. 55 ± 2. 58 ),(16. 10 ±4. 65) and (8. 90 ± 1.51 ) μm respectively. The differences between these groups were statistically significant (P＜0. 01) except for group B and C (P ＞0.05). However, there was no significant difference between all the groups for the Ca/P ratios ( P = 0. 342). Conclusions NovaMin may have better immediate occluding effects than other desensitizers and could deposit a dentin-like mineral.     

脱矿牙本质与四种粘接剂的粘接强度测试及粘接界面观察

目的比较脱矿牙本质与4种全酸蚀或自酸蚀粘接剂的粘接强度及粘接界面超微结构的差异,以期对临床治疗有所指导。方法选择20颗面龋坏的离体磨牙,在龋显示剂的指示下去除牙本质龋的感染层,保留脱矿牙本质。平齐龋洞洞底平面,去除冠向牙体组织,作为粘接面。选择临床常用的2种全酸蚀粘接剂:材料A(All Bond2)、材料B(Prime&BondNT)和2种自酸蚀粘接剂:材料C(ClearfilSEBond)、材料D(XenoⅢ),分别按说明书要求粘接。用慢速锯将样本牙切为粘接面积约0.9mm×0.9mm的长方体试件。体视显微镜下将试件分为正常牙本质组和脱矿牙本质组,用微拉伸测试仪检测粘接强度。扫描电镜观察各组试件粘接界面的超微形态。结果方差分析提示牙本质类型和粘接剂对微拉伸粘接强度的影响均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。对正常牙本质,不同粘接剂的微拉伸粘接强度差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);对于脱矿牙本质,材料D的微拉伸粘接强度较其他粘接剂明显降低(P<0.05)。扫描电镜下观察脱矿牙本质的混合层多孔稀疏,树脂突短少,无侧枝形成。结论对脱矿牙本质,本项实验中全酸蚀粘接剂的粘接强度优于自酸蚀粘接剂。     

HyC对不同粘接剂与牙本质间剪切强度的影响

目的:研究劲润牙本质保护膜(Hy C)对4种粘接剂与牙本质间剪切强度的影响。方法:通过剪切实验检测应用Hy C组与空白对照组玻璃离子水门汀(GIC)、聚羧酸锌水门汀(ZPCC)、自粘结树脂水门汀(SRC)、全酸蚀树脂水门汀(RC)四种粘接剂与牙本质间剪切强度,并通过扫描电镜判定断离类型。结果:使用Hy C使GIC、ZPCC与牙本质间的粘接强度减小,使SR C、R C与牙本质间的粘接强度增大,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。扫描电镜显示实验组均未见牙本质小管结构,对照组可见牙本质小管结构。结论:Hy C可降低GIC、ZPCC的剪切强度,增强SRC、RC的剪切强度,其涂层不会因粘接剂的使用而破坏。     

自酸蚀与全酸蚀粘接剂对牙釉质和牙本质的剪切粘接强度比较

目的 比较自酸蚀与伞酸蚀粘接剂对牙釉质和牙本质剪切粘接强度,以期为临床提供参考.方法 选择因牙周病拔除的上颌中切牙20颗,使用两种自酸蚀粘接剂[A(ClearfilTM Protect Bond)、B(AdporTM PromptTM)]和两种全酸蚀粘接剂[C(SwissTEC SL Bond)、D(Single Bond)]按照厂家推荐步骤对牙釉质和牙本质进行粘接,并测试牙釉质和牙本质粘接样本的剪切粘接强度.结果 4种粘接剂对牙釉质和牙本质粘接强度分别为:粘接剂A(25.33±2.84)、(26.07±5.56)MPa;粘接剂B(17.08±5.13)、(17.93±4.70)MPa;粘接剂C(33.14±6.05)、(41.92±6.25)MPa;粘接剂D(22.51±6.25)、(21.45±7.34)MPa.粘接剂C对牙釉质和牙本质剪切粘接强度显著高于其他3种粘接剂(P<0.05);粘接剂B的剪切粘接强度显著低于其他3种粘接剂(P<0.05).结论 本研究所选用的自酸蚀两步法粘接剂的剪切粘接强度与部分伞酸蚀粘接剂相当,高于自酸蚀一步法粘接剂.     

