Acute Aortic Regurgitation with Myocardial Infarction: An Important Clue for Aortic Dissection

Background

Aortic dissection is an important cause of acute chest pain that should be rapidly diagnosed, as mortality increases with each hour this condition is left untreated. The diagnosis can be challenging, especially if concomitant myocardial infarction is present. Echocardiography is an important tool for the differential diagnosis.

Objectives

To stress the importance of recognizing aortic regurgitation for the differentiation of myocardial infarction and aortic dissection.

Case Report

An 80-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with chest pain that was diagnosed as inferior and lateral wall myocardial infarction based on electrocardiographic findings. The diagnosis was reevaluated when aortic regurgitation was detected on echocardiography. Closer inspection of the ascending aorta revealed a dissection flap as the cause of aortic regurgitation.

Conclusion

Detection of aortic regurgitation in a patient with myocardial infarction and normal valves should prompt the search for a possible aortic dissection, whether or not the dissection flap can be visualized.     

Acute Aortic Dissection: Pathophysiology and Antihypertensive Therapy

The therapeutic objectives of antihypertensive drugs for acute aortic dissection (AAD) are decreasing systolic blood pressure and reducing rate of left ventricular ejection (dP/dt). Decreasing blood pressure and the shearing forces of myocardial contractility decreases intimal tear and propagation of dissection. Given the complexity of AAD, initiating the appropriate medication to achieve the optimal hemodynamic control can challenge nurse practitioners (NPs). Understanding the pathophysiology of AAD will help NPs in selecting the most appropriate antihypertensives to improve patient outcomes. This article presents an updated review of the antihypertensive drugs used in AAD based on best practice guidelines.     

外周血血细胞参数在急性主动脉夹层与急性心肌梗死鉴别中的价值

目的　探讨外周血血细胞参数在急性主动脉夹层（ acute aortic dissection, AAD）与急性心肌梗死（ acute myocardial infarction ,AMI）鉴别诊断中的价值。方法　回顾性分析 2019年 1~9月就诊于徐州医科大学附属医院急诊科并于入院后完善相关检查确诊为 AAD的患者 30例,AMI患者 30例,及同期健康体检者 20例外周血血细胞参数水平变化,利用 ROC曲线评估相关参数的诊断鉴别价值。结果　与 AMI组相比较, AAD组单核细胞（ monocyte,MON）和血小板平均体积 /血小板比值（ MPP）水平较高,血小板（ platelet,PLT）、血小板平均体积（ mean platelet volume, MPV）水平较低,差异均有统计学意义（ t=-2.363~3.890, 均 P<0.05）;与健康对照组相比, AAD组白细胞（ white blood cell,WBC）、中性粒细胞（ neutrophils,NEU）、MON,中性粒细胞 /淋巴细胞比值（ NLR）、血小板分布宽度（ Platelet distribution width,PDW）和 MPP均升高,淋巴细胞（ lymphocyte,LYM）、PLT和 MPV均降低,差异有统计学意义（t=-5.283~5.565,均 P<0.05）。MON,PLT,MPV和 MPP对 AAD和 AMI鉴别诊断的 ROC曲线下面积（ Area under curve, AUC）分别为 0.662,0.753,0.652和 0.664,联合 MON和 MPP的 AUC为 0.749,联合 MON,PLT和 MPV的 AUC为 0.872,四项联合检测的 AUC为 0.874;与单项指标检测相比四项联合检测 AUC最大,敏感度为 80.00%,特异度为 86.67%。结论　应用 MON+PLT+MPV+MPP四项联合检测鉴别诊断 AAD与 AMI优于单项指标检测,有望在临床推广应用。     

急性主动脉夹层发病时间的探讨

目的探讨急性主动脉夹层(acute aortic dissection,AAD)发病时间规律,以期为时间护理提供科学依据,以指导预见性护理。方法总结2002年1月至2011年12月扬州大学临床医学院收治确诊的且有明确发病时间记载的287例AAD患者的临床资料,按患者入院顺序对发病时间进行圆形分布分析。结果 AAD发病日期存在明显的集中趋势,集中月份为9月至次年2月,高峰日期在12月11日。AAD发病时间存在非常明显的集中趋势,集中时间在6:17至15:27,高峰时间为10:52。结论 AAD发病具有季节性及时间性,根据AAD发生的时间规律制定护理策略,从而尽可能地减少AAD的发病率及病死率。     

