儿童梅克尔憩室索带继发急性肠梗阻超声表现

目的 观察儿童梅克尔憩室(MD)索带继发急性肠梗阻超声表现。方法 回顾性分析12例MD索带继发急性肠梗阻患儿，观察其临床、超声表现及手术所见。结果 12例中，术前超声初诊仅检出1例扩张MD、漏诊11例，复诊发现其中5例存在空瘪MD、6例仍未能检出；12例均见不同程度肠扩张、肠壁增厚及腹腔积液，肠扩张表现为低位肠梗阻，梗阻点位于脐部-右下腹；8例因探及索带与邻近肠结构形成的“十字交叉征”而准确诊断腹内疝。术中见9例MD与肠系膜间索带、2例MD与肠壁间索带、1例MD与腹壁间索带，均不同程度压迫回肠引发低位肠梗阻。结论 儿童MD索带继发急性肠梗阻的梗阻点多位于脐部-右下腹，常合并肠壁增厚和腹腔积液。     

Melanoma metastatic to the gastrointestinal tract

Melanoma is increasing in incidence. An often-unsuspected complication is metastasis to the gastrointestinal tract, which leads to bowel obstruction or intussusception. The most common symptoms in patients with gastrointestinal metastasis are vomiting, abdominal pain and abdominal distention. Metastatic disease should be suspected in any patient with gastrointestinal symptoms and a history of cutaneous melanoma.     

腹主动脉瘤破裂的误诊误治

腹主动脉瘤的主要威胁是突发破裂,病情危重,病死率极高。腹痛、休克、腰背痛、腹部博动性肿块是腹主动脉瘤破裂最常见的表现,螺旋CT、彩超是主要辅助检查手段。腹主动脉瘤破裂症状富于变化,极易引起误诊,误诊疾病包括肾绞痛、胃肠道出血及破裂、肠梗阻、乙状结肠憩室炎、胆囊炎、胰腺炎、嵌顿性腹股沟疝、心肌梗死、腹部钝性外伤等。误诊的主要原因是临床医生对该病不熟悉,思维局限。救治办法是紧急开腹手术切除或行腔内治疗。误诊患者的病死率明显增高,不恰当的辅助检查和术前准备均造成手术延误,错误的手术止血方式也可能导致灾难性的后果。     

Double intussusception in a teenage child with Peutz-Jeghers syndrome: A case report

BACKGROUNDPeutz-Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is a genetic disorder characterized by the development of gastrointestinal hamartomatous polyps and mucocutaneous melanin pigmentation. Patients with PJS are at risk of complications such as intussusception. Intussusception is a condition where one segment of the intestine invaginates into another, causing intestinal obstruction. We report a PJS patient who was diagnosed with double intussusception in a single setting. CASE SUMMARYA 16-year-old teenage male PJS patient presented with a history of colicky abdominal pain, vomiting, blood in stools, loss of appetite, and weight loss. On abdominal examination, a vague mass was palpable over the right upper quadrant. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen was performed and an intussusception involving the jejunum and rectosigmoid junction was observed. The patient subsequently underwent a laparotomy and intussusception involving the jejunum and another over the ileum was noted intra-operatively. Bowel resection and an endoscopic polypectomy were performed, followed by a primary anastomosis. The patient was discharged well and reviewed again one month later, and was noted to be well.CONCLUSIONPJS patients have a high risk of intussusception and can be diagnosed accurately by endoscopic surveillance or radiologically with abdominal CT or magnetic resonance imaging. The mainstay of treatment is surgical intervention followed by endoscopic surveillance with periodic polypectomy.     

Extensive abdominal lymphangiomatosis involving the small bowel mesentery: A case report

BACKGROUNDAbdominal lymphangiomatosis is a rare benign condition accounting for less than 1% of all the cases of lymphangiomatosis. Management usually involves radical surgical excision; however, depending upon the extent of involvement, patient condition, and absence of complications, conservative management can be also considered.CASE SUMMARYWe present the case of a 32-year-old male who presented with short onset abdominal pain and melena. Physical examination findings were within normal limits, except for left lower abdominal tenderness. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was within normal limits. Abdominal and pelvic ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) scan revealed numerous, variably-sized cystic lesions within the abdominal cavity, exclusively and extensively affecting the small bowel mesentery with sparing of the retroperitoneum. The diagnosis was confirmed by CT and cytological examination. Radical surgical excision was technically impossible in this patient because of the extensive involvement of the mesentery; therefore, the patient was managed conservatively. CONCLUSIONExtensive and exclusive small bowel mesentery involvement in abdominal lymphangiomatosis is rare. Imaging modalities play an important role in establishing the diagnosis and conservative management can be considered when surgery is technically impossible.     

