Personal reflections on the surgical treatment of portal hypertension

Reports, early in this century, on the treatment of portal hypertension by surgical diversion of the portal blood flow about the liver were largely ignored because of the anticipated high mortality. Whipple, Blakemore and Lord in the early 1940's described a technique of performing a splenorenal or portacaval shunt with an epithelial lined vitallium tube. Blalock, whom I assisted, was one of the first outside of the Whipple Group to successfully perform such an operation. Although he used the vitallium tube technique in his first cases he soon became convinced that the results were better with a direct suture anastomosis. Venous shunts, which seemed such a logical way to treat portal hypertension, were widely and quickly adopted. Little attention was paid to the problem of portal encephalopathy which had been described in experimental animals years before by Pavlov. As some of the follow up studies on these shunted patients began to appear it was evident that this was a common and at times a severe problem. Some of the earliest doubts about the shunt operation were expressed by surgeons in Japan. The most successful methods developed to date for the treatment of portal hypertension provided a shunt for blood from the esophageal variceal region while at the same time preserving portal blood flow through the liver. Two of these methods have been (1) the distal or selective splenorenal shunt proposed by Warren & Zeppa and (2) the coronary caval shunt first described by Inokuchi. These methods, although somewhat more difficult technically than end to side portacaval shunts, reduce portal hypertension and preserve blood flow through the liver thereby lowering significantly the incidence of encephalopathy. The vascular stapling instrument developed by Professor Inokuchi in the 1950's has allowed him to perform this and other types of difficult vascular surgery with excellent results.     

血吸虫病门静脉高压兔食管下端血管病变的研究

目的:探讨血吸虫性门静脉高压兔食管下端的血管病变。方法:以腹部敷贴法感染血吸虫尾蚴的家兔为血吸虫性门静脉高压症的动物模型。采用HE染色、Masson三色染色、透射电镜观察食管下端黏膜下血管的病理变化。应用免疫组化和半定量Western免疫印迹方法检测ET1、cNOS、iNOS在食管下端的表达。结果:感染尾蚴120d后,食管下端黏膜下血管已有明显病理变化,与正常对照组相比ET1、cNOS、iNOS的表达明显增加(P<0.01),主要表达于食管黏膜毛细血管、黏膜下血管壁的内皮细胞。结论:门静脉高压症时,血管病变的产生可能既是血管对高动力循环状态的适应与代偿的结果,也是静脉曲张进一步发展和破裂出血的原因之一。ET1、cNOS、iNOS的高表达可能参与了血管病变的形成。     

Extrahepatic portal vein morphology in children with extrahepatic portal hypertension assessed by 3-dimensional computed tomographic portography: a new etiology of extrahepatic portal hypertension

Background/Purpose

The cause of extrahepatic portal hypertension in children has not been clarified. Our aim was to determine the morphological features of the extrahepatic portal vein in children with extrahepatic portal hypertension by 3-dimensional computed tomographic portography and to clarify the etiology of this disorder.

Materials and Methods

Six patients ranging in age from 10 to 18 years (median age, 12.8 years) who had portal hypertension presented with hematemesis. They underwent intravenous computed tomographic portography using a helical computed tomography scanner and 3-dimensional image reconstruction.

Results

The extrahepatic portal vein was visualized in all patients by 3-dimensional computed tomographic portography. None of the patients showed extrahepatic portal vein obstruction or cavernous transformation. All patients had a tortuous η-shaped extrahepatic portal vein, and a line could be drawn through the flexures of the portal vein to the hepatic hilum.

Conclusion

In children, extrahepatic portal hypertension is not caused by extrahepatic portal vein obstruction and may be of embryological origin.     