急性下壁心肌梗死心前导联ST段压低的临床意义

目的　评价急性下壁心肌梗死伴心前导联 ST段压低的临床意义。方法　 36例急性下壁心肌梗死患者早期心电图与入院后 2～ 3周冠脉造影对照 ,观察急性下壁心肌梗死伴心前导联 ST段压低与右冠脉病变、多支血管病变关系。结果　急性下壁心肌梗死病变血管多涉及右冠状动脉 ,伴心前导联 ST段压低者有 1 4例 ( 70 % ) ,心前导联 ST段正常者有 1 2例 ( 75% )。且伴心前导联 ST段压低者较心前导联 ST段正常者病变血管大部分为多支病变 ( 6 5% V2 5% )。结论　急性下壁心肌梗死合并心前导联 ST段压低 ,表示多支冠脉病变或梗死面积大 ,应给予积极治疗 ,以改善患者病程和预后。     

急性主动脉夹层时间分布规律

目的 研究急性主动脉夹层时间分布规律.方法 回顾性研究我院2000年1月-2010年12月所有急性主动脉夹层患者的时间资料,分析其月份、季节、周以及时刻分布特点.结果 急性主动脉夹层月份分布高峰点为1月4日,高峰段为9月21日～次年4月19日(P＜0.05);季节分布以冬春季较多(P＜0.05);周分布无高峰点及高峰段...     

不同年龄急性主动脉夹层患者发病时间的比较

目的比较不同年龄的急性主动脉夹层(acute aortic dissection,AAD)患者的发病时间,以期为因人、因时施护提供客观依据。方法回顾性分析2002年1月至2011年12月在扬州大学临床医学院确诊治疗的、有明确发病时间记载的287例AAD患者的临床资料。根据患者的年龄分为中青年组(65岁)和老年组(≥65岁),对其发病时间进行圆形分布图分析。结果中青年组AAD患者发病存在明显的月份集中趋势,集中月份在9月29日至次年2月18日,高峰月在12月9日;同时存在明显的时间集中趋势,集中时间在6:49至16:19,高峰时间在11:34。老年组AAD患者发病无月份集中趋势,发病呈均匀分布,但存在明显的时间集中趋势,集中时间在6:06至14:43,高峰时间在10:25。不同年龄组患者的发病时间的差异有统计学意义(F=6.197,P0.05)。结论中青年AAD患者的发病时间与老年患者不同,防治侧重不一样,有针对性地做好中青年与老年患者的时间护理,有助于更好地防范AAD的发生。     

急性下壁心肌梗死伴胸导联ST段压低的心电图分析

目的:观察急性下壁心肌梗死伴胸导联ST段压低患者心电图改变,以探讨伴胸导联ST段压低出现的时间、持续时间与心肌梗死部位、房室传导阻滞以及严重心律失常的关系。方法:对66例急性下壁心肌梗死伴胸导联ST段压低患者,按胸导联ST段压低持续的时间分组,≥24h者为Ⅰ组42例,<24h者为Ⅱ组24例。观察统计两组患者合并出现其它部位梗死、房室传导阻滞、严重心律失常的发生率,进行对照分析。结果:①Ⅰ组并发其它部位梗死30例,Ⅱ组为5例,两组比较差异显著(P<0.01)。②Ⅰ组出现房室传导阻滞17例,Ⅱ组出现3例,两组比较差异显著(P<0.05)。③Ⅰ组出现严重室性心律失常19例,Ⅱ组3例,两组比较差异显著(P<0.05)。结论:急性下壁心肌梗死伴胸导联ST段压低持续时间≥24h,并发其它部位梗死多,梗死面积大,房室传导阻滞以及严重室性心律失常发生率高,可视为病变广泛的一项指标。     

Electrocardiographic ST-segment Elevation The Diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction by Morphologic Analysis of the ST Segment

