Loss of p57KIP2 is associated with colorectal carcinogenesis

The expression and significance of p57KIP2, an important inhibitor of the cell cycle, remain unclear during carcinogenesis and during late metastasis to lymph nodes of tumors. To detail changes of p57KIP2 during colorectal carcinogenesis and during late metastasis to lymph nodes, p57KIP2, cyclin A, cyclin B1, cyclin E, CDK2, and Ki67 were immunohistochemically investigated in 22 specimens of normal mucosa, 62 of adenomas, 17 of carcinomas in adenomas, 189 of primary carcinomas, and 23 of lymph node metastases. Situated in nuclei, p57KIP2 expression increased significantly from normal mucosa to adenomas (p=0.0068), from mild through moderate to severe dysplasia in adenomas (p=0.0132). It significantly decreased from adenomas to unpaired primary carcinomas (p=0.0112) and from peripheral adenomas to paired central carcinomas (p=0.0018), but remained unchanged when primary carcinomas metastasized to lymph nodes (p=0.3401). p57KIP2 expression was not correlated with clinicopathological indices, but the patients having tumors without p57KIP2 tended to show a poor prognosis (p=0.0674). High p57KIP2 was significantly correlated with increased cyclin A (p=0.0007), elevated cyclin B1 (p=0.0007), reduced CDK2 (p=0.0021), and increased Ki67 (p=0.0013) in adenomas. Thus, loss of p57KIP2 expression appears associated with colorectal carcinogenesis.     

Cyclin B1, unlike cyclin G1, increases significantly during colorectal carcinogenesis and during later metastasis to lymph nodes

In collaboration with p53, cyclins B1 and G1 regulate the G2/M transition, a key checkpoint in the active cell cycle, which can be monitored by Ki67. However, the cyclin B1 expression remains unclear during colorectal carcinogenesis and during later metastasis to lymph nodes, and cyclin G1 expression is not clear in colorectal tumors. To clarify the variations of the two cyclins in colorectal tumors, cyclin B1, cyclin G1, p53, and Ki67 were immunohistochemically stained in 22 normal mucosa, 62 adenomas, 17 carcinomas in adenomas, 194 primary carcinomas, and 21 lymph node metastases; and the two cyclins were examined by Western blot in other 10 pairs of normal mucosa and primary carcinomas. Located in cytoplasms, nuclei or both, cyclin B1 expression increased significantly from normal mucosa through adenomas to primary carcinomas, from adenomas with mild dysplasia through those with moderate to those with severe, from peripheral adenomas to their central carcinomas, and from primary to metastatic foci. These increased expressions were confirmed by Western blot. Cyclin B1 expression, however, declined significantly in primary carcinomas showing large size, mucinous type, deep invasion, or short postoperative-patient-survival time. High cyclin B1 was linked to high p53 in adenomas, and to high Ki67 in adenomas and primary carcinomas. In contrast, found limited to nuclei, cyclin G1 expression did not vary significantly from normal mucosa through to metastatic carcinomas, and was not associated with clinicopathological parameters, p53 or Ki67. The unchanged expressions were confirmed by Western blot. Thus, increased cyclin B1, but not cyclin G1, may promote colorectal carcinogenesis and later metastasis to lymph nodes.     

p107 Expression in colorectal tumours rises during carcinogenesis and falls during invasion

p107 Links to cyclin A/CDK2 (cyclin-dependent kinase 2) and cyclin E/CDK2 that are important cell cycle regulators. However, p107 expression remains unclear in almost all kinds of human solid tumours. To clarify the expression of p107 in colorectal tumours, 22 normal mucosae, 9 hyperplastic polyps, 60 adenomas, 198 primary carcinomas, 21 lymph-nodal metastases, and 10 hepatic metastases were immunohistochemically stained for p107, cyclin A, cyclin E, CDK2 and Ki67. Results were measured using labelling indices (LIs). p107 LIs surpassed the highest value in normal tissues in six of nine hyperplastic polyps, 54 of 60 adenomas, 144 of 198 primary cancers, 13 of 21 nodal foci and three of 10 hepatic foci. p107 LIs also apparently rose from normal through hyperplasia and adenoma to early carcinoma. However, they declined in liver-metastatic foci, and in primary cancers showing large size, mucinous type, venous invasion, lymphatic invasion, poorly differentiated type, deep invasion, lymph-nodal metastasis, hepatic metastasis or advanced stage. Low p107 LIs were also linked to a poor survival, particularly in stage-III patients. As the p107 LI gradually rose, the CDK2 (in primary cancers only), cyclin A, cyclin E and Ki67 LIs were elevated concurrently-in both adenomas and primary cancers. Thus, in colorectal tumours, p107 expression rises abnormally and gradually during carcinogenesis and then falls during invasion, and thereby probably perturbs the cell-cycle control and promotes carcinogenesis and invasion. Clinically, reduced p107 may indicate a poorer prognosis.     

