外耳道胆脂瘤侵及中耳的个体化手术治疗

目的　探讨侵及中耳的外耳道胆脂瘤（Holt分期Ⅲ期）的手术方式选择及疗效。方法　回顾性分析36例III期外耳道胆脂瘤患者的临床资料,根据中耳受累范围采取不同术式,6耳乳突局限受累者（A组）在耳内镜下行外耳道成形+耳道壁重建+耳甲腔成形术;19耳鼓室局限受累者（B组）显微镜下行外耳道成形+耳道壁重建+耳甲腔成形+ 鼓室成形术;11耳中耳广泛受累者（C组）显微镜下行开放乳突根治+鼓室成形+耳甲腔成形+必要时乳突填充术。结果　各组患者术后随访1~3年均未复发,术耳上皮化良 好,平均骨气导差较术前均明显减小,差异有统计学意义（A组：t =18.523,P =0.000;B组：t =55.727,P =0.000;C组：t =30.086,P =0.000）。结论　中耳受累的Ⅲ期外耳道胆脂瘤根据病变范围不同选择耳内镜或显微镜手术,术中应尽量保留或重建外耳道壁完整,乳突受累广泛者则行开放乳突根治,以最小的创伤达到良好疗效。     

乳突腔充填术在开放式鼓室成形术中的应用

目的 :探讨乳突腔充填术在开放式鼓室成形术中对恢复生理性外耳道功能的作用。方法 :对行开放式鼓室成形术的 85例 85耳胆脂瘤型中耳炎 ,以乳突皮质骨、同种异体软骨和 U形肌骨膜瓣同期行乳突腔充填。听骨链重建情况 :因骨导域值增高或行阶段性手术未作听骨链重建 10耳 ,鼓室成形术改良 型 40耳 ,改良 型35耳。结果 :总听觉改善率 76 % ,其中改良 型为 80 % ,改良 型为 71.4%。术后干耳率为 97.6 % ,平均干耳时间(19.86± 5 .31) d。术后随访半年以上 ,具有圆滑外耳道以及良好自净作用的占 89.4%。未见胆脂瘤复发病例。结论 :对没有条件行完壁式鼓室成形术的胆脂瘤型中耳炎 ,行乳突充填可以有效地克服开放式鼓室成形术破坏生理外耳道结构的不足 ,保存外耳道皮肤的自净作用 ,提高患者术后的生活质量。     

乳突根治术后复发的原因及再手术原因分析

目的　探讨首次乳突根治术后复发的因素及再次根治术的临床要点。方法　分析23例（23耳）行乳突再根治手术患者的门诊和住院资料,再次行根治术前的乳突CT、术式、术中情况、术后内镜及听力学检查,统计分析手术前、后气导平均言语听阈等。结果　23例患者,术中无胆脂瘤者10例,有胆脂瘤者13例,选择手术方式不正确占17.39%（4/23）,病灶残留、清除不彻底者占78.26%（18/23）,术腔引流不畅者占82.61%（19/23）,咽鼓管鼓口存在病变者占34.78%（8/23）。再次根治手术行改良乳突根治术+Ⅱ型鼓室成形术+耳甲腔成形术10耳（43.48%）,改良乳突根治术+Ⅱ型鼓室成形术2耳（8.70%）,改良乳突根治术+Ⅲ型鼓室成形术+耳甲腔成形术8耳（34.78%）,改良乳突根治术+Ⅲ型鼓室成形术+外耳道后壁重建术1耳（4.35%）,乳突根治术2耳 （8.70%）。术后术腔抗生素纱条填塞14 d,持续消炎治疗1周,嘱患者滴耳、定期返院换药等综合治疗。术后5～9周干耳,平均干耳时间7周。手术后23耳均干耳,无再次复发,术腔恢复良好,术后随访1年,21耳（91.30%）行鼓室成形术,术后鼓膜未再出现穿孔、流脓液等症状,且术后3个月的气导平均言语听阈、骨气导差均低于术前水平,两者差异均具有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论　仔细的术前CT阅片、耳内镜及听力学评估、手术者扎实的耳显微外科基本功、术式的选择、病灶残留、术腔引流不畅、咽鼓管病变等均是乳突根治术后复发因素,如行再次手术时,应当充分认识复发原因,制定正确的手术方案以达到干耳目的。     