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of many causes of ST-segment elevation (STE) in emergency department (ED) chest pain (CP) patients. The morphology of STE may assist in the correct determination of its cause, with concave patterns in non-AMI syndromes and non-concave waveforms in AMI. OBJECTIVES: To determine the impact of STE morphologic analysis on AMI diagnosis and the ability of this technique to separate AMI from non-infarction causes of STE. METHODS: The electrocardiograms (ECGs) of consecutive ED adult CP patients (with three serial troponin I determinations) were interpreted in two-step fashion by six attending emergency physicians (EPs): 1) the determination of STE by three EPs followed by 2) STE morphologic analysis (either concave or non-concave) in those patients with STE. The impact of STE morphology analysis was investigated in the identification of AMI and non-AMI causes of STE. Acute myocardial infarction was diagnosed by abnormal serum troponin I values (>0.1 mg/dL) followed by a rise and fall of the serum marker; STE diagnoses of non-AMI causes were determined by medical record review. Interobserver reliability concerning STE morphology was determined. Study inclusion criteria included at least three troponin values performed in serial fashion no more frequently than every three hours, initial ED ECG, ED diagnosis, and final hospital diagnosis. RESULTS: Five hundred ninety-nine CP patients were entered in the study, with 171 (29%) individuals having STE on their ECGs. Of the 171 patients who had STE, 56 had AMI, 50 had unstable angina pectoris (USAP), and 65 had non-coronary final diagnoses. Forty-nine patients had non-concave STE, 46 with AMI and three with USAP; no patient with a non-coronary diagnosis had a non-concave STE morphology. The sensitivity and specificity of the non-concave STE morphology for AMI diagnoses were 77% and 97%, respectively; the positive and negative predictive values for non-concave morphology in AMI diagnoses were 94% and 88%, respectively. Interobserver reliability in the STE morphology determination revealed a kappa coefficient of 0.87. CONCLUSIONS: A non-concave STE morphology is frequently encountered in AMI patients. While the sensitivity of this pattern for AMI diagnosis is not particularly helpful, the presence of this finding in adult ED chest pain patients with STE strongly suggests AMI. This technique produces consistent results among these EPs.     

D-二聚体在主动脉夹层中的临床意义

目的:通过检测不同类型、病期和预后主动脉夹层(AD)患者血中D-二聚体浓度,探讨D-二聚体对AD的临床意义。方法:回顾性分析45例AD患者的临床资料。结果:主动脉夹层形成后D-二聚体均升高,均值为866.1±430ug/L。D-二聚体水平在急性期显著高于慢性期(P<0.01),DⅠ型明显高于DⅢ型(P<0.01)。死亡患者D-二聚体水平显著高于存活者。结论:D-二聚体水平有助于不同病期、不同类型AD的诊断,对鉴别诊断、判断病变范围及预后有一定指导意义。     

Chronic Aortic Dissection in a Young Adult

Background: Acute aortic dissection is a life-threatening disease that is often a diagnostic challenge in the Emergency Department (ED). Patients with acute aortic dissection often have underlying hypertension and atherosclerotic disease, and commonly present with acute-onset severe chest or back pain in their sixth or seventh decades of life. Aortic dissection, however, can also be seen in patients < 40 years old and may present chronically, with symptom duration longer than 2 weeks. Objective: We present an unusual case of chronic aortic dissection in a young patient, followed by a review of the literature on chronic aortic dissections and aortic dissections in young patients. Case Report: We report a case of chronic aortic dissection in a 32-year-old man with a history of untreated hypertension who presented to the ED with palpitations and mild shortness of breath. Conclusion: Acute and chronic thoracic aortic dissections can occur in patients of all ages, as well as in patients with atypical signs and symptoms.     

急性主动脉夹层动脉瘤早期诊断问题──附21例病例报告

急性主动脉夹层动脉瘤发病急骤，临床表现复杂，相当多的病例易漏诊、误诊，本文分析21例急性主动脉夹层动脉瘤临床特征和诊断情况，根据经治经验、提出急诊早期对本症的诊断线索，并对各种诊断方法作了初步评价。     

主动脉夹层130例临床分析

目的:探讨主动脉夹层(AD)的临床特点.方法:回顾性分析我院2001年1月-2009年5月收治的130例AD患者的临床资料.结果:69例为DeBekay Ⅲ型夹层,88例合并高血压病,外伤所致9例;CT血管造影(CTA)诊断AD准确率为100%.结论:AD患者临床表现与分型明显相关,急性期CTA优于其它检查.     