Heterogeneous expression and association of beta-catenin, p16 and c-myc in multistage colorectal tumorigenesis and progression detected by tissue microarray

Most colorectal carcinomas (CRCs) arise from adenomas through an archetypal pathogenic pathway, the adenoma-carcinoma-metastasis sequence. Aberrant expression of beta-catenin, p16, E-cadherin and c-myc appears to have played important roles in the development and/or progression of CRC, but their precise distribution pattern and associations in different pathologic loci along CRC's pathogenic pathway have not been thoroughly examined. In this study, a tissue microarray (TMA) containing 85 advanced CRCs in different Dukes stages was constructed. In each of 85 cases, tissue specimens from normal mucosa and primary carcinomas in different layers of the bowel wall were included in the TMA. Tissue specimens from matched adenoma, lymph node metastases and distant metastases were obtained from 22, 21 and 21 cases, respectively. Expression patterns of beta-catenin, p16, E-cadherin and c-myc were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The results revealed that nuclear expression of beta-catenin, p16 and c-myc was quantitatively increased from normal mucosa to premalignant adenoma, primary carcinoma and lymph node metastatic carcinoma; the frequency of nuclear overexpression of beta-catenin and p16 in lymph node metastases was significantly higher than that in distant metastases (p < 0.05). These results suggest an association between nuclear overexpression of beta-catenin and/or p16 and CRC lymph node metastasis but not distant metastasis. The results also showed that correlative high nuclear expression of beta-catenin and c-myc was observed in primary carcinomas involving the serosa and lymph node metastases (p < 0.05) but not in other pathologic regions of CRCs, suggesting that the tumor microenvironment in different pathologic loci of colorectal tumorigenesis and progression may influence c-myc responsiveness to beta-catenin/Tcf activation.     

c-MET expression in colorectal adenomas and primary carcinomas with its corresponding metastases

Background

c-MET plays an important role in tumor proliferation, invasion and metastasis. In this study we examined the expression of c-MET in colorectal adenomas, primary adenocarcinomas and their corresponding lymph node, peritoneal and liver metastases. We correlated our findings with clinicopathological features.

Methods

Twenty three cases of colorectal adenoma and 102 cases of primary colorectal carcinoma and their corresponding metastases (44 lymph nodes, 21 peritoneal deposits and 16 liver metastases) were studied to evaluate c-MET expression by immunohistochemistry. For comparison, 12 sections of adjacent healthy colorectal mucosa were examined.

Results

Statistically significant differences were present among normal tissues, colorectal adenomas and primary colorectal carcinomas (P=0.011). Normal tissues showed a negative or weak reaction in 66.67% and 33.33% of cases respectively. Expression of c-MET was positive in 47.8% of adenomas. A significant positive association was identified between c-MET high expression and degree of dysplasia (P=0.024). c-MET was highly expressed in 66.7% of primary colorectal carcinoma. Significant positive correlations were detected between c-MET expression and TNM stage (P=0.036), lymph node metastasis (LNM), peritoneal deposits and liver metastasis (P=0.038, P=0.094 and P=0.045, respectively). c-MET expression in metastatic tissues was significantly higher than that of the primary tumor.

Conclusions

c-MET expression is gradually up-regulated in the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) from normal epithelium to adenoma to colorectal carcinoma to metastases.     