Proximal small bowel intussusceptions in adults: CT appearance and clinical significance

Background: According to the clinical literature, intestinal intussusception in adults is rare, is associated with a pathologic lead point, and is usually treated surgically. Nonobstructing small bowel intussusception has been reported as a transient finding on computed tomographic (CT) studies.Methods: We evaluated the radiographic and clinical findings in 24 patients who were found to have 26 proximal small bowel intussusceptions on abdominal CT scans performed for a variety of indications.Results: Twenty patients with intussusceptions had no evidence of small bowel obstruction. The transient and clinically insignificant nature of 22 intussusceptions in these 20 patients was proven radiologically (n = 14), surgically (n = 1), or by clinical follow-up (n = 7). These patients demonstrated a bowel-within-bowel pattern on multiple contiguous images and absence of strangulation or intestinal dilatation. No lead points were demonstrated in these patients. Three other patients had symptoms of low-grade small bowel obstruction and were treated conservatively. Extensive follow-up investigations showed no recurrence of intussusception or a lead point. One patient had high-grade obstructive intussusception with intestinal ischemia and required surgical resection of necrotic bowel.Conclusions: Proximal small bowel intussusceptions are likely to be transient and nonobstructive and unlikely to have a significant lead point.     

Intestinal anisakiasis as a rare cause of small bowel obstruction

Anisakiasis, a parasitic infection by larvae of the nematode Anisakis found in raw or undercooked saltwater fish, mostly involves stomach but rarely small intestine. We report a rare case of a 61-year-old man who presented with abdominal pain and developed small bowel obstruction caused by intestinal anisakiasis. Abdominal computed tomography revealed segmental edema of the intestinal wall with proximal dilatation. The patient underwent urgent laparotomy because strangulated small bowel obstruction was suspected. A localized portion of the intestine around jejunoileal junction was found to be erythematous, edematous, and hardened, which was resected. The resected specimen showed a linear whitish worm, Anisakis simplex, penetrating into the intestinal mucosa. It is often clinically challenging to consider intestinal anisakiasis in the differential diagnosis because of its nonspecific abdominal symptoms and findings. Although gastrointestinal anisakiasis is still rare in the United States, the incidence is expected to rise given the growing popularity of Japanese cuisine such as sushi or sashimi. Anisakiasis should be considered as one of the differential diagnoses in patients with nonspecific abdominal symptoms after consumption of raw or undercooked fish.     

Targeted helical CT of the acute abdomen: Appendicitis, diverticulitis, and small bowel obstruction

CT, especially helical CT, provides a fast and reliable modality for evaluation of the patient presenting with acute abdominal pain. Helical CT can provide an accurate diagnosis in the majority of patients and has found great utility in the evaluation of acute gastrointestinal emergencies, including acute appendicitis, diverticulitis, and small bowel obstruction. This article reviews proper helical CT technique, diagnostic imaging findings, and pitfalls of interpretation in evaluation of these acute abdominal disorders.     

Uncommon and Unusual Gastrointestinal Causes of the Acute Abdomen: Computed Tomographic Diagnosis

There is a wide variety of uncommon and unusual gastrointestinal causes of acute abdominal and pelvic pain that may be prospectively diagnosed on computed tomography. We demonstrate 10 such diagnoses and briefly review the current computed tomography and clinical literature on intussusception occurring beyond early childhood, small bowel obstruction from internal hernia, cecal volvulus, intramural small bowel hemorrhage, Boerhaave's syndrome, gastrointestinal luminal foreign bodies, small bowel diverticulitis, hemoperitoneum secondary to abdominal tumor; gallstone ileus, and gallbladder torsion. Radiologists and clinicians need to be aware of these disorders, particularly with the widespread utilization of computed tomography (CT) in the management of patients with acute abdominal pain.     

Endoscopic reduction of colocolonic intussusception due to metastatic malignant melanoma: A case report

BACKGROUNDIntussusception rarely causes intestinal obstruction in adults. Metastatic malignant melanoma is the main cause of intussusception of the small intestine among adults. However, malignant melanoma rarely causes intussusception of the colorectum. Moreover, emergent surgery is usually performed for such cases. Here, we report a case of a patient with colocolonic intussusception caused by a malignant melanoma, for which endoscopic reduction and elective surgery were performed.CASE SUMMARYThe patient was a 64-year-old woman who underwent multiple surgeries and received chemotherapy and immunotherapy for a malignant melanoma. During immunotherapy, she had abdominal pain, diarrhea, and bloody stool. Physical examination and laboratory studies did not reveal any findings that warranted emergent surgery. Computed tomography revealed intussusception in the descending colon without intestinal necrosis and perforation. Intussusception was reduced endoscopically, and elective surgery was performed.CONCLUSIONThis report suggests that endoscopic reduction and elective surgery constitute a treatment option for colocolonic intussusception of metastatic malignant melanomas.     