比索洛尔及美托洛尔在主动脉夹层应用中的对比分析

目的：探讨主动脉夹层（AD）患者中不同类型β受体阻滞剂对心率、血压的影响及不良反应的发生。方法将72例患者按随机数字表法分为美托洛尔组（37例）和比索洛尔组（35例）。在其他治疗相同的基础上,美托洛尔组给予美托洛尔25-50 mg·d^-1,口服,12个月为1个疗程;比索洛尔组给予比索洛尔5-15 mg·d^-1,口服,12个月为1个疗程。观察比较2组患者治疗后心率、血压的变化及并发症（缓慢型心律失常、传导阻滞、药源性低血压、心功能不全或心功能不全加重等）的发生情况。结果美托洛尔组的心率、血压达标率分别为89.2%、86.5%;比索洛尔组心率、血压达标率分别为91.4%、83.2%。2组心率、血压达标率比较差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）。2组均无缓慢型心律失常、传导阻滞、药源性低血压、心功能不全或心功能不全加重等并发症的发生。结论比索洛尔组在心率控制方面稍优于美托洛尔,血压控制方面稍差于美托洛尔,但差异均无统计学意义。     

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死合并血糖代谢异常患者预后分析

目的:总结急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)合并血糖代谢异常(2型糖尿病或就诊血糖升高)患者的预后。方法:回顾性分析2010年1月-2013年9月我科确诊STEMI患者413例的临床资料,比较血糖正常组(A组)与就诊血糖升高组(B组)、2型糖尿病组(C组)的预后。结果:(B+C)组住院期间死亡率明显高于A组(24.7%vs.9.4%,P0.05),C组住院期间再发心肌梗死率明显高于B组和A组(3.9%vs.0%vs.0.7%,P0.05),C组、B组与A组比较,再发心绞痛率(23.4%vs.31.0%vs.14.7%,P0.05)、住院期间心力衰竭率(41.6%vs.50.0%vs.22.1%,P0.05)、住院期间MACE(58.4%vs.65.5%vs.33.4%,P0.05)及一年全因死亡率(34.2%vs.31.4%vs.16.7%,P0.05)发生率更高。结论 :STEMI合并血糖代谢异常的预后差于血糖正常组。     

急性主动脉夹层16例临床特点及早期诊断的探讨

目的探讨急性主动脉夹层（AD）患者的易患因素、临床特点及诊断方法,以期提高该疾病的早期诊断水平。方法收集16例急性AD患者的临床资料,对其临床特点、辅助检查资料进行回顾性分析。结果AD患者临床表现多样,胸痛为常见首发症状,高血压是导致AD发生的常见原因。联合应用超声心动图（TTE）、CT和MRI 3种检查方法可以快速明确诊断。结论AD临床表现复杂,掌握其临床特征、保持高度的警惕并及时采取相关的检查是早期发现AD的关键。     

The Diagnostic Significance of Reciprocal ST Segment Depression in Acute Myocardial Infarction

The relationship between reciprocal ST-segment depression, theresult of an early submaximal exercise ECG, and the anatomyof coronary artery disease was explored in 142 patients withacute myocardial infarction. Reciprocal ST-segment depression was observed in 65 per centof 79 patients with inferior infarction and 57 per cent of 63with anterior infarction. Thirty-three of the 52 patients withreciprocal ST-segment depression had a significant stenosisof the coronary artery supplying the reciprocal ST-segment territory(63 per cent), and 31 of the 46 patients with a positive exercisetest had a significant stenosis of the coronary artery supplyingthe ischaemic territory (67 per cent). Forty-one of the patientswith reciprocal ST-segment depression (79 per cent) and 35 ofthe patients with positive exercise tests (76 per cent) werefound to have multivessel coronary artery disease. The study showed that reciprocal ST-segment depression was associatedwith stenosis of the coronary artery supplying the territoryopposite the infarct in nearly two-thirds of the patients andwith multivessel coronary artery disease in almost four-fifthsof them. Reciprocal ST-segment depression after infarction wasas accurate as a positive submaximal exercise test at predictingthe presence of multivessel coronary artery disease.