颅内动脉瘤的DSA与临床相关性分析

目的 分析评价颅内动脉瘤的脑血管造影与临床相关性。方法 回顾性分析48例颅内动脉瘤患者的脑血管造影表现和临床资料,就其动脉瘤大小、部位、形态、检查方法以及临床表现进行综合分析。结果 颅内动脉瘤临床表现与动脉瘤大小、部位有一定关系,相同或不同部位动脉瘤可产生不同或相同临床症状,旋转DSA技术是常规脑血管造影的有效补充检查手段。结论 1．颅内动脉瘤临床症状与其生长部位及大小有一定相关性,但无明显特异性;2．旋转DSA技术在动脉瘤诊断和治疗中具有极其重要的作用。     

破裂的颅内动脉瘤大小及其相关因素分析

目的：探讨颅内破裂动脉瘤的临床及影像学特点与瘤大小之间的关系。方法：回顾性分析2005年1月～2006年12月在我科行全脑血管造影并经手术证实有动脉瘤的患者264例,分别研究〈5nm和≥5mm的破裂动脉瘤的临床及影像学特点,分析动脉瘤的位置、患者的血压、年龄、性别、血糖以及瘤体长径／宽径比值与瘤体大小之间的关系。结果：264例患者共发生动脉瘤302个,其中破裂动脉瘤273个,未破裂动脉瘤29个,9例患者同时患有2个破裂动脉瘤,〈5mm的动脉瘤87个,≥5mm的动脉瘤186个。动脉瘤的部位、患者的血压、年龄、性别以及血糖与破裂动脉瘤的大小无明显关系（P〉0．05）。瘤体长径／宽径比值与动脉瘤大小之间有明显的统计学差异（P=0．002）。位于前交通动脉、后交通动脉起始处以及50～60岁年龄段的患者,其破裂的颅内小动脉瘤分别为33个（37．93％）、27个（31．03％）和38个（43．68％）,要多于其它部位及其它年龄段。结论：动脉瘤的部位、患者的血压、年龄、性别以及血糖对动脉瘤的大小无明显影响;最大径〈5mm的颅内动脉瘤也有一定的破裂风险,其数目也达到一定的比例;瘤体长径与宽径比值或许可用来预测颅内不同大小动脉瘤的破裂风险。     

三维旋转血管造影技术在颅内动脉瘤诊疗中的应用

目的：探讨平板DSA三维旋转血管造影（3D-RA）在颅内动脉瘤的诊断和介入治疗中的应用技术。方法：72例患者利用平板DSA行常规全脑血管造影,再行3D-RA,并利用其Integris 3D-RA工作站行三维重组,分析其2D与3DRA对颅内动脉瘤显示的差异。结果：平板DSA常规全脑血管造影检出颅内动脉瘤56个,利用其3D-RA检出动脉瘤76个。结论：3D-RA可显著提高颅内动脉瘤的检出率,应用好3D-RA技术是指导临床诊断和治疗颅内动脉瘤的重要手段。     

64层螺旋CT脑血管成像对颅内动脉瘤的临床诊断价值

目的:探讨64层螺旋CT脑血管成像(CTA)对颅内动脉瘤的临床诊断价值。方法:对55例临床怀疑颅内动脉瘤的蛛网膜下腔出血患者行64层螺旋CT脑血管成像检查,观察其原始图像及采用VR、MIP、MPR技术重建三维脑血管成像,部分病例同DSA或手术所见对照。结果:55名自发性蛛网膜下腔出血患者中,共检出动脉瘤患者47例,动脉硬化、狭窄3例,正常5例。CTA表现与手术结果、DSA基本一致。结论:64层螺旋CT脑血管成像能清晰的显示颅内动脉瘤的部位、大小、形态、瘤颈、与载瘤动脉及邻近血管及骨结构的关系,对颅内动脉瘤诊断敏感性及特异性较高,对绝大部分动脉瘤能迅速、准确地诊断,对临床治疗方案的制定有重要指导作用,并可作为术后复诊和随诊的重要手段。     

