武汉市儿童肺炎支原体血清学检测结果分析

目的 探讨武汉市儿童肺炎支原体(MP)感染率与性别、年龄的关系.方法 运用被动凝集法检测患儿血清MP特异性抗体IgM进行检测.结果 7793例患儿中检测出2659例MP阳性,阳性率为34.13％,其中男性患儿MP-IgM阳性率为29.35％;女性患儿MP-IgM阳性率为42.52％,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);0～1岁组、1～3岁组、3～6岁组、6～15岁组MP-IgM阳性率分别为8.19％、34.69％、46.96％、59.46％;各年龄组间患儿阳性率差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 儿童MP感染率较高,学龄期儿童为好发年龄,女性患儿MP感染率明显高于男性患儿.     

遵义地区2014-2019年儿童肺炎支原体感染现状

了解遵义地区儿童肺炎支原体(mycoplasma pneumoniae,MP)感染的流行病学特征,为该地区儿童肺炎支原体感染防治工作提供依据.方法 选取2014年1月至2019年12月就诊于遵义市第一人民医院儿科门诊或住院32051例儿童,采用EILSA法检测患儿血清中MP-IgM,对不同年份、季节、年龄及性别的MP感染情况进行回顾性分析.结果 共检出MP-IgM阳性患儿10115例,总感染率为31.56%.2014-2019年儿童MP感染率有逐年增高的趋势,各年份间均以秋冬季MP感染率较高.学龄儿童感染率(37.93%)与学龄前儿童的感染率(36.42%)较高.女童感染率(32.63%)高于男童(30.85%) (x2=11.35,P<0.01).结论 MP是遵义地区住院儿童呼吸系统感染的常见病原体,2014-2019年感染率呈逐年上升趋势,秋冬季高发,学龄儿童、学龄前儿童、女童是MP感染的高发人群.     

2009-2011年宁波鄞州区肺炎支原体感染流行病学分析

目的 总结宁波市鄞州地区儿童肺炎支原体(MP)感染的流行病学特征,为MP感染的防治提供依据.方法 使用肺炎支原体抗体检测试剂对4681例呼吸道感染患儿进行血清肺炎支原体抗体(MP-IgM)检测,对不同年度、季节、性别及年龄MP感染的情况进行统计分析.结果 MP-IgM阳性患儿1826例,阳性率39.01％;MP感染有季节性差异,冬季感染率最高,在年龄差异上,4～6岁年龄组感染率最高,为58.03％,明显高于其他年龄组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);女性患儿感染率较男性高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);下呼吸道感染的MP阳性率41.14％,明显高于上呼吸道感染的37.67％,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);2009年总体感染率明显高于2010、2011年,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 MP感染是儿童呼吸道感染的一个主要病因,且发病率有增高趋势,鄞州区2009年为流行年份,临床加强MP感染防治相当重要.     

312例社区获得性肺炎住院患儿肺炎支原体感染状况分析

目的:分析312例儿童社区获得性肺炎(CAP)住院患儿病原中肺炎支原体感染状况,为临床经验性治疗提供依据。方法:对312例住院的CAP患儿按不同的年龄段分4组,4组患儿急性期血清标本均进行肺炎支原体IgM抗体检测,对肺炎支原体感染率按不同年龄组以及不同季节组进行比较。结果:312例CAP患儿肺炎支原体检测阳性62例(19.9%),其中7岁～14岁组阳性率最高,为56.1%(32/57);其次为4岁～6岁组,为49.2%(31/63);2岁～3岁组感染率为14.8%(16/108),0岁～1岁组感染率为5.9%(5/84),学龄期儿童感染率明显高于学龄前儿童;不同季节肺炎支原体的感染率差异不显著。结论:肺炎支原体感染在年龄分布上以学龄期儿童多见,季节分部在本地区不明显。     

102088例儿童肺炎支原体抗体检测结果分析

目的调查北京地区呼吸道感染患儿肺炎支原体（Mycoplasma Pneumonia ,MP）感染情况,为疾病防控和临床诊治提供重要依据。方法采用被动颗粒凝集法对2009年1月1日至2014年12月31日在北京儿童医院就诊的呼吸道感染患儿102088例进行血清MP抗体检测,并对不同年龄、不同季节和不同年度MP感染率进行分析。结果102088例患儿中MP阳性26610例,阳性率为26.07%;其中新生儿组、婴儿组、幼儿组、学龄前组、学龄组和青春期组患儿MP的阳性率分别为4.33%、2.84%、13.77%、26.66%、38.92%和30.05%,患儿MP感染率随着年龄增长呈上升趋势,学龄组儿童高发;秋冬季节儿童MP感染率高于春夏季;2009-2014年肺炎支原体抗体的阳性率比较P<0.001,差异有统计学意义,其中2013年呼吸道患儿MP感染率为31.02%,为历年最高。结论肺炎支原体感染在北京地区儿童呼吸道感染中发病率较高,且呈现季节和年龄差异,本地区流行趋势是每隔5年出现一次流行高峰。     

上海地区儿童肺炎支原体下呼吸道感染的血清学研究

目的 了解上海地区儿童下呼吸道肺炎支原体(MP)感染的流行状况及血清学特点.方法 回顾性分析2008年8月至2011年7月连续三年我院7 569例下呼吸道感染儿童MP感染的情况.用明胶颗粒法测MP总抗体(IgG+ IgM+IgA).结果 7569例患儿中,MP抗体阳性1437例,感染率为18.99％,10岁以下儿童MP感染率随年龄段增加基本呈升高趋势(x2=816.7,P＜0.01),5岁以上儿童MP抗体阳性率高于5岁及以下儿童(35.77％vs15.72％x2=5.57,P＜0.05),5 ～10岁儿童MP感染率最高为38.18％.MP下呼吸道感染儿童中,发病年龄最小54 d、最大16岁.6～9月份为感染高峰月份.结论 MP在上海地区下呼吸道感染儿童中有较高的感染率,10岁以下儿童MP感染率随年龄增长而升高,夏秋季流行.     