肌骨膜瓣填塞乳突腔、耳甲腔成形并一期鼓室成形术

目的观察对慢性化脓性中耳乳突炎(胆脂瘤或骨疡型)患者行耳后肌骨膜瓣填塞乳突腔、耳甲腔成形、WullsteinⅢ型鼓室成形术的手术疗效.方法采用耳后切口对37例(37耳)慢性化脓性中耳乳突炎(胆脂瘤或骨疡型)病人施行耳后肌骨膜瓣填塞乳突腔及耳甲腔成形和Ⅲ型鼓室成形术.结果术后听力平均提高16dB,26耳平均听力达35.8dB,9耳平均听力达25dB.跟踪随访2-4年,术腔均上皮化好,外耳道无痂皮堆积.26例鼓膜形态完全正常,5例鼓膜疤痕内陷,3例鼓膜穿孔但干耳,干耳率91.9%(34/37);3耳仍有间断性流脓,经再次手术干耳,2例胆脂瘤复发,复发率5.4%(2/37).干耳时间在5-9周,平均6.5周.结论耳后肌骨膜瓣填塞乳突腔、耳甲腔成形并Wullstein Ⅲ型鼓室成形术能使术腔迅速上皮化、易干耳,术后听力提高.     

耳甲腔成形术对乳突根治术疗效的影响

目的：探讨耳甲腔成形术对乳突根治术疗效的影响。方法：对１３３耳做耳甲腔成形术（成形组）及１８７耳未做耳甲腔成形术（对照组）的乳突极治术患者，进行疗效对比，结果：成形术后干耳时间平均为５．１周。术腔肉芽的发生率为６．４％，仅１例术后因残余胆脂瘤再次手术；对照组平均干耳时间为７．５周，术腔肉芽的发生率为２３．４％，有３例术后胆脂瘤复发，成形组无一例在冷空气环境中出现头晕，耳鸣，耳部不适等症状。结论：耳     

耳甲腔成形术在软骨环-软骨膜鼓室成形术中的意义

目的 观察对胆脂瘤中耳炎患者行乳突病变切除术、软骨环-软骨膜鼓室成形术同时行耳甲腔成形术的疗效.方法 胆脂瘤中耳炎患者77例,其中41例(41耳) (治疗组)采用耳后切口施行乳突根治术、软骨环-软骨膜鼓室成形术及耳甲腔成形术;对照组36例(36耳)采用耳后切口施行乳突根治术、软骨环-软骨膜鼓室成形术.分别于术后1个月、3个月、1年及 3 年追踪观察两组患者干耳情况并行纯音听阈检查,对结果行统计学分析.结果 治疗组术前气导平均听阈为45.66±8.40 dB HL,骨气导差为26.05±8.15 dB,术后3年气导平均听阈为23.55±7.10 dB HL,骨气导差为10.79±5.52 dB.平均干耳时间24.25± 5.37天,治愈率100%.未发生外耳道狭窄.对照组术前气导平均听阈为43.78±9.25 dB HL,骨气导差为25.65±8.55 dB,术后3年气导平均听阈为29.33±8.32 dB HL,骨气导差为17.10±6.62 dB,12例发生外耳道狭窄,其中有8例胆脂瘤复发,干耳时间32.35±15.60天.结论 乳突根治术+软骨环-软骨膜鼓室成形术同时行耳甲腔成形术能使术腔迅速上皮化、易干耳,术后听力提高,效果满意.     