羟基磷灰石脱敏剂对通用型粘接剂粘接性能的影响

目的探讨含羟基磷灰石(hydroxyapatite,HA)的脱敏剂对不同粘接模式下通用型粘接剂粘接性能的影响,为脱敏处理后粘接剂的使用提供依据。方法选取因阻生而拔除的第三磨牙60颗(西安交通大学口腔医院口腔颌面外科提供)。将4颗牙制备为1 mm厚牙本质片,1%柠檬酸处理建立牙本质敏感模型,分为对照组(无任何处理)、脱敏牙膏A和B组(分别用含HA的脱敏牙膏Biorepair和Dontodent Sensitive处理)、脱敏糊剂组(HA糊剂处理)(每组2片),扫描电镜观察各组牙本质表面形貌。剩余牙暴露冠中部牙本质并建立牙本质敏感模型,分入上述4组进行相应处理。每组再分为2个亚组,使用中强酸型通用型粘接剂(G-Premio Bond)分别在酸蚀-冲洗模式或自酸蚀模式下进行粘接,堆塑树脂,制备树脂-牙本质片状试件(每亚组4个)、微拉伸试件(每亚组20个)和片状试件(每亚组6个),分别进行粘接界面微观结构和纳米渗漏情况扫描电镜观察、微拉伸强度(粘接强度)测试及断裂模式记录、粘接界面水渗透情况激光扫描共聚焦显微镜观察。结果扫描电镜显示,脱敏牙膏和脱敏糊剂处理均可部分或完全封闭多数牙本质小管。对于酸蚀-冲洗模式,脱敏牙膏A、B组和脱敏糊剂组粘接强度[分别为(40.98±4.60)、(40.89±4.64)和(41.48±3.65)MPa]均显著大于对照组[(38.58±4.28)MPa](F=3.89,P<0.05);对于自酸蚀模式,4组粘接强度差异均无统计学意义(F=0.48,P>0.05);各组自酸蚀粘接模式粘接强度均显著大于同组酸蚀-冲洗粘接模式(P<0.05)。4组总体断裂模式主要为混合破坏和界面破坏。扫描电镜观察显示,酸蚀-冲洗模式下粘接界面银染颗粒沿混合层底部呈斑点状分布,自酸蚀模式几乎不存在银染颗粒沉积。激光扫描共聚焦显微镜显示酸蚀-冲洗模式混合层内存在连续线状渗透,自酸蚀模式混合层内呈不连续线状渗透。结论含HA的脱敏剂处理对中强酸型通用型粘接剂的粘接性能无不利影响,搭配自酸蚀粘接模式可获得良好的粘接效果。     

牙预备体用BisBlock^TM脱敏对水门汀剪切强度的影响

目的:评价BisBlockTM脱敏剂对4种水门汀粘接强度的影响。方法:对48个离体牙片进行牙体预备,暴露牙本质,随机分4组:聚羧酸锌水门汀组、玻璃离子水门汀组、树脂加强型玻璃离子水门汀组、树脂水门汀组,每组12个样本。一半样本为实验组,涂用BisBlockTM脱敏剂;对照组不涂脱敏剂。用水门汀粘固镍铬合金铸件于牙本质表面。剪切实验后记录剪切强度及离断类型。采用t检验分析实验组和对照组间的剪切强度,采用Pearson's卡方检验分析离断面类型数据(α=0.05)。结果:BisBlockTM可提高树脂加强型玻璃离子水门汀和树脂水门汀的剪切强度,与树脂水门汀联合应用后剪切强度达到最大(13.04±2.76)MPa。结论:脱敏剂对水门汀粘接强度的影响与其产品成分有关;BisBlockTM脱敏剂可与实验中所有水门汀联合应用。     

Effect of phosphoric acid etching on the shear bond strength of two self-etch adhesives

Objective:

To evaluate the effect of optional phosphoric acid etching on the shear bond strength (SBS) of two self-etch adhesives to enamel and dentin.

Material and Methods:

Ninety-six bovine mandibular incisors were ground flat to obtain enamel and dentin substrates. A two-step self-etch adhesive (FL-Bond II) and a one-step self-etch adhesive (BeautiBond) were applied with and without a preliminary acid etching to both the enamel and dentin. The specimens were equally and randomly assigned to 4 groups per substrate (n=12) as follows: FL-Bond II etched; FL-Bond II un-etched; BeautiBond etched; BeautiBond un-etched. Composite cylinders (Filtek Z100) were bonded onto the treated tooth structure. The shear bond strength was evaluated after 24 hours of storage (37ºC, 100% humidity) with a testing machine (Ultra-tester) at a speed of 1 mm/min. The data was analyzed using a two-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey''s test with a significance level of p<0.05. A field emission scanning electron microscope was used for the failure mode analysis.