Nup88 expression in normal mucosa, adenoma, primary adenocarcinoma and lymph node metastasis in the colorectum.

OBJECTIVES: It was the aim of this study to investigate Nup88 expression in normal colorectal mucosa, adenoma, adenocarcinoma and lymph node metastasis, as well as the relationship between Nup88 expression and clinicopathological features. METHODS: Nup88 expression was examined by immunohistochemistry in 84 normal mucosa samples, 32 adenomas, 181 primary adenocarcinomas, and 18 lymph node metastases from colorectal tumour patients. RESULTS: Nup88 expression was observed in normal epithelial and tumour cells. The frequency of strong Nup88 expression was increased from normal mucosa or adenoma to primary tumour and lymph node metastasis (p < 0.0001). There was no significant difference in the expression between normal mucosa and adenoma (p = 0.41). The frequency of strong Nup88 expression was higher in ulcerated tumours (40%) than in polypoid/large fungating tumours (23%; p = 0.048). The frequency of strong Nup88 expression was significantly different among tumours with good (21%), moderate (42%) and poor differentiation (48%; p = 0.01). Nup88 expression was not related to the patients' gender, age, tumour location, size, histological type, invasive depth, lymph node status and Dukes stage (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that Nup88 may play a role during the development, aggressiveness and differentiation of colorectal tumours.     

Significance of Skp2 expression in human gastric carcinoma and the relationship between Skp2, p27 and PTEN expression

Objective： S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 （Skp2） is a positive regulator of G1-S transition and promotes ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27. Its overexpression has been implicated in cell transformation and oncogenesis. In this study, we investigated significance of Skp2 expression in human gastric carcinoma and the relationship between Skp2, p27 and PTEN expression. Methods： Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on 138 surgical resected primary gastric carcinoma specimens, 102 paired metastasis carcinoma tissue specimens in lymph node from the same set of 138 surgical resected primary gastric carcinoma specimens, 30 dysplasia specimens, 30 intestinal metaplasia specimens, and 20 normal gastric mucosa specimens for Skp2 and performed on the same set of 138 surgical resected primary gastric carcinoma specimens for p27 and PTEN. Results： Skp2 labeling frequency % was increased dramatically in intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and primary gastric carcinoma compared with normal gastric mucosa （P=0.000, all the same）. Skp2 labeling frequency % in metastasis gastric carcinoma in lymph node was significantly higher than primary gastric carcinoma （P=0.037）. Skp2 labeling frequency % was positively associated with differentiated degree （rho=0.315, P=0.000）, vessel invasion （rho=0.303, P=0.000） and lymph node metastasis （rho=0.254, P=0.000） respectively. An inverse correlation of Skp2 was observed with both its biochemical target p27 expression in gastric carcinoma （rho=-0.451, P=0.000） and with its putative negative regulator, the PTEN tumor suppressor protein （rho=-0.480, P=0.000）. p27 expression had positive relationship with PTEN expression in gastric carcinoma （rho=0.642, P=0.000）. Conclusion： Skp2 overexpression is correlated with carcinogenesis and progression of gastric carcinoma： elevated Skp2 expression is correlated with decreased p27 and PTEN in gastric carcinoma, and p27 expression is parallel with PTEN expression. These suggest that PTEN may regulate expression of p27 through the Skp2 pathway, and the effects of Skp2, p27 and PTEN together play an important role in carcinogenesis and progression of gastric carcinoma.     

Expression of p53, p21/waf, bcl-2, bax, Rb and Ki67 proteins in colorectal adenocarcinomas