新技术在脑血管造影及治疗中的应用与评价

目的：评价旋转DSA和路径图的临床应用价值。方法：使用GE Advantx LCV＋数字减影血管造影机对63例患者施行脑血管造影。结果：通过使用旋转DSA和路径图，其中6例临床疑似颅内动脉瘤破裂而常规脑血管造影没有确切显示异常的患者确诊为动脉瘤，并顺利完成超选择插管，行瘤囊内弹簧钢圈栓塞术。结论：旋转DSA和路径图技术的应用既能缩短检查时间，又能减少造影剂的用量，特别是能精确的显示颅内动脉瘤颈部与其周围血管的关系，为临床提供精确的影像资料。     

从颅内动脉瘤的三维成像分析探讨二维脑血管造影动脉瘤显示最佳角度

目的探讨脑血管造影经工作站三维重建成像后动脉瘤显示最佳角度,指导二维脑血管造影显示动脉瘤影像的工作角度。方法1999-08—2005-12间,对218例患者244个囊性颅内动脉瘤的血管三维重建图像进行回顾性分析。找出经常发生动脉瘤部位一般的投照规律。结果三维重建成像图像立体逼真,对二维脑血管影像的工作角度具有指导意义。结论三维重建成像颅内动脉瘤显示角度为二维脑血管造影显示动脉瘤提供具有非常重要指导意义。     

脑动脉瘤的血管内栓塞治疗

目的：探讨脑动脉瘤的血管内栓塞治疗。材料与方法：经股动脉或患侧颈动脉入路，对36例不同部位和形状的脑动脉瘤选用相适合的可脱乳胶球囊、游离微钨螺旋圈或机械性可脱钨螺旋圈进行载瘤动脉闭塞和瘤腔的严密填塞。结果：经脑血管造影证实，动脉瘤影像消失，仅有部分大型动脉瘤遗留少许残颈；随访中未发现蛛网膜下腔再出血。结论：脑动脉瘤的栓塞治疗是防止其破裂再出血的有效措施之一；对眼动脉段大型动脉瘤闭塞载瘤动脉前采用压颈造影是证实Willi’s环完整性的可靠方法。     

旋转式三维数字减影血管造影在脑动脉瘤临床诊断和治疗中的应用价值

目的：探讨旋转式三维数字减影血管造影在脑动脉瘤诊断和治疗中的应用价值，提高诊断水平，增强治疗效果。方法：回顾性分析了213例脑动脉瘤患者的二维、三维数字减影脑血管造影的影像学资料，并对其结果进行了对比分析。结果：213例患者中共检出222枚脑动脉瘤，其中囊性动脉瘤197枚，梭形动脉瘤16枚，夹层动脉瘤9枚；在222枚脑动脉瘤中，小型动脉瘤105枚，中型动脉瘤89枚，大型动脉瘤22枚，巨大型动脉瘤6枚。常规DSA清楚显示的有205枚，17枚显示可疑由三维数字减影脑血管造影进一步证实；对138例脑动脉瘤患者进行手术开颅银夹夹闭治疗，19例进行介入性金属微弹簧圈栓塞治疗。结论：旋转式三维脑血管造影可有效提高脑动脉瘤的诊断准确性和多种治疗方法的安全十牛及疗效。     

颅内巨大动脉瘤的CT与MR诊断

目的：探讨ＣＴ和ＭＲ对颅内巨大动脉瘤的诊断价值。方法：８ 例颅内巨大动脉瘤病人进行了ＣＴ和ＭＲ检查,并经血管造影和手术证实。其中,男４ 例,女４ 例,年龄３４～７２岁,平均５４岁。临床上５例表现为颅内占位症状,３例为蛛网膜下腔出血症状。结果：５例动脉瘤起源于颈内动脉,２ 例起源于大脑中动脉,１例起源于椎基底动脉。ＣＴ和ＭＲ表现如下：（１）ＣＴ平扫病灶呈稍高密度圆形阴影,密度可均匀或不均匀,增强扫描病灶明显强化。（２）ＭＲ扫描显示残存瘤腔在Ｔ１ＷＩ及Ｔ２ＷＩ上均呈无信号区,周围为混合信号带。该信号带在Ｔ１ＷＩ上信号稍高于脑灰质,在Ｔ２ＷＩ上则稍低于脑灰质。增强扫描部分病例动脉瘤壁及混合信号带有强化表现。（３）动脉瘤破裂时,ＣＴ与ＭＲ可显示相应出血表现。结论：对颅内巨大动脉瘤的诊断,ＭＲ优于ＣＴ,尤其在显示瘤腔和血栓方面ＭＲ有独到之处     