Results:

Both adhesives evidenced a significant decrease in the dentin SBS with the use of an optional phosphoric acid-etching step (p<0.05). Preliminary phosphoric acid etching yielded significantly higher enamel SBS for FL-Bond II (p<0.05) only, but not for BeautiBond. FL-Bond II applied to un-etched dentin demonstrated the highest mean bond strength (37.7±3.2 MPa) and BeautiBond applied to etched dentin showed the lowest mean bond strength (18.3±6.7 MPa) among all tested groups (p<0.05).

Conclusion:

The use of a preliminary acid-etching step with 37.5% phosphoric acid had a significant adverse effect on the dentin bond strength of the self-etch adhesives evaluated while providing improvement on the enamel bond strength only for FL-Bond II. This suggests that the potential benefit that may be derived from an additional etching step with phosphoric acid does not justify the risk of adversely affecting the bond strength to dentin.     

不同树脂粘接剂粘接界面微裂隙的观测与评价

目的 比较3种树脂粘接剂与牙齿粘接界面的微裂隙,以期为临床提供参考.方法 收集15颗人离体第三恒磨牙,用随机数字表随机分为3组(每组5颗),颊侧备洞后,分别用全酸蚀粘接剂(3M ESPE Adper Single Bond 2)(A组)、双组分自酸蚀粘接剂(3M ESPE Adper SE Plus)(B组)和单组分自酸蚀粘接剂(iBond Self Etch)(C组)进行粘接,树脂充填.扫描电镜下定点测量充填体侧壁、底壁与牙体间的微裂隙宽度,所有试样经3000次冷热循环后再次测量.使用秩和检验比较3组组间差异和冷热循环前后差异.结果 冷热循环后各组侧壁或底壁的微裂隙宽度均比冷热循环前显著增加(P＜0.05),冷热循环前后A、B、C组侧壁或底壁微裂隙宽度增加量[侧壁:1.33(1.14,1.74)、1.27(1.04,1.86)、1.11(0.55,1.46) μm;底壁:2.22(1.36,2.50)、1.91 (1.48,2.88)、2.38(2.08,2.47) μm]差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 3种树脂粘接剂对牙齿粘接性能的影响无差异;冷热循环可破坏粘接界面的稳定性.     

三种树脂粘接剂对可切削复合树脂与牙本质粘接强度的比较研究

目的 通过比较3种树脂粘接剂对聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯-纳米二氧化硅-二氧化锆(polymethylmecrylate/nano SiO2-ZrO2,PNSZ)可切削复合树脂与牙本质的粘接强度的差异,寻找适合PNSZ可切削复合树脂的树脂粘接剂,为临床应用提供参考.方法 使用树脂粘接剂A(RelyX ARC)、B(Panavia-F)和c(Variolink II)粘接PNSZ可切削复合树脂与牙本质,测试剪切粘接强度和微拉伸粘接强度(各分为A、B、C 3组,每组10个试件),并采用50倍立体显微镜观察断裂模式.结果 剪切测试中A、B、C组试件的粘接强度分别为(14.07±4.67)、(13.17±4.63)、(12.10±2.18)MPa,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);微拉伸测试中A、B、C组试件的粘接强度分别为(11.49±4.90)、(9.66±4.15)、(10.11±4.20)MPa,差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).立体显微镜观察显示,3种粘接剂的断裂模式均以牙本质-粘接剂界面的断裂为主.结论 3种树脂粘接剂对PNSZ可切削复合树脂与牙本质的粘接效果相近.PNSZ可切削复合树脂一粘接剂界面的粘接优于牙本质-粘接剂界面.     

Effect of enamel protective agents on shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets

Background

This paper aimed to study the effect of two enamel protective agents on the shear bond strength (SBS) of orthodontic brackets bonded with conventional and self-etching primer (SEP) adhesive systems.