This study investigated the combined immunoexpression of p53, p21, bcl-2, bax, Rb and Ki67 proteins in colorectal adenocarcinomas and correlated expression patterns with tumour stage and grade. Paraffin sections from 98 cases of colorectal adenocarcinomas were stained by immunohistochemistry for p53, p21, bcl-2, bax, Rb and MIB-1 (Ki67) proteins. In addition, 12 cases of colorectal adenomas and normal colorectal mucosa were studied in parallel. P53, p21, bcl-2, bax, Rb and Ki67 proteins were detected in at least 5% of tumour cells in 63/98, 72/98, 52/98, 96/98 and 98/98 adenocarcinomas, respectively. Comparative study of the normal-adenoma-carcinoma tissues revealed abrogation of the normal immunotopography in adenomas and adenocarcinomas, and considerable modifications, increase or reduction, of the expression of p53, p21, bcl-2, bax, Rb and Ki67 proteins in adenocarcinomas when compared with normal mucosa and adenomas. Statistically significant correlations were found between low bax expression and Dukes C stage of carcinomas, Ki67 expression and carcinoma grade, and Ki67 and Rb expression. P53, p21, bcl-2 and Rb immunoexpression did not correlate with tumour stage or grade. Our findings show that low bax immunoexpression is frequently related to colorectal adenocarcinomas with lymph node metastases suggesting that low levels of bax expression play a role in late stage colorectal cancer. The correlation between Ki67 and Rb expression, in view of previous data that the hyperphosphorylated inactive Rb protein is frequently increased in colorectal adenocarcinomas, suggests that Rb protein is somewhat ineffective in inhibiting the cell-cycle progression in these malignancies. Furthermore, our findings provide immunohistochemical evidence that the abrogation of the normal immunotopography and the modifications of the expression of p53, p21, bcl-2, bax, Rb and Ki67 proteins reflect important events in colorectal oncogenesis.     

大肠癌组织Survivin和APRIL表达临床意义探讨

目的探讨大肠癌组织Survivin和APRIL表达的临床意义及其相关性。方法收集常州市第四人民医院2009-08-01-2012-12-31收治且行手术切除大肠癌组织50例、腺瘤组织35例及正常大肠黏膜组织35例,免疫组织化学SP法检测Survivin和APRIL的表达。结果 Survivin和APRIL在大肠癌组织中的阳性表达率分别为76.0%（38/50）和90.0%（45/50）,腺瘤组织中分别为40.0%（14/35）和60.0%（21/35）,均显著高于正常大肠黏膜的0%（0/35）,P〈0.05;Survivin和APRIL在癌组织中阳性表达率也均显著高于腺瘤组织,P〈0.05,呈逐渐升高趋势。有淋巴结转移、浸润浆膜/浆膜外和Dukes C＋D期者的Survivin的表达明显高于无淋巴结转移、浸润深度未穿透浆膜和Dukes A＋B期者,χ^2值分别为5.81、6.17和4.38,P值均〈0.05;组织分级高和有淋巴结转移者的APRIL的表达明显高于组织分级低和无淋巴结转移者,χ^2值分别为5.07和6.34,P值均〈0.05。大肠癌组织中Survivin和APRIL的表达无明显相关性,r=0.105,P〉0.05。结论 Survivin和APRIL在正常大肠黏膜、腺瘤与大肠癌组织表达率逐渐升高,Survivin和APRIL在大肠癌组织表达与病期和分化程度有关,提示与大肠癌发生发展有关;大肠癌组织中Survivin与APRIL表达无明显相关性。     

胃癌组织Skp2表达的意义及其与P27、PTEN表达的关系

背景与目的:S期激酶相关蛋白2(S-phaseKinase-associatedProtein2,Skp2)促进泛素介导的细胞周期素依赖激酶抑制剂P27蛋白降解,是细胞G1-S期转化所必需。研究发现Skp2过表达参与细胞转化和肿瘤的形成。本研究旨在探讨人胃癌Skp2表达的意义及Skp2与P27和PTEN表达的关系。方法:采用免疫组化法检测胃癌组织及配对癌旁胃粘膜138例、配对淋巴结转移癌组织102例、非典型增生30例、肠上皮化生30例、慢性浅表性胃炎10例和正常胃粘膜5例Skp2表达及138例胃癌P27和PTEN的表达。结果:Skp2的标记率(%)在肠化(12.68±0.86)及癌旁胃粘膜(19.32±1.22)均明显高于慢性浅表性胃炎(0.53±0.13)及正常胃粘膜(0.47±0.19)(P<0.001),后两者无显著性差异(P﹥0.05);非典型增生(16.74±0.82)明显高于肠化(P<0.001);原发胃癌(31.34±2.17)明显高于非典型增生及癌旁胃粘膜(P<0.001);淋巴结转移胃癌组织(39.76±2.00)明显高于原发胃癌(P=0.037)。胃癌Skp2标记率与分化程度(rs=0.315,P=0.000)、脉管内瘤栓(rs=0.303,P=0.000)及淋巴结转移(rs=0.254,P=0.000)呈正相关。胃癌Skp2表达与靶蛋白P27表达(rs=-0.451,P=0.000)和肿瘤抑制蛋白PTEN(rs=-0.480,P=0.000)表达呈负相关;胃癌PTEN表达与P27表达呈正相关(rs=0.642,P=0.000)。结论:胃癌Skp2蛋白过表达与P27蛋白降解及PTEN蛋白低表达有关,提示Skp2蛋白过表达可能是胃癌发生和发展的一个重要原因。     