脑动脉瘤破裂的诊断与CT

1972年 CT 的出现,给神经放射线学的诊断,带来了巨大的变革。现在许多颅内疾病的诊断,CT 已成为首选的检查方法。然而脑动脉瘤的确诊,仍然有赖于脑血管造影。因为脑动脉瘤本身,除非巨大者以外,一般不能被 CT 检查发现。但是,作为实质摄影的 CT,在诊断脑动脉瘤破裂引起的血肿、脑室扩大,脑血管痉挛及脑梗塞等颅内继发性病变方面所发挥的作用,又是脑血管造影所无法比拟的。上述那些脑部继发性病变,能够左右患者的临床症状及预后。因此可以说,CT 作为脑动脉瘤破裂的检查方法,具有极大的临床价值。以下简述脑动脉瘤破裂的 CT 检查所见。     

Neuroradiologic diagnosis and clinical aspects of giant intracranial aneurysms

The CT and angiographic findings of 33 patients with intracranial giant aneurysms are reported. In the non-thrombosed giant aneurysms, CT showed a homogeneous, primarily hyperdense space-occupying lesion with strong enhancement. The partially thrombosed giant aneurysms appeared hyperdense with hypodense or isodense portions in the plain CT scan. The completely thrombosed giant aneurysms were isodense to hyperdense. In none of the 33 patients could perifocal edema be proved. A CT diagnosis was possible in every case of partially or non-thrombosed aneurysms. Pre-operative angiography in these cases was necessary only for purposes of vessel topography. Five completely thrombosed giant aneurysms could not be identified in either CT or the angiogram so that the diagnosis was not made until surgery. The clinical findings of these five cases of subarachnoid hemorrhage and 28 patients with signs of intracranial space-occupying lesions were diagnostically misleading, as they suggested an intracranial tumor.     

Giant serpentine aneurysms: radiographic features and endovascular treatment.

PURPOSETo describe the characteristic CT, MR, and angiographic features of giant serpentine aneurysms and discuss their endovascular treatment.METHODSThirteen patients with giant serpentine aneurysms were studied at our institution in the last 3 years. They all underwent CT and MR studies as well as cerebral angiography. More recently, some of the patients were studied with MR angiography. Seven patients had endovascular occlusion of the giant serpentine aneurysms, 3 with N-butyl cyanoacrylate, 2 with Guglielmi detachable coils, and 2 with detachable balloons.RESULTSGiant serpentine aneurysms mimic cerebral neoplasms on CT and MR studies; they are often associated with mass effect and adjacent edema, and they enhance with contrast medium. The cerebral angiogram shows a residual irregular lumen of the partially clotted aneurysm, which continues into normal branches supplying the distal arterial territory. Six patients were treated successfully with an endovascular approach consisting of complete and permanent occlusion of the parent artery.CONCLUSIONGiant serpentine aneurysms from a subgroup of large intracranial aneurysms that have specific CT, MR, and angiographic features, which should be recognized before their treatment. The endovascular treatment of the aneurysm consists of permanent occlusion of the parent artery.     

Three-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography in the evaluation of intracranial aneurysms treated with Guglielmi detachable coils

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Intravascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms is a relatively new therapeutic technique and long-term controlled angiographic trials are needed to assess persistence of aneurysm occlusion. Our purpose was to evaluate the effectiveness of 3D time-of-flight (3D-TOF) MR angiography as a noninvasive screening tool in the follow-up of cerebral aneurysms treated with Guglielmi detachable coils (GDCs). METHODS: Forty-nine patients with 50 intracranial aneurysms previously treated with GDCs were studied with both DSA and 3D-TOF MR angiography. In 14 cases, a second follow-up examination was performed, for a total of 64 aneurysms evaluated. In 25 aneurysms, both pre- and postcontrast MR angiographic studies were obtained. RESULTS: In seven of 64 aneurysms, the MR angiographic studies were considered to be unreliable owing to the presence of artifacts that obscured part of the parent artery and did not allow an accurate evaluation of the aneurysm neck. These seven aneurysms, however, all were shown to be completely occluded at digital subtraction angiography (DSA). In the remaining 57 aneurysms, DSA revealed complete occlusion in 39 and the presence of residual patency in 18, whereas MR angiography showed complete occlusion in 38 and residual patency in 19. Enhanced MR angiography proved to be useful in evaluating residual patency in large and giant aneurysms and in better depicting the distal branch arteries. CONCLUSION: Although artifacts related to the presence of coils are evident on a considerable number of imaging studies, our findings indicate that MR angiography is useful in the evaluation of residual patency of cerebral aneurysms treated with GDCs and may eventually prove valuable in the follow-up of those cases in which a good initial correlation with DSA was demonstrated.     