外耳道胆脂瘤临床特征及治疗

目的：探讨外耳道胆脂瘤的临床特点,为手术方式的选择提供参考。方法回顾性分析2006年8月～2014年12月住院手术治疗并经病理确诊的38例（39耳）外耳道胆脂瘤患者的临床资料,总结其症状、体征、术前CT表现、临床分期、手术方式及疗效。结果所有病例外耳道均可见灰白色物或肉芽样物阻塞,术前以听力下降为主要主诉（100％,39／39）,其次是耳闷涨感（79．49％,31／39）及耳痛（74．36％,29／39）。39耳外耳道胆脂瘤结合术前CT ,按 Holt分期：I期10耳,病变局限在外耳道,无骨质破坏;II期23耳,病变位于外耳道,伴骨质破坏,未累及中耳;III期6耳,病变破坏外耳道并累及中耳乳突和／或鼓室、鼓窦。I期行外耳道胆脂瘤切除术;II期行外耳道胆脂瘤切除术＋外耳道成形术和／或鼓室成形术;III期行外耳道胆脂瘤切除术＋鼓室成形术＋乳突切除术。术中见31耳鼓膜完整、内陷,8耳鼓膜松弛部穿孔,4耳听骨链砧镫关节破坏,1耳面神经垂直段裸露。所有病例均一次完成手术,听力恢复良好,无复发。结论外耳道胆脂瘤易误诊,根据临床分期选择合适手术方式可获得满意疗效。     

胆脂瘤型中耳炎16例

胆脂瘤型中耳炎16例中男13例,女3例,均为单侧胆脂瘤型中耳炎,左耳10例,右耳6例,25～40岁.术中发现听骨完全消失9耳,部分听骨残存7耳,多为锤、砧骨破坏消失,面神经水平段暴露6耳.术前纯音测听语言区平均听阈骨、气导差为30～40dB.乳突X线片示12例X线片有0.2～0.3cm的类圆透亮区,周边硬化致密,不同程度地累及鼓室、鼓窦入口和鼓窦.4例透亮影周边部分硬化,有轻度不规则的侵蚀性骨破坏.16耳均行乳突手术治疗,手术采取耳内进路,经外耳道开放上鼓室,与外耳道连通,要点是削低外耳道后壁并彻底清除上鼓室、鼓窦、乳突病变,形成大的外耳道口,这对术腔通气极为重要,术腔采用游离皮瓣覆盖以加快干耳.术中见上鼓室、鼓窦、乳突腔内有完整包膜的胆脂瘤或豆腐渣样胆脂瘤上皮.胆脂瘤仅位于上鼓室5耳,其余11耳鼓窦、鼓窦入口及乳突腔内均有大量胆脂瘤.术后听力提高13耳,占80%;听力改进15～25dB 4耳,占25%;10～20dB 9耳,占56%;听力无明显改进3耳,占19%.无面瘫和外淋巴漏等并发症发生.13耳术后均得1干耳,3耳继发流脓.     

软壁外耳道重建的鼓室成形术

目的:观察软壁外耳道重建的鼓室成形术治疗胆脂瘤中耳炎的疗效。方法:73例(76耳)胆脂瘤中耳炎患者行开放式乳突病变切除鼓室成形术,以耳后肌骨膜瓣行软壁外耳道重建,不做耳甲腔成形术,应用自体乳突皮质骨或砧骨雕刻后行听骨链重建。观察术后外耳道的形态和功能、术后听力以及有无并发症。结果:本组平均干耳时间为术后(21.1±3.1)d。术后外耳道形态基本正常,保持了正常的功能。随访6～24个月,术后气导听力平均改善(14.5±6.1)dB HL。结论:应用耳后肌骨膜瓣行软壁外耳道重建的鼓室成形术能使外耳道的形态和功能基本恢复正常,无需行耳甲腔成形术,听力改善满意。     