患儿肺炎支原体感染的临床研究

目的探讨108例患儿肺炎支原体(MP)感染的临床特征,为临床治疗提供参考。方法选取2005年11月-2008年11月医院收治的108例MP感染患儿,观察其在不同季节和不同年龄的发病率、病情变化和体征等,采集患儿手指末梢血,进行血清分离,再对血清采用ELISA法检测,单份血清效价≥1∶32者为阳性;同时做CT、血常规、X线辅助检查。结果 108例MP感染患儿中MP-IgM阳性48例,阳性检出率为44.4%;春、夏、秋、冬四季MP-IgM的阳性率分别为53.3%、35.3%、34.8%、47.4%;春冬季发生率明显高于夏秋季节;不同年龄MP-IgM的阳性率有所不同,<1岁患儿的MP-IgM阳性率37.5%,1~3岁患儿为45.5%,4~7岁患儿为45.0%,8~12岁患儿为46.7%;MP对罗红霉素的耐药率最高,为57.41%,对左氧氟沙星耐药率最低,为0。结论患儿MP感染随着季节和年龄的差异,病情发生发展及发病率不同,冬春季节发病率高,病情发展快,且病情较重,应早预防、早诊断、早治疗。     

儿童呼吸道感染血清MP-IgM抗体检测的临床意义——附6208例临床分析

目的 探讨儿童急性呼吸道感染中肺炎支原体(MP)感染状况,为临床诊治和预防保健提供依据.方法 应用GIFA试剂盒,对我院曾在201 1年1-12月期间诊治的6208例急性呼吸道感染的儿童进行血清MP - IgM抗体检测作回顾性分析.结果 收集6208例临床疑似肺炎支原体患儿血清标本,其中2396例患儿血清标本MP - IgM抗体阳性,阳性率为38.60％.女性患儿MP - IgM抗体阳性率45.21％ (1085/2400)高于男性患儿34.43％ (1311/3808).血清MP- IgM抗体阳性率最高年龄组在学龄期(＞5岁),为49.25％ (753/1529);血清MP - IgM抗体阳性率最高季节在第四季度为41.50％(696/1677).结论 肺炎支原体MP - IgM抗体阳性率女性高于男性,学龄期儿童和第四季度分别是肺炎支原体感染的高峰年龄组和高峰季节.肺炎支原体感染是儿童时期呼吸道感染重要病原体之一,其引起小儿呼吸道感染有增加的趋势,临床上应加强对肺炎支原体感染的防治.     

呼吸道感染患儿肺炎支原体的检出率分析

目的 对呼吸道感染者进行肺炎支原体(MP)抗体检测,调查该地区肺炎支原体感染与患儿性别、年龄和季节的关系.方法 采用MP抗体检测试剂,对2010年3月-2011年2月在医院就诊的2139例呼吸道感染者进行肺炎支原体IgM抗体的检测.结果 在2139例患儿中,检出MP抗体阳性637例,阳性率为29.78％;男性阳性率为27.46％,女性为34.52％,全年均可发病,但以春夏季节为高,4个季节阳性率依次为40.21％、37.54％、21.45％、14.94％;各年龄组间,以＜1岁组最低,为5.52％,1～3岁和4～6岁组最高,分别为40.65％和43.14％;对呼吸道感染者进行MP抗体检测,支气管炎MP感染阳性率最高,达35.24％,肺炎MP感染阳性率其次,占28.35％.结论 该地区呼吸道感染患者中MP感染率较高,性别间阳性率差异有统计学意义;各年龄组均有感染,以1～3岁和4～6岁组感染率最高;季节以春夏季感染率最高;支气管炎MP感染阳性率最高.     

小儿肺炎支原体感染IgM抗体检测结果分析

目的:通过呼吸道感染患儿血清中肺炎支原体抗体(MP-IgM)的检测,调查小儿肺炎支原体(MP)感染的发病率与发病年龄、发病季节、患儿性别的关系。方法:采用明胶颗粒凝集法检测呼吸道感染患儿血清中MP-IgM抗体。结果:5年间共检测患儿6012例,总阳性数为1755例,总阳性率为29.19%。其中0～1岁组阳性率为12.58%,明显低于其它年龄组,而1～3岁和3～6岁组阳性率接近,且明显高于其它年龄组;发病季节以冬季(10～12个月)阳性率最高;男女儿童以女性儿童阳性检出率为高;且5年来,该地区阳性检出率呈连续上升态势。结论:小儿MP感染以冬季为多,女性高于男性,年龄以1～6岁为主,有婴儿感染病例,且阳性率呈逐年上升趋势,临床上应高度重视,加强检测与防治。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.