Intussusception. A case that suggests a new cardinal symptom--lethargy

Intussusception is an uncommon condition, but it is the most frequent cause of bowel obstruction in infants and children aged 3 months to 5 years. If undiagnosed, it can result in bowel necrosis, perforation, and even death. Four cardinal signs and symptoms (abdominal pain, rectal bleeding, vomiting, and abdominal mass) are described in patients with intussusception, but these manifestations are not always present and their absence may lead to misdiagnosis. Lethargy might be considered a fifth cardinal symptom. As demonstrated in this case, lethargy may be a significant presenting feature in an infant with no history of abdominal pain, and in association with the other cardinal symptoms, it may be an early indication of a significant illness such as intussusception. Awareness of this association may result in an earlier diagnosis and an improved outcome in patients with intussusception.     

Diagnosis of acute surgical abdomen – The best diagnostic tool to reach a final diagnosiscin

ObjectiveTo evaluate the best diagnostic tool (clinical, radiological, laboratory, or endoscopy) used to reach a final diagnosis of four most common presentations of acute abdomen to the surgical unit in the Limerick University Hospital, Limerick, Ireland.MethodsData was analyzed retrospectively of prospective collected data of all patients who had been admitted at a single academic institution from July 2011 till September 2011. Radiology, operating theatre and histopathology, haematology and endoscopy databases were searched from the Hospital Inpatient Enquiry (HIPE) department for patients who had presented with acute abdominal pain. Patients' charts were searched manually and final diagnosis of each patient was recorded.ResultsOut of 30 confirmed final diagnosis of appendicitis or appendicular mass, 9/30 (30.0%) were diagnosed with radiological (either on ultrasonography or CT scan). The remaining 21 cases (70.0%) were diagnosed clinically. Majority cases of diverticulitis 16/22 (72.7%) was diagnosed radiologically compared to only 6/22 (27.3%) of those confirmed by endoscopy. All diagnosis of gallstone-related diseases (cholecytitis, biliary colic, or cholelithiasis and/or choledocholithiasis) and bowel obstruction were confirmed by radiological investigation.ConclusionsAppendicitis can be accurately diagnosed clinically based on history and clinical examination alone. Diagnosis of diverticular disease, gallstone disease, and bowel obstruction further requires radiology intervention to confirm the provisional diagnosis.     

Gastroduodenal intussusception caused by gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumor: A case report and review of the literature

BACKGROUNDGastric gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common etiology of gastroduodenal intussusception. Although gastroduodenal intussusception caused by gastric GIST is mostly treated by surgical resection, the first case of gastroduodenal intussusception caused by gastric GIST was treated by endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) in Japan in 2017. CASE SUMMARYAn 84-year-old woman presented with symptoms of postprandial fullness with nausea and occasional vomiting for a month. Initially, she visited a local clinic for help, where abdominal sonography revealed a space-occupying lesion around the liver, so she was referred to our hospital for further confirmation. Abdominal sonography was repeated, which revealed a mass with an alternating concentric echogenic lesion. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) was performed under the initial impression of gastric cancer with central necrosis and showed a tortuous distortion of gastric folds down from the lesser curvature side to the duodenal bulb with stenosis of the gastric outlet. EGD was barely passed through to the 2nd portion of the duodenum and a friable ulcerated mass was found. Several differential diagnoses were suspected, including gastroduodenal intussusception, gastric cancer invasion to the duodenum, or pancreatic cancer with adherence to the gastric antrum and duodenum. Abdominal computed tomography for further evaluation was arranged and showed gastroduodenal intussusception with a long stalk polypoid mass 5.9 cm in the duodenal bulb. Under the impression of gastroduodenal intussusception, ESD was performed at the base of the gastroduodenal intussusception; unfortunately, a gastric perforation was found after complete resection was accomplished, so gastrorrhaphy was performed for the perforation and retrieval of the huge polypoid lesion. The gastric tumor was pathologically proved to be a GIST. After the operation, there was no digestive disturbance and the patient was discharged uneventfully on the 10th day following the operation.CONCLUSIONWe present the second case of gastroduodenal intussusception caused by GIST treated by ESD. It is also the first case report of gastroduodenal intussusception by GIST in Taiwan, and endoscopic reduction or resection is an alternative treatment for elderly patients who are not candidates for surgery.     