Endovascular treatment of giant or very large intracranial aneurysms with different modalities: an analysis of 20 cases

Introduction The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy and limitations of different endovascular modalities in the treatment of very large and giant intracranial aneurysms. Methods A group of 20 patients with very large and giant intracranial aneurysms treated by endovascular approaches were retrospectively analyzed. Of the 20 patients, 9 had been treated by parent artery occlusion, 8 by coil embolization, and 3 with an intracranial covered stent. Two recurrent aneurysms initially treated with coil embolization were retreated with an intracranial covered stent. Patients were followed for 9–83 months after the procedure. Results Endovascular treatment was technically feasible in all 20 patients. One patient died 7 days after the procedure from rebleeding caused by incomplete aneurysmal occlusion. Immediate postprocedural angiograms showed that complete occlusion was achieved in 11 aneurysms, subtotal occlusion in 7, and incomplete occlusion in 2. The final angiographic results in the other 19 surviving patients confirmed complete occlusion of 15 aneurysms, subtotal occlusion in 3, and incomplete occlusion in 1. Clinical evaluations performed at the final follow-up visit showed an excellent outcome in 11 patients and a good outcome in 8. Conclusion Endovascular treatment of giant intracranial aneurysms with coil embolization is often associated with a low complete occlusion rate and a high recanalization rate, and parent artery occlusion remains a practical option in selected patients. Based on our limited experience, the use of an intracranial covered stent appears to be a relatively simple and safe procedure for occluding very large and giant aneurysms while still maintaining the patency of the parent artery.     

Middle Cerebral Artery Bifurcation Aneurysms Treated by Extrasaccular Flow Diverters: Midterm Angiographic Evolution and Clinical Outcome

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:Flow diverters have been increasingly used lately in off-label, distal intracranial aneurysm treatments. Our aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of flow diverters in the treatment of middle cerebral artery bifurcation aneurysms and to analyze midterm angiographic patterns of regional flow modifications for safety and clinical outcomes.MATERIALS AND METHODS:Consecutive patients treated from January 2010 to December 2014 by the authors by using endovascular flow-diverting stents for MCA bifurcation aneurysms were evaluated retrospectively with prospectively maintained data. All patients had been followed for at least 12 months after treatment, with at least 2 control angiograms; regional flow-related angiographic modifications were registered by using a new angiographic outcome scale for flow diverters. Data were analyzed with emphasis on procedure-related events, angiographic results, and clinical outcome.RESULTS:Fifty-eight patients were included in the study, with 63 MCA bifurcation aneurysms; 13 of these were large and giant. Pretreatment mRS was 0 for 12 patients (20.7%), 1 for 41 (70.7%), and 2 for 5 patients (8.6%). Six-month control revealed mRS 0–2 for 57 (98.3%) patients and 3 for 1 (1.7%) patient. Procedure-related morbidity and mortality were 8.6% (5/58) and 0%, respectively. From 95% of still circulating immediate postprocedure angiographic outcomes, 68% progressed to aneurysm occlusion at 6 months and 95%, to occlusion at 12 months, with a 0% aneurysm rupture rate.CONCLUSIONS:Flow diverters seem to be an effective treatment alternative for complex MCA bifurcation aneurysms, with reasonable complication rates. Longer angiographic follow-ups are needed to assess the morphologic outcome; immediate subtotal occlusions do not seem to be related to rupture.

Flow-diverter (FD) stents have provided a paradigm shift in endovascular cerebral aneurysm treatment. Initially approved for carotid aneurysms, their use has been extended to include distal intracranial localizations such as MCA aneurysms.¹ Covering intracranial arteries with FDs has recently been the subject of debate. While for localizations such as the posterior communicating artery,² side branch coverage does not seem to have clinical consequences for patients, controversy exists regarding MCA branches.The objectives of our study were to evaluate the clinical and midterm angiographic outcomes of FD stent placement for MCA bifurcation aneurysms with emphasis on the regional flow-induced modifications and their impact; the analysis was performed by using an angiographic classification³ that takes into account the hemodynamic evolution of the aneurysm and the regional anatomy with time.     