Expression of cell cycle control proteins in primary colorectal tumors does not always predict expression in lymph node metastases.

Analysis of tumor markers focuses on expression in primary tumors with the assumption that this is representative of metastatic tumor, against which treatment is targeted. Few studies have compared the expression of such markers in primary and secondary tumors. In this study, several key genes involved in cell cycle regulation were investigated in colorectal tumors and corresponding lymph node metastases. The cell cycle regulators p53, cyclin D1, p21, p27, retinoblastoma protein (Rb), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were examined in a series of 42 paired samples of primary colorectal and secondary lymph node tumors by immunohistochemistry. Expression of p53, p27, and Rb was similar in virtually all paired samples (p53, 38 of 42; p27, 39 of 42; Rb, 40 of 42), indicating that the pattern of these proteins in colorectal tumors may be used to predict that in lymph node tumors. It also suggests a lack of direct involvement in the metastatic process. A lower concordance for p21 and cyclin D1 staining was observed between primary and secondary tumors (p21, 19 of 42; cyclin D1, 22 of 42). p21 expression was more often observed in primary colorectal cancers, whereas cyclin D1 expression was more frequently seen in lymph node metastases, in keeping with the contrasting roles of these proteins as a cell cycle inhibitor (p21) and activator (cyclin D1). The PCNA-labeling index was found to vary considerably in a number of cases, thus limiting the ability to predict expression of this protein in lymph node metastases from the primary tumor. In addition, PCNA-labeling indices between paired samples were neither consistently higher nor lower, suggesting that the proliferative capacity of tumor cells is not directly related to their ability to metastasize.     

Expression of p27Kip1, cyclin E and E2F-1 in primary and metastatic tumors of gastric carcinoma.

The cell cycle is controlled by positive and negative regulators. Gene abnormalities and aberrant expressions of various cyclins/CDKs and CDK inhibitors may play a pivotal role in stomach carcinogenesis. To clarify the role of cyclin E, CDK inhibitor p27Kip1 and their target molecule, E2F-1 in tumor metastasis, we examined immunohistochemically the expression of cyclin E, p27Kip1 and E2F-1 in 23 gastric carcinomas and metastatic tumors of the lymph node. Most of gastric carcinomas with lymph node metastasis showed reduced p27Kip1 expression. p27Kip1 was negative in 39% (9/23) of primary tumors, while it was so in 52% (12/23) of lymph node metastases. By comparison of p27Kip1 expression in primary and metastatic tumors in individual cases, metastatic tumor cells in the lymph nodes were expressed at weaker levels than in those in primary tumors in 43% (10/23) of the cases. On the other hand, over 70% (17/23) and 50% (12/23) of the cases expressed cyclin E and E2F-1 at nearly the same levels in both primary tumor and lymph node metastasis, respectively. These results suggest that tumor cells with reduced p27Kip1 expression may selectively metastasize to lymph node or distant organs.     

