2.61 Ⅱ型糖尿病胃运动功能的研究

目的采用核素标记113mIn液体试餐、99mTc固体试餐 SPECT显象技术胃半排空时间(T1/2)和胃电图(EGG)对74例Ⅱ型糖尿病(DM)进行胃运动功能研究,同时检测空腹血糖,以探讨血糖、胃排空和胃电图之间的关系.方法 1.对象(1)正常对照组20名,男女分别为14和6名.平均年龄43.9 ±7.1岁.(2)DM组74例,男女分别为49和25例.平均年龄58.49±8.8岁.平均病程5.89 ±4.85年.均接受饮食控制和降糖药治疗.2.胃排空受检者清晨空腹测血糖,然后吃完以核素标记113mIn与200mL桔汁混合营养为液体试餐,99mTc标记20g 鸡肝与150g猪肉混合为固体试餐,再以SPECT显象技术同步记录2种核素的胃T1/2直至 120min.3. EGG(1)应用WCDF-4B型胃电分析仪.受检者空腹以X线钡剂确定近端胃和远端胃在体表的投影位置,安放体表电极,先空腹测1次,然后吃完同胃排空无核素试餐,于餐后10min作第1次检测,以后每15min测1次,共测14次,每次测定时间为6min40s.(2)观察指标A.基本参数a.主频(FP),b.振幅(AP),c.平均过零频率(FZ);B.附加参数a.胃电节律紊乱率(AR),b.退化率(DR),c.振幅恢复时间(RT).结果 1.正常对照组和DM组的液相、固相胃T1/2测定结果分别为41. 2±9.1min,70.5±16.5min和45.32±17.81min,92.81±49.46min.2组比较,液相胃T1/2无差异,固相胃T1/2差异显著(P＜0.05). 2. DM组中,36 例(48 .6%)胃T1/2延迟,60例(81.1%)EGG异常.3. DM组,血糖≤7.8mmol/L 22例中, 无1例胃T1/2延迟;血糖＞7.8mmol/L 52例中,36例(69.2%)有固相胃T1/2延迟,其中14例(26.9%)伴液相胃T1/2延迟.2组比较差异显著(P＜0.01).4.正常对照组和DM组的空腹和餐后FP、AP、FZ值差异均无差异,而2组餐后AP均显著高于空腹(P＜0 .05).DM组的AR、D和RT均较对照组显著增高或延迟(P＜0.05),但DM 2组之间无差异 .5. DM组,血糖≤7.8mmol/L和血糖＞7.8mmol/L的EGG异常分别为16例(72.7%)和44例( 84.6%),2组之间无差异.6. DM组,血糖＞7.8mmol/L 52例中,34例胃排空和EGG均异常 ,6 例胃排空和EGG均正常,2例胃排空异常而EGG正常,10例胃排空正常而EGG异常.用Pearson 系数相关分析,提示血糖与胃排空相关(r=0.35342,P＜0.01),与EGG无相关,胃排空与EGG相关(r=0.40863,P＜0.01).结论血糖与胃排空呈负相关;血糖控制不良,胃排空与EGG相关.     

186例妊娠糖尿病孕妇葡萄糖筛查及葡萄糖耐量试验结果分析

目的探讨妊娠糖尿病（gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM）孕妇口服50g葡萄糖筛查（GCT）和75g葡萄糖耐量试验（OGIT）的特点,分析血糖水平对GDM的诊断和治疗的价值。方法回顾性分析广东省妇幼保健院2008年186例妊娠期糖尿病患者的临床资料和GCT及OGTT的结果。结果50g GCT以7．8mmol／L为界值,GDM的漏诊率约（7／186）3．76％,GCT平均血糖为（9．66±1．49）mmol／L;75g OGTT平均空腹血糖为（5．01±0．84）mmol／L,1h血糖为（11．15±1．71）mmol／L,2h血糖为（9．79±1．61）mmol／L,3h血糖为（6．93±1．94）mmol／L;其中血糖值2项异常有113例,3项异常有53例,4项异常有20例;OGTT血糖2项异常与3项、4项异常的GCT均有统计学意义;75g OGTT不检测3h血糖,将漏诊46例GDM,约24．7％;需饮食合并胰岛素治疗患者空腹及餐后2h血糖明显高于仅需饮食治疗患者。结论GCT以7．8mmol／L为界值漏诊率不高,应较适合本地区临床使用;GCT血糖值与OGTT异常程度有关;孕妇75g OGTT诊断可考虑降低空腹血糖标准,不宜省略OGTT 3h血糖的检测;对空腹及餐后2h血糖水平较高的GDM患者应注意治疗方案的选择。     