改良乳突根治术中耳甲腔成形术式的改良及其效果分析

目的探讨在改良乳突根治术中耳甲腔成形术式的改良及其联合乳突封闭的疗效。方法将38例接受改良乳突根治术及鼓室成形术Ⅲ型的中耳胆脂瘤患者分为2组,改良组20例术中进行耳甲腔成形改良术式联合乳突封闭术,对照组18例术中采用经典耳甲腔成形术,比较两组患者术后干耳时间、术后6个月听力水平、术后与术前外耳道直径比、乳突术腔与外耳道口直径比等指标。结果改良组干耳时间为8.5±2.93周,对照组干耳时间为14.9±6.46周,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);改良组术后与术前外耳道口直径比为1.22±0.21,对照组为1.88±0.43,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);改良组术后6个月听力提高14.1±5.67 dB,对照组为14.1±6.61 dB,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);改良组乳突术腔体积为2.22±0.32 ml,对照组为3.55±0.32 ml,后者大于前者,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);改良组乳突术腔与外耳道口直径比为2.26±0.35,对照组为2.36±0.16,两组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论在改良乳突根治术中采用改良耳甲腔成形术联合乳突封闭能有效缩小乳突术腔,缩短术后干耳时间,且能最大程度保留外耳道口直径接近正常值。     

Tensa retraction cholesteatoma: treatment and long-term results

To obtain the best possible results of treatment of acquired cholesteatoma, we made a subdivision of cholesteatoma types into attic and pars tensa cholesteatomas, and subdivided the latter further into tensa retraction cholesteatoma and sinus cholesteatomas. Tensa retraction cholesteatoma is defined as arising from a retraction or perforation of the whole pars tensa, whereas sinus cholesteatoma is defined as arising from a retraction or perforation of the postero-superior part of the tensa. We present the long-term results obtained in tensa retraction cholesteatomas treated with one stage surgery from 1964 to 1980. Median observation time was 9 years, range 2 to 19 years. Sixty-one ears were treated without mastoidectomy, whereas 71 ears had canal wall-up mastoidectomy and 64 ears had canal wall-down mastoidectomy. The total recurrence rate was 13.3 per cent; 17 ears had residual cholesteatoma, and nine ears had recurrent cholesteatoma. The best results were obtained in ears with an intact ossicular chain where mastoidectomy was not performed. In 49 per cent of the cases, the cholesteatoma was confined to the tympanic cavity without reaching the aditus, antrum or mastoid process. About one-third to one-quarter of the ears had tympanoplasty only, with removal of the cholesteatoma through the ear canal.     

外耳道胆脂瘤并发化脓性腮腺炎1例并文献复习

目的 探讨外耳道胆脂瘤并发化脓性腮腺炎病因及诊治经验,并进行外耳道胆脂瘤诊疗相关文献复习。 方法 回顾性分析1例外耳道胆脂瘤并发化脓性腮腺炎病例资料,主要症状为左耳听力下降伴流脓,左侧面部红肿疼痛。颞骨CT及耳部核磁示:左侧外耳道内胆脂瘤形成,累及乳突、鼓室、鼓窦、腮腺及咽旁间隙。临床诊断:外耳道胆脂瘤(左,Holt Ⅲ期)、化脓性腮腺炎(左)。手术方式为左耳外耳道胆脂瘤切除术、开放式乳突根治术、鼓室成形术、人工听骨植入术、耳甲腔成形术、腮腺脓肿清除术及腮腺瘘修补术。 结果 术中彻底清除外耳道及中耳内胆脂瘤及腮腺脓肿,并修复腮腺瘘。术后随访患者恢复良好,无胆脂瘤复发残留及腮腺炎复发相关症状出现。 结论 外耳道胆脂瘤具有骨质破坏的潜能。而HoltⅢ期外耳道胆脂瘤并发化脓性腮腺炎病例罕见,明确病因并依据病变侵袭范围选择个体化的治疗方案尤为关键。     

胆脂瘤中耳炎术后复发或残留胆脂瘤的原因与处理

目的:探讨胆脂瘤中耳炎术后复发或残留胆脂瘤的原因和处理方法.方法:对102例(105耳)中耳胆脂瘤术后复发或残留患者分别进行处理.20耳经耳内镜下清理残留或复发的胆脂瘤,切除肉芽;85耳行乳突再根治术.结果:全部患者随访1年以上,101耳于处理后2～8周获得干耳,4耳仍间断流脓;全部患者耳内镜复查均未见胆脂瘤复发.其中23耳同期行鼓室成形术,术后气导听力均提高15 dBHL以上.结论:首次手术不彻底或术后引流不畅是胆脂瘤复发或残留的主要原因.对于面神经嵴够低,乳突、鼓窦、鼓室骨质开放足够、引流好者经耳内镜下清理、换药可痊愈;对于面神经嵴过高,引流不畅者需行乳突再根治,符合条件者可同期行鼓室成形术.     