内皮素在阻塞性黄疸早期门静脉高压症中的作用

目的初步探讨阻塞性黄疸早期门静脉高压的机制。方法将大鼠分为胆管结扎组（B）与假手术组（A），分别于术后3、7、14d比较两组的游离门静脉压力（FPP）、血浆和肝组织内皮素（ET）浓度。结果胆总管结扎7d后门静脉压力显著高于对照组；胆总管结扎后各时段ET水平均显著高于对照组；门静脉压力与血浆ET、肝组织ET呈正相关。结论阻塞性黄疸早期即有门静脉压力的升高，它可能是体内ET水平升高致肝窦阻力增加的结果。     

内皮素在阻塞性黄疸早期门静脉高压症中的作用

目的初步探讨阻塞性黄疸早期门静脉高压的机制。方法将大鼠分为胆管结扎组(B)与假手术组(A),分别于术后3、7、14d比较两组的游离门静脉压力(FPP)、血浆和肝组织内皮素(ET)浓度。结果胆总管结扎7d后门静脉压力显著高于对照组;胆总管结扎后各时段ET水平均显著高于对照组;门静脉压力与血浆ET、肝组织ET呈正相关。结论阻塞性黄疸早期即有门静脉压力的升高,它可能是体内ET水平升高致肝窦阻力增加的结果。     

肝移植时代门静脉高压症治疗策略

门静脉高压症病人肝移植手术的适应证为：（1）伴有肝功能失代偿的门静脉高压症上消化道大出血或反复出血者;（2）反复发生的自发性肝性脑病;（3）顽固腹水,内科治疗不能控制者。对有上消化道出血史者尤其是肝功能较差者,应大力强调应用非选择性β受体阻滞剂及规范的内镜下套扎治疗。应强调规范的、精确断流手术在肝硬化门静脉高压症外科治疗中的地位。     

术中门静脉压力动态测定在门静脉高压症术式选择中的作用

目的 分析断流手术和脾切除脾肾静脉分流加断流联合手术后自由门静脉压(FPP)与术后再出血以及肝性脑病的关系,探讨术中FPP动态变化对术式选择的意义.方法 回顾性分析2001年1月至2007年12月接受贲门周围血管离断术和贲门周围血管离断加脾肾静脉分流术(联合组)患者170例的临床资料.断流组患者断流术后FPP值≥22 mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)为高压组(60例),<22 mm Hg为低压组(43例),联合组共67例.三组患者术前Child-Push评分和FPP之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).比较三组患者术中不同时间点FPP变化、以及三组患者术后再出血和肝性脑病发生率.结果 高压组、低压组和联合组术后FPP值分别为(27.1±1.9)mm Hg、(20.8±1.8)mm Hg和(21.5±2.2)mm Hg,再出血率分别为%、4.6%和4.5%.再出血率在高压组显著高于低压组和联合组(P<0.05).术后肝性脑病发生率联合组(10.4%)虽然高于低压组(7.0%)和高压组(3.3%),但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 脾切除断流术后FPP值可以作为选择手术方式的依据,如FPP值≥22mm Hg应加行脾肾静脉分流术.     

胰源性门脉高压症的研究进展

胰源性门脉高压症是以上消化道出血为主要表现的临床比较少见的疾病。引起胰源性门脉高压症的原因很多，主要是急、慢性胰腺炎，胰腺假性囊肿，胰腺肿瘤，造成脾静脉回流受阻，使左侧门静脉压力升高，胃底静脉曲张。治疗上主要针对病因处理，脾切除和原发胰腺疾病的处理（包括胰体尾切除）是治愈本病的关键。     

16例胰源性门脉高压症临床分析

目的 探讨胰源性门脉高压症(PPH)的诊断及治疗方法.方法 选择我院2000年1月至2009年12月收治的16例PPH患者的临床资料,进行回顾性分析.结果 本组16例患者中15例获得临床治愈,单纯睥切除术1例,脾切除术加贲门周围血管离断术9例,脾切除术加胰体尾切除术3例,脾切除术加囊肿空肠RouxY吻合术2例.3例胰腺肿瘤患者均于出院后5个月到18个月内死亡.其他患者均恢复良好,未再出现门脉高压症.结论 手术是胰源性区域性门脉高压症首要治疗手段.     