聚合酶链式反应—单链构象多态性分析法检测大肠腺瘤及大肠癌APC …

目的 对１５例散发性大肠腺瘤组织和４５例大肠癌组织及各自的正常肠粘膜组织,进行家族性腺瘤肉病基因（ａｄｅｎｏｍａｔｏｕｓｐｏｌｙｐｏｓｉｓ,ｃｏｌｉ,ＡＰＣ第１５外显子ＭＣＲ区域的基因突变检测。方法 应用聚合酶链反应－单链构象多态性分析（ＰＣＲ－ＳＳＣＰ）技术进行检测。结果 在散发性大肠腺瘤组织中检出突变率为２０．０％（３／１５）在大肠癌组织中的突变率为２２．２％（１０／４５）。实验结果表明,ＡＰ     

c-erbB-2、ras、p53基因产物在大肠癌及癌前病变中的表达

目的：探讨c－erbB－2、ras、p53基因的表达与大肠癌发生发展的关系以及其对大肠癌早期诊断、预后判断的价值。方法：对45例大肠癌及36例癌旁非腺瘤型不典型增生、17例大肠腺瘤，用免疫组化方法检测基因产物的表达。结果：p53在大肠癌的阳性表达率为57．8％，p53蛋白高表达的癌旁非腺瘤型不典型增生及大肠腺瘤均为中度或高度不典型增生。p53蛋白表达与大肠癌的组织分化程度、淋巴结转移有关（P＜0．05）。p21、p185蛋白表达与大肠癌组织学分型、癌组织浸润程度、淋巴结转移无关，而与癌组织分化程度有关（P＜0．05）。结论：p53蛋白表达可能是大肠病变恶性倾向的一个独立标志。p53、p21、p185蛋白对大肠癌的发生、发展起重要作用。     

Correlation of bcl-2 oncoprotein immunohistochemical expression with proliferation index and histopathologic parameters in colorectal neoplasia

Thebcl-2oncogene plays an important role in carcinogenesis by inhibiting cell death (apoptosis). It was initially discovered in follicular B cell lymphoma with t(14,18), and subsequently found in other malignant and premalignant lesions. Alteration of the normal controls of cell proliferation is also a significant factor in the multistep process of tumorigenesis. The proliferative activity of a given lesion is commonly valuated by MIB1, a monoclonal antibody to Ki67 proliferation antigen. Immuno-histochemical (IHC) staining expression of bcl-2 and Ki67 was retrospectively investigated in a series of 52 colorectal carcinomas and 56 adenomas according to the avidin-biotin-complex method. The aim of the study was twofold: 1) to investigate any correlation between MIB1 and bcl-2 immunostaining expression in colonic adenomas and carcinomas, 2) to identify any relationship between either marker and several histopathologic parameters including tumor size, pathologic stage, lymph node metastasis, angio-lymphatic invasion, tumor grade and differentiation in colon carcinomas. Bcl-2 was consistently higher in adenomas than in carcinomas. There were 44/56 (78.6%) adenomas, and 27/52 (51.9%) carcinomas positive for bcl-2 (p=0.004).The mean Ki67 labeling index (LI) was 30.05+/-7.6 and 38.12+/-11.01 in adenomas and carcinomas, respectively (p=0.0001). Expression of bcl-2 in carcinoma was significantly associated with a lower mean Ki67 LI and with favorable histopathologic parameters. We conclude that bcl-2 oncoprotein expression is probably an early step in the process of colon carcinogenesis, and its expression may be associated with a favorable clinical course. Furthermore, an inverse relationship exists between bcl-2 and Ki67 in colonic neoplasia. Evaluation of bcl-2 and Ki67 IHC expression in colonic carcinoma should be performed prospectively to determine if their expression is of value in predicting the clinical course in these patients.     

大肠癌组织中MMP-3的表达及其临床意义

目的:探讨基质金属蛋白酶3(matrixmetalloproteinases3,MMP3)在大肠腺瘤及大肠癌组织中的表达及其与临床各病理参数之间的关系。方法:应用免疫组织化学方法检测MMP3在20例大肠腺瘤和60例大肠癌组织中的表达。结果:MMP3在20例大肠腺瘤及60例大肠癌组织中,阳性表达率分别为10.0%(2/20)和41.7%(25/60),组间差异有统计学意义,P=0.031;在大肠腺癌组织中,MMP3的阳性表达与淋巴结转移呈正相关,P=0.008,与患者5年生存率呈负相关,P=0.003。结论:MMP3的上调表达可能参与了大肠癌的发生与发展,对临床上判断预后具有较大的意义。     