Methods

The two protective agents used were resin infiltrate (ICON) and Clinpro; the two adhesive systems used were self-etching primer system (Transbond Plus Self Etching Primer + Transbond XT adhesive) and a conventional adhesive system (37% phosphoric acid etch + Transbond XT primer + Transbond XT adhesive ). Sixty premolars divided into three major groups and six subgroups were included. The shear bond strength was tested 72 h after bracket bonding. Adhesive remnant index scores (ARI) were assessed. Statistical analysis consisted of a one-way ANOVA for the SBS and Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Mann-Whitney test for the ARI scores.

Results

In the control group, the mean SBS when using the conventional adhesive was 21.1 ± 7.5 MPa while when using SEP was 20.2 ± 4.0 MPa. When ICON was used with the conventional adhesive system, the SBS was 20.2 ± 5.6 MPa while with SEP was 17.6 ± 4.1 MPa. When Clinpro was used with the conventional adhesive system, the SBS was 24.3 ± 7.6 MPa while with SEP was 11.2 ± 3.5 MPa. Significant differences in the shear bond strength of the different groups (P = .000) was found as well as in the ARI scores distribution (P = .000).

Conclusion

The type of the adhesive system used to bond the orthodontic brackets, either conventional or self-etching primer, influenced the SBS, while the enamel protective material influenced the adhesive remnant on the enamel surface after debonding.     

牙颈部非龋性硬化牙本质粘接的超微形态研究

目的观察牙颈部非龋性硬化牙本质经自酸蚀牙本质粘接剂处理后，树脂一牙本质界面的超微结构。方法选择有典型牙颈部非龋性缺损且因牙周病拔除的上颌前磨牙，使用两步法的自酸蚀粘接剂Contax粘接处理。扫描电镜观察硬化牙本质表面超微形态以及树脂一牙本质界面的混合层和树脂突的微观表现。结果硬化牙本质的牙本质小管大部分被柱状的矿化结晶体堵塞。粘接界面也可见到清晰的混合层和树脂突，但树脂突较短。结论硬化牙本质的粘接与正常牙本质存在差异，牙本质小管内的矿化结晶可能影响粘接效果。自酸蚀粘接剂对硬化牙本质具有一定的粘接能力。     

树脂类粘接剂对全瓷与牙本质之间粘接强度的影响

目的比较3种不同粘接剂对3种全瓷材料与牙本质之间抗剪切粘接强度的影响。方法样本为热压铸造陶瓷组、氧化铝渗透陶瓷组和氧化锆切削陶瓷组,每组各18片,各组再随机分为A、B、C3个小组,每小组6片。将收集的离体恒磨牙打磨至牙本质浅层,分别采用树脂类粘接剂RelyXTM ARC、PanaviaTMF以及Rely XTM Unicem与3种全瓷片粘接。所有试件均置于37℃人工唾液,24h后测试54个试件的抗剪切强度。结果热压铸造陶瓷组与氧化锆切削陶瓷组均为RelyXTM Unicem抗剪切粘接强度最高,而氧化铝渗透陶瓷组PanaviaTM F抗剪切粘接强度最高。结论对于3种不同全瓷材料,临床上可根据全瓷修复体的种类选择适当的粘接剂系统。     

预置粘接剂托槽的抗剪切强度

目的本研究目的是检测预置粘接剂(Adhesive Precoated,APC)托槽粘接后的抗剪切强度,并与传统的正畸托槽粘接后的抗剪切强度进行对比研究。材料与方法研究中使用50个离体前磨牙,随机分为5组,每组10个样本。按照相应的步骤在牙釉质是粘接托槽。组1:先进行釉质酸蚀,然后用光固化树脂粘接剂(Transbond XT)粘接金属托槽;组2:先进行釉质酸蚀,然后粘接 APC 托槽;组3:釉质表面使用自酸蚀偶联剂,然后用光固化树脂粘接剂粘接金属托槽;组4:釉质表面使用自酸蚀偶联剂,然后粘接 APC 托槽;组5:先进行釉质酸蚀,然后用化学固化树脂粘接剂(Unite)粘接金属托槽。用材料力学实验机对托槽施加剪切力,检测每组样本的抗剪切强度和粘接材料残留指数(ARI)。结果每组的平均抗剪切强度分别为组1:11.37±6.62兆帕(MPa);组2:11.08±4.63兆帕;组3:11.62±6.88兆帕;组4:10.96±5.94兆帕;组5:14.41±6.34兆帕。方差分析表明,5组之间的粘接强度的差异没有显著的统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论预置粘接剂托槽可以有足够的粘接强度供临床使用。