胰源性门静脉高压症的诊断及外科治疗

胰源性门静脉高压症是一种少见的门静脉高压症类型,脾静脉血栓形成或梗阻是其根本原因,其原发疾病包括胰腺炎症、肿瘤及其他胰腺疾病,可引起单纯门静脉脾胃区域的压力增高,临床上可根据病人临床表现、生化检查和影像学手段等进行综合诊断。外科治疗应采用个体化的治疗原则,胰腺原发疾病的治疗是基础及关键,对于胃肠道曲张静脉出血,脾切除术是有效的治疗手段,静脉曲张严重者可加做断流术,对于病变在胰体尾的胰源性门静脉高压,可在解除胰腺病变的同时切除脾脏,但不主张预防性脾切除术,无法耐受手术病人可考虑介入治疗。     

肝癌合并门静脉高压症的治疗选择

肝癌合并门静脉高压症病情复杂,临床治疗十分困难。治疗选择应根据引起门静脉高压的因素而采取个体化治疗。病人病情允许,适宜采用同期联合手术,但争议较多;无法耐受同期联合手术者,应选择分期手术;对于全身情况较差无手术指征的病人,原则上以非手术治疗为宜。正确掌握手术适应证,严格控制术中出血及积极防治术后并发症是有效治疗的关键。     

门静脉高压症断流术后门静脉血栓形成诊治分析

目的 探讨门静脉高压症断流术后门静脉系统血栓形成（PVT）的诊治方法。 方法 回顾性分析华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院1993年4月至2008年10月行断流术后并发PVT的72例病人临床资料。结果 断流术后PVT于术后9～21d好发于脾静脉、门静脉主干等部位,经溶栓、抗凝或手术治疗,除1例因肠坏死合并中毒性休克而死亡外,余经治疗PVT均消失,其中1例发生短肠综合征。结论 腹部彩超或CT是PVT的确诊方法,术中操作轻柔、术后监测血小板计数、腹部彩超或CT、早期溶栓抗凝、及时手术是防治PVT的有效方法。     

肝胆管结石合并门静脉高压症诊治对策

肝胆管结石发展到后期常合并肝硬化门静脉高压症,这部分病人手术治疗具有高残留结石率、高复发结石率、高并发症发生率以及高再次手术率的特点。因此,在制定治疗方案前,必须对病人胆道系统、血管系统、肝脏解剖关系及肝储备功能进行精确的评估,制定系统的治疗方案,视所能达到的治疗目标、病情严重程度及矛盾的主次来决定治疗方式,慎重选择再次或多次手术,并以解除梗阻和控制感染的微创技术作为无法满足肝胆管结石治疗“三大原则”的病人治疗的首要选择。对于合并终末期肝硬化的病人应建议肝移植治疗。     

肝硬化脾切除术后门静脉系统血栓形成的原因分析

目的 探讨肝硬化门静脉高压患者行脾脏切除+贲门周围血管离断术后门静脉系统血栓(portal vein thrombosis,PVT)形成的原因.方法 回顾性分析我院2004年1月至2010年1月204例肝炎后肝硬化门静脉高压症行手术治疗患者的临床资料.结果 其中150例行脾切除+贲门周围血管离断术,54例行脾脏部分切除术+贲门周围血管离断术.术后发生PVT30例,未发生PVT174例;发生PVT患者的门静脉和脾静脉直径、术后门静脉血液流速及术后并发症与未发生PVT患者有显著性差异(P<0.05),脾脏部分切除术后患者PVT的发生率明显比脾脏切除患者低,有显著性差异(P<0.05).结论 门静脉和脾静脉直径、门静脉血液流速及术后并发症是肝硬化门脉高压症脾切+贲门周围血管离断术后PVT形成的危险因素,脾脏部分切除术可有效减少断流术后PVT的发生.     

肝硬化门静脉高压症外科治疗程序

肝硬化门静脉高压症的传统外科治疗主要是针对其最严重的并发症--食管胃底静脉曲张破裂出血。目前达成的共识是急性大出血以非手术治疗为主,如药物、内镜和三腔二囊管等;出血无法控制如果肝功能Child-Pugh分级A/B级者则可急诊手术,只要病人存在门静脉向肝血流,术式以断流术为主,如果Child-Pugh分级C级者可行经颈内静脉肝内门体分流术（TIPS）治疗。病人首次出血控制后预防再出血大多需要外科治疗。术前需明确病因,评估肝脏储备功能、门静脉高压症程度、肝脏和门静脉系统血流动力学状况等。传统外科手术方式主要为断流术、分流术和联合手术等。我们强调术式选择须依据门静脉系统血流动力学状况,各种术式均有明确的血流动力学状况的适应证。门静脉高压症出血病人中只有肝功能Child-Pugh分级C级经内科治疗无法改善者（终末期肝病）适合行肝移植。     