Altered Mental Status as the Primary Presentation of Intussusception in a 3-Month-Old Child Diagnosed by Point-Of-Care Ultrasonography

BackgroundIntussusception can lead to significant morbidity in affected children secondary to tissue ischemia and necrosis. When a child outside of the classic age range presents with symptoms other than intermittent abdominal pain, the diagnosis of intussusception can be difficult and is often delayed.Case ReportWe present the case of a three-month-old boy who presented to the emergency department with waxing and waning mental status and seizure-like activity who was ultimately diagnosed with intussusception. The effective use of bedside ultrasonography, by the attending pediatric radiologist, enabled an interdisciplinary team to explore abdominal etiologies in parallel with testing for more commonly seen causes of altered mental status. This led to an expedited diagnosis and successful definitive management.Why Should an Emergency Physician Be Aware of This?Intussusception is a common pediatric emergency encountered by emergency physicians where a timely diagnosis can have a profound impact on patient outcomes. Previous case reports highlight how easily intussusception can be overlooked with this atypical neurologic presentation. Furthermore, because patients with profound altered mental status are often too ill to leave the emergency department for diagnostic testing, bedside abdominal ultrasonography may be helpful in these patients.     

Single Extraction GLC Analysis of Six Commonly Prescribed Antiepileptic Drugs

Abstract

The gastrointestinal effects of iron overdose have been described in children. They may occur acutely, ranging in severity from mucosal injury to complete infarction, or several weeks later, as obstruction due to stricture formation. They typically occur in the stomach or proximal small bowel. We describe an adult example of both, each occurring in the distal portion of the small intestine. Both patients had ingested enteric-coated iron preparations and both experienced significant, protracted abdominal pain. Thus adults as well as children are at risk for severe gastrointestinal complications after iron overdose. Significant protracted abdominal pain should alert the clinician of its possibility. Damage to distal areas of the bowel can occur with complete sparing of proximal portions particularly if the iron is an enteric-coated preparation.     

Toxicologic causes of acute abdominal disorders

A variety of drugs and toxins can produce severe abdominal pain and, in some cases, a surgical abdomen. Toxins can be classified according to mechanisms of injury: 1. Corrosives often produce severe gastroenteritis and may result in gastric or esophageal perforations. Examples of corrosive substances include aspirin, iron, mercury, acids and alkali. 2. Drugs may cause intestinal ileus or obstruction by pharmacologic actions (i.e., anticholinergic drugs and narcotics) or by mechanical obstruction (charcoal and drug bezoars). 3. Abdominal pain simulating an acute abdomen may result from systemic effects of black widow spider envenomation or intoxication with heavy metals such as lead and arsenic. 4. Ischemic bowel disease may occur from use of vasoconstrictor drugs, such as ergotamines, amphetamines and cocaine, or may follow treatment with catecholamines or digitalis in critically ill patients. Small bowel ischemia is life-threatening and may require bowel resection. 5. Many drugs cause abdominal pain by directly injuring abdominal organs, such as the liver and pancreas. Antibiotic-associated colitis may present with abdominal pain and inflammatory diarrhea. Consideration of drugs and toxins plays an important role in the differential diagnosis of the acute abdomen.     

Transient adult jejunal intussusception

Intussusception is a rare cause of abdominal pain in adults. It occurs in fewer than 1% of all cases of adult small bowel obstruction. In the adult population, most cases are the result of some type of intestinal lesion like adhesions, melanomas, lipomas or adenomatous polyps. Idiopathic intussusceptions are an extremely rare occurrence in adults, comprising only 2–23% of diagnosed intussusceptions. This report describes two cases of transient, idiopathic adult jejunal intussusception in a 19-year-old woman and a 39-year-old man, both presenting to the same hospital 1 week apart. Both patients complained of nonspecific abdominal pain and nausea and were diagnosed with intussusception by computed tomography (CT) scan. In both cases, no underlying bowel abnormality was identified and neither required a bowel resection. This report discusses the common presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of adult intussusception and questions whether patients with transient intussusceptions require exploratory laparotomy.     

Bowel obstruction due to Littre hernia: CT diagnosis

Meckel diverticulum is the commonest congenital anomaly of the gastrointestinal tract. Any hernia containing the Meckel diverticulum is termed a Littre hernia. Littre hernias are commonest in the inguinal region and may cause bowel obstruction secondary to strangulation or incarceration of the diverticulum within the hernial sac. The diagnosis of an incarcerated Littre hernia on computed tomogram has not been previously reported in the scientific literature.     

An unusual cause of acute abdominal pain in a child: An inverted meckel diverticulum: Report of a case

Inverted Meckel diverticulum has been reported as a lead point for intussusception in children. However all cases of isolated inversion of a Meckel diverticulum have involved adults in whom the diagnosis was clinically unexpected. We describe the sonographic appearance of isolated inversion of Meckel diverticulum in a 3‐year‐old boy with acute abdominal symptoms. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2010