Spontaneous regression of cerebral arteriovenous malformations: clinical and angiographic analysis with review of the literature

Spontaneous regression of cerebral arteriovenous malformation (AVM) is rare and poorly understood. We reviewed the clinical and angiographic findings in patients who had spontaneous regression of cerebral AVMs to determine whether common features were present. The clinical and angiographic findings of four cases from our series and 29 cases from the literature were retrospectively reviewed. The clinical and angiographic features analyzed were: age at diagnosis, initial presentation, venous drainage pattern, number of draining veins, location of the AVM, number of arterial feeders, clinical events during the interval period to thrombosis, and interval period to spontaneous thrombosis. Common clinical and angiographic features of spontaneous regression of cerebral AVMs are: intracranial hemorrhage as an initial presentation, small AVMs, and a single draining vein. Spontaneous regression of cerebral AVMs can not be predicted by clinical or angiographic features, therefore it should not be considered as an option in cerebral AVM management, despite its proven occurrence.     

Coiling of very large or giant cerebral aneurysms: long-term clinical and serial angiographic results

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Initial complete occlusion of very large or giant aneurysms often cannot be accomplished, and most will partially reopen over time. This study was performed to assess the clinical and angiographic outcome of patients with very large or giant cerebral aneurysms treated with detachable coils. METHODS: During 6 years, 29 patients with 31 very large or giant (20-55-mm) cerebral aneurysms were initially treated with detachable coils. Nineteen patients presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and eight patients had symptoms of mass effect. One patient had an incidental aneurysm, and one patient had an additional aneurysm. RESULTS: Twenty-three (79%) of 29 patients had a good clinical outcome at a median follow-up of 50 months. One of 19 patients presenting with SAH had repeat bleed (annual rebleeding rate, 1.45%). After initial coiling, seven of 31 aneurysms were incompletely occluded; this rate increased to 20 of 29 aneurysms at 6-month follow-up angiography. After 16 repeat coiling procedures in 13 aneurysms, 12 of 29 aneurysms in surviving patients were still incompletely occluded. After additional treatment other than coiling (parent-vessel occlusion and/or surgery) in eight aneurysms, three of 25 aneurysms in 24 surviving patients were incompletely occluded. Only 13 (42%) of 31 aneurysms had one coiling as a sole therapy. CONCLUSION: Coiling of very large or giant aneurysms can be considered. Long-term clinical outcomes were good in 79% of patients. The stability of the coil mesh over time was poor, requiring repeat coiling, surgery, and/or parent-vessel balloon occlusion in 58% of the aneurysms primarily treated with coils.     

Aneurysms of the posterior cerebral artery: classification and endovascular treatment

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We present a retrospective review of our experience in the endovascular treatment of posterior cerebral artery (PCA) aneurysms. We detail the anatomic location of these aneurysms, the technique of endovascular treatment, morphologic results, and clinical outcome. We also discuss the segmental anatomy of the PCA as it relates to the various neurologic deficits that may result from occlusion of the parent artery. METHODS: From 1993 to 1998, 20 patients (12 female, eight male; mean age, 44 yrs) harboring a PCA aneurysm were treated via an endovascular approach. One patient had two aneurysms, comprising a total of 21 lesions. Fourteen (66%) of 21 aneurysms were saccular in nature, five (24%) were giant serpentine aneurysms, and two (10%) were posttraumatic. All aneurysms were treated using Guglielmi detachable coils (GDC) either by selective obliteration of the aneurysm sac or by parent artery occlusion. RESULTS: Fourteen (66%) of the 21 aneurysms were successfully treated with preservation of the parent artery. In the remaining seven (33%), the parent artery was permanently occluded. The overall complication rate in this series was 15%, with a permanent morbidity rate of 10% and a 0% mortality rate. CONCLUSION: Aneurysms of the PCA are rare compared with other locations in the intracranial circulation. Saccular PCA aneurysms can be treated effectively, by use of GDC, to obliterate the aneurysm yet preserve the parent artery. Fusiform and giant serpentine aneurysms of the PCA can effectively be treated by permanent occlusion of the parent artery; in these cases, thorough knowledge of the PCA segmental anatomy is crucial in order to select the site of occlusion and to avoid major neurologic deficits.