Oesophagogastric variceal bleeding in portal hypertension

This article reviews substantial progress made in the past decade in the management of patients with portal hypertension who present with major upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Variceal and portal pressure measurements and endoscopy facilitate a reasoned approach to management, and several treatment options are available to gain control of ongoing or recurrent haemorrhage. These encompass endoscopic therapy (sclerotherapy, endoscopic variceal ligation), radiological intervention with transjugular intrahepatic systemic shunt (TIPS) procedures, and a variety of surgical procedures for devascularization or shunting from the high‐pressure portal system to low‐pressure systemic venous connections. In most prospective randomized trials endoscopic variceal ligation has proved superior to sclerotherapy, and TIPS has found a role in the salvage of patients with further haemorrhage, sparing them surgical intervention. Advances in pharmacotherapy for the control of initial bleeding and secondary prophylaxis hold promise. Liver transplantation has become an option for selected patients with end‐stage liver disease.      

门静脉高压症外科治疗进展与展望

门静脉高压症的治疗已从单一学科经验式诊疗模式转变为目前的多学科综合治疗协作组（MDT）诊疗模式。其外科治疗将与药物、消化内镜治疗、经颈静脉肝内门体分流术（TIPS）以及肝移植治疗共同实现优势互补、相辅相成。在MDT诊疗模式下,重新审视与定位门静脉高压症外科治疗的地位非常必要。外科医师应直视门静脉高压症所面临的问题,注重发展新方法、新技术、新理念,努力推动门静脉高压症外科治疗的规范化、个体化、精准化与微创化。应努力规范外科手术适应证,甄别最适合行外科手术的病人,掌握手术方式及手术时机,最大程度优化诊疗方案,使病人临床获益最大化。我国学者应在正确认识与推动门静脉高压外科治疗的发展的基础上,鼓励开展基于循证医学的临床多中心随机对照试验,以制订符合我国国情的门静脉高压症的外科治疗指南与共识,提高我国在该领域的国际话语权。     

胆囊结石合并门静脉高压症的处理

目的　探讨胆囊结石合并门静脉高压症的临床处理。方法　 46例患者 ,肝功能分级ChildA级 2 6例 ,ChildB级 12例 ,ChildC级 8例 ;急诊胆囊切除 6例 ,腹腔镜胆囊切除 10例 ,胆囊、脾切除和贲门周围血管离断术 10例 ,单纯胆囊切除 16例 ,单纯药物治疗 (包括消炎利胆、溶石和降低门静脉压力 ) 4例。结果　术后腹腔出血 2例 ,经用止血剂和输鲜血或血小板等保守治疗治愈 1例 ,开腹止血治愈 1例。术后肝性脑病 2例 ,经保肝、降血氨等治疗治愈。结论　积极保肝和对症支持治疗 ,依患者具体情况采用个体化治疗方案 ,能够降低治疗并发症 ,提高治愈率。     

Extrahepatic portal hypertension treated by anastomosing inferior mesenteric vein to left portal vein at Rex recessus

For the treatment of recurrent bleeding despite sclerotherapy or clinically significant hypersplenism, portosystemic shunt procedures should be performed in cases of extrahepatic portal hypertension caused by extrahepatic portal vein thrombosis. A novel alternative to portosystemic shunt procedures in extrahepatic portal hypertension is mesenterico-left portal bypass. Portal vein thrombosis is bypassed by an autologous vein graft (usually left internal jugular vein) interposed between superior mesenteric vein and left portal vein. In the presence of an enlarged right gastroepiploic vein, the distal end of this vein can be anastomosed to left portal vein without disturbing its proximal end. Herein, the authors report a case of extrahepatic portal hypertension treated by anastomosing enlarged inferior mesenteric vein to left portal vein to bypass portal vein thrombosis.