Congenital cholesteatoma isolated to the mastoid presenting as stricture of the external auditory canal

Congenital cholesteatoma may originate at various sites in the temporal bone. Congenital cholesteatoma of the mastoid origin shows a variable clinical presentation, although the least common site is the mastoid process. We report an extremely rare case of congenital cholesteatoma isolated to the mastoid presenting as stricture of the external auditory canal. A 10-year-old boy presented with stricture of the left-sided external auditory canal caused by bulging of the posterior wall of the external auditory canal. Computed tomography showed destruction of the posterior wall of the external auditory canal by a lesion of soft tissue density in the left mastoid cells. At surgery, cholesteatoma was observed in the mastoid cavity. Although destruction of the posterior wall of the external auditory canal was identified, the external auditory canal skin and tympanic membrane were intact, and the aditus ad antrum mucosa was normal. Congenital cholesteatoma isolated to the mastoid was diagnosed. Diagnosis of congenital cholesteatoma isolated to the mastoid should be based on clinical examination, radiological evaluation, and surgical findings. In addition, the possibility of congenital cholesteatoma isolated to the mastoid should be considered in patients with stricture of the external auditory canal.     

Surgical strategy for cholesteatoma in children

OBJECTIVE: We reviewed our experience with childhood cholesteatoma in children under 15 years old. Based on cumulative postoperative data, we propose a modified canal-wall-up technique in conjunction with a planned, staged operation. METHODS: From 1982 to 1997, 56 children with cholesteatoma (58 ears, total) underwent surgery in our department. In the early period (1982-1990), canal wall-down mastoidectomy was performed in 52% (21 of 40 ears), and canal wall-up mastoidectomy in 48% (the remaining 19 ears). In the late period (1991-1997), 18 ears with cholesteatoma underwent surgery. The canal-wall up mastoidectomy was performed in 89% (16 ears), and canal-wall-down mastoidectomy in the remaining 11% (two ears). RESULTS: In the early period (1982-1990), cholesteatoma recurred more frequently in the canal-wall-up mastoidectomy group than in the canal-wall down mastoidectomy group (53 vs. 14%). Other postoperative complications, such as erosion of the mastoid cavity, otorrhea, and perforation of the eardrum, occurred more frequently in the canal-wall-down mastoidectomy group than in the canal-wall-up mastoidectomy group. In the late period (1991-1997), in the canal-wall-up mastoidectomy group, ten ears underwent one-stage surgery. Planned staged tympanoplasty was completed in six ears. After one-stage surgery, four of ten ears experienced residual cholesteatoma. Two of the recurrent ears had undergone planned staged tympanoplasty. As revealed by postoperative computed tomography (CT) images, 12 of 15 ears had aeration in the attic and antrum as well as in the tympanic cavity. In these cases, no attic retraction pocket formation was observed. CONCLUSION: Our strategy for pediatric cholesteatoma in the future is to use canal-wall-up mastoidectomy when possible. If aeration in the attic and antrum is observed by preoperative CT-scan image and no erosion in the malleus and incus exists, the one-stage surgery will be chosen. If no aeration is observed by CT-scan and/or erosion exists in the surgical findings, planned staged tympanoplasty will be necessary. This strategy allows a high incidence of aeration of the attic and antrum, and prevents the formation of the attic retraction pocket while enabling the early detection of residual cholesteatoma by means of CT.     