Thyroid hormone receptor beta1 in normal colon and colorectal cancer-association with differentiation, polypoid growth type and K-ras mutations

The precursors for colorectal cancer include polypoid (conventional), flat and serrated adenomas. Polypoid growth in polypoid adenomas and serrated adenomas is associated with K-ras mutations. The regulation of polypoid or nonpolypoid growth is not well known, but could be related to trophic stimuli, such as thyroid hormones. Hence, we investigated the expression pattern of thyroid hormone receptor TRbeta1 in colorectal mucosa and in colorectal tumours and its relationship to tumour growth type. One hundred fourteen colorectal carcinoma specimens were evaluated for TRbeta1. Normal mucosa, adjacent adenomatous component (N = 46) and lymph node metastases (N = 28) were analysed when present, and the results were confirmed by Western blot analysis in selected cases. Nuclear TRbeta1 was almost always present in normal epithelium (96%), but less frequent in adenomas (83%) and in cancer (68%; p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). TRbeta1 was associated with polypoid growth, presence of K-ras mutations and also with a higher WHO histological grade and advanced Dukes' stage. Cytoplasmic expression of TRbeta1 was observed in nonneoplastic and neoplastic epithelium. In Western blot analysis, a 58 kDa band corresponding to TRbeta1 was expressed in normal mucosa and in colorectal cancer specimens with positive immunohistochemistry. Association of TRbeta1 expression with growth pattern and the presence of K-ras mutations suggest that abnormalities in thyroid hormone signalling involving TRbeta1 play a role in the development of some types of colorectal adenocarcinomas.     

热休克蛋白10在大肠癌的表达及其临床病理意义

目的研究热休克蛋白10(heat shock protein 10,HSP10)在大肠癌发生、发展过程中的表达规律,了解其与大肠癌临床病理特征和术后生存期的关系。方法应用免疫组化EnVision二步法,检测HSP10在大肠正常黏膜、腺瘤和腺癌中的表达,及其与临床病理表现和术后生存期的相关性。结果HSP10在大肠正常黏膜、腺瘤和腺癌中均有表达,在腺瘤、腺癌中的表达明显强于正常黏膜(P<0.001);HSP10的阳性表达与大肠癌患者的年龄、性别、肿瘤浸润深度、局部淋巴结转移、远处转移、临床分期、组织学分化程度等临床病理特征和术后生存期均无关。结论HSP10在大肠腺瘤和腺癌的高表达,提示可能与大肠癌的发生发展有关;HSP10的阳性表达与大肠癌的临床病理特征和术后生存期无关。     

HER-2 status discrepancy between primary breast cancer and metastatic sites. Impact on target therapy

In this prospective study, we determined HER-2 status in primary breast invasive carcinomas and in the paired lymph node metastases (synchronous and metachronous), local recurrence and metachronous distant metastases, to verify the percentage of discordant cases. HercepTest and Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were used to determine HER-2 status on 119 cases of primary infiltrating breast carcinoma and paired metastases (45 cases with synchronous lymph node metastases, 9 cases with metachronous lymph node metastases, 30 cases with local recurrence, and 35 cases with metachronous distant metastases). A therapeutically significant HER-2 status discordance was demonstrated between primary carcinoma and synchronous lymph node metastases (6.7%), local recurrence (13.3%) and metachronous distant metastases (28.6%). In the first comparison, there was a normal HER-2 status in primary tumours and HER-2 amplification in paired metastases, in the second the opposite phenomenon was present, and both types of discordance were evident in the third comparison. Considering the cases of local recurrences and metachronous distant metastases all together, 14 out of 65 cases (21.5%) showed a therapeutically significant discordance of HER-2 status between the primary tumour and the paired metachronous recurrence or metastasis (p < 0.001), the 15.4% of cases showing normal HER-2 status in the primary tumour and HER-2 amplification in the neoplastic relapse. For the treatment of metastatic patients, the evaluation of HER-2 status should be performed in neoplastic tissue from metastatic site, whenever possible. This procedure could be also suggested in the patients that are metastatic at the time of diagnosis.