侵及鼓室、乳突的外耳道胆脂瘤诊断和治疗

目的探讨侵及鼓室、乳突的外耳道胆脂瘤的临床表现、影像特点及其手术治疗方法.方法回顾性分析我科1998～2003年收治的侵及鼓室、乳突的外耳道胆脂瘤14例患者的临床资料.结果14例患者病变均不同程度破坏外耳道四壁并向后扩展至乳突腔.其中4例鼓膜松弛部穿孔,胆脂瘤侵入鼓室,听骨链受压、内移,或不同程度破坏.3例面神经垂直段骨质破坏.1例乳突广泛破坏,硬脑膜裸露.1例先天畸形外耳道狭窄.根据病变的范围,8例行改良乳突根治术,5例行开放式乳突根治术,1例行外耳道扩大成形术.10例听骨链未受累的,术后听力恢复正常,1例听骨链受压变形、移位,术后仍达到正常听力.3例听骨链中断,行听骨链重建术,语言频率气导平均听阈提高15 dB～20 dB.14例患者随访18个月至5年未见复发.结论外耳道胆脂瘤的病因目前尚不十分清楚.侵及鼓室乳突者临床表现不典型,诊断有一定难度,术前常规高分辨颞骨CT扫描,有助于原发部位的判断及确定病变范围,以选择合适的手术方式.     

外耳道胆脂瘤的临床特点及误诊分析

目的：分析外耳道胆脂瘤（EACC）的临床特点及误诊原因。方法：对1993～2003年收治的经临床和病理确诊的18例EACC患者,根据病变的范围和程度,采取不同的治疗方法,其治疗原则是彻底清除EACC和肉芽组织,促进创面愈合。结果：外耳道骨质破坏13例,外耳道深部为白色或黄色上皮角化物或耵聍样团块阻塞18例,外耳道口肉芽阻塞、皮肤红肿或外耳道狭窄15例,EACC侵犯乳突和上鼓室4例,鼓膜穿孔2例。随访1～6年,无复发。结论：EACC是以疼痛、间歇耳漏和骨质破坏为其特征的外耳道疾患,其治疗原则是彻底清除胆脂瘤囊袋、肉芽组织,促进创面愈合。     

骨性外耳道后壁重建鼓室成形术治疗胆脂瘤型中耳炎的疗效观察

目的：探讨处理乳突根治术后遗留的外耳道后壁缺损及开放的乳突腔的方法。方法：应用骨性外耳道后壁重建鼓室成形术治疗胆脂瘤型中耳炎58例（58耳）,清除病变的同时以颞骨皮质骨行骨性外耳道后壁重建并Ⅰ期行鼓室成形术。结果：随访1～3年,仅有1例胆脂瘤复发（复发率1．72％）。外耳道接近正常形态,保留含气乳突腔。纯音听阈提高30dBHL以上者（极效）5耳,提高20～29dBHL者（显效）11耳,提高10～19dBHL者（有效）30耳,总有效率为79．31％（46／58）,〈10dBHL者（基本无效）8耳,无听力提高者（无效）4耳。术后平均气导听阈明显减少。结论：乳突根治术后以颞骨皮质骨行骨性外耳道后壁重建并Ⅰ期行鼓室成形术,有助于修复乳突根治术后遗留的外耳道后壁缺损及开放的乳突腔,改善听力,降低胆脂瘤复发率,是一种较为实用的手术方法。     

乳突根治术后同种异体肋软骨中耳重建71例报告

目的：探讨乳突根治术后,让术耳向外耳道开放的乳突腔重新中耳化和Ｉ期听力重建的方法。方法：以同种异体肋软骨为外耳后壁重建、乳突充填和听骨链重建的材料,对７１例（耳）于乳突根治术后行中耳重建术。结果：７１耳术后经０．５￣５年随访,除２耳外,全部病例重建外耳道接近正常生理结构;听力提高１５ｄＢ以上或达应用水平５５耳（７７．５％）,听力提高未达１５ｄＢ１１耳（１５．５％）,因不同原因失败５耳（７．０％）。