老年糖尿病患者血糖与胃排空的相互关系

目的　研究老年 2型糖尿病 (DM)胃排空与血糖间的关系。方法　将 6 3例 2型DM患者根据血糖控制情况分成 2组 :血糖控制正常组 (DM1组 ) 30例 ,空腹血糖 (FBG )≤ 7 8mmol L ,餐后 2小时血糖≤11 1mmol L ,男 2 9例 ,女 1例 ,平均年龄 80 1± 4 2岁 (75～ 88岁 ) ,病程 13 4± 8 5年 (6～ 30年 ) ;血糖异常组 (DM2 组 ) 33例 ,空腹血糖 (FBG)≥ 7 8mmol L ,餐后 2h血糖≥ 11 1mmol L ,男 31例 ,女 2例 ,平均年龄 80 5± 4 2岁 ,病程 18 6± 9 3年 (5～ 35年 ) ;均空腹给予99mTc标记的试餐 ,测定固相胃排空时间 ,并与 30例正常对…     

2.42老年糖尿病患者血糖与胃排空的相互关系

目的研究老年2型糖尿病(DM)胃排空与血糖间的关系. 方法将63例2型DM患者根据血糖控制情况分成2组:血糖控制正常组(DM1组)30例,空腹血糖(FBG)≤7.8mmol/L,餐后2小时血糖≤11.1mmol/L,男29例,女1例,平均年龄80.1±4.2岁(75～88岁),病程13.4±8.5年(6～30年);血糖异常组(DM2组)33例,空腹血糖(FBG)≥7.8mmol/L,餐后2h血糖≥11.1mmol/L,男31例,女2例,平均年龄80.5±4.2岁,病程18.6±9.3年(5～35年);均空腹给予99mTc标记的试餐,测定固相胃排空时间,并与30例正常对照组(男28例,女2例,年龄81.3±4.3岁)比较.     

空腹血糖受损患者脂联素水平的临床观察

目的探讨空腹血糖受损（IFG）患者脂联素水平的变化。方法入选糖耐量正常（NGT）、孤立性空腹血糖受损（I-IFG）、孤立性糖耐量低减（I-IGT）、空腹血糖受损并糖耐量低减（IFG／IGT）、新发2型糖尿病（T2DM）各30例，采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）测定血清脂联素，同时检测胰岛素水平及血糖、血脂，计算胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA．IR）。结果I-IFG组、1-IGT组、IFG／IGT组及新发T2DM组脂联素均明显低于NGT组（P均〈0．01）；新发T2DM组和IFG／IGT组的HOMA-IR均〉I-IGT组〉I-IFG组〉NGT组，各组间差异有统计学意义（P均〈0．05或P〈0．01）；脂联素与空腹血糖（FBG）、餐后2h血糖（2HBG）及HOMA-IR呈负相关（Pa〈0．01）。结论在I-IFG阶段已存在脂联素水平降低，胰岛素抵抗增加，具有向糖尿病转化及并发大血管病变的风险，提高脂联素水平可为糖尿病及其并发症的防治提供一条新的思路。     

瘦素基因-2548G/A多态性与抗精神病药物长期治疗后发生2型糖尿病的关联分析

目的：探讨瘦素基因启动子区．2548G／A多态性与抗精神病药物（APS）长期治疗后发生2型糖尿病的相关性。方法：110例病程〉5年的慢性精神分裂症患者接受糖尿病流行病学调查，测定空腹血糖、餐后两小时血糖、空腹血浆瘦素和空腹血浆胰岛素水平。根据血糖水平及糖尿病临床症状，分为糖尿病组（DM组）、血糖调节异常组（AGT组，包括空腹血糖过高和葡萄糖耐量异常者）和血糖正常组（NGT组）。采用瘦素基因-2548G／A多态性的（RFLP）分析结果进行基因分型。结果：长期抗精神病药治疗的精神分裂症患者DM组、AGT组、NGT组瘦素基因-2548G／A多态性的各基因型频率分布差异有显著性，DM组患者更多表达为．2548AA基因型（x^2=10．56，P=0．005）；等位基因频率在三组间的分布差异具有显著性（x^2=-6．24，P=0．044）；瘦素水平在-2548AA与-2548AG基因型间差异有显著性（F=3．015,P=0．019）。结论：瘦素基因启动子区-2548G／A多态性可能与长期使用APS的精神分裂症患者发生糖尿病存在关联。     

2.92 肝硬化患者胃电生理及胃排空的研究

目的探讨乙型肝炎后肝硬化患者在不同肝功能分级阶段对胃电图(EGG)测定及胃排空功能的影响.方法对16例乙型肝炎后肝硬化患者(A级8例、B级8例)和8例健康志愿者进行体表胃电图记录和放射性核素显像法胃半排空时间(GET1/2)测定.结果 1.各LC组较对照组的餐前、餐后胃电节律百分比(N%、B%、T%)有非常显著的差异(P＜0.01),表明LC患者餐前、餐后胃动过缓百分比、胃动过速百分比显著高于对照组,LC患者存在明显的胃电节律紊乱,而肝硬化A级、B级组间餐前及餐后胃电节律紊乱无显著性差异(P＞0.05).2.LC患者与健康对照组的半固体GET50分别为91 .28±24.43min、49.13±2.5min,两组之间的差异非常显著(P＜0.01),肝功能B 级组较之肝功能A级组间亦有非常显著性差异(P＜0.01),表明LC患者存在明显的胃半固体排空延迟,且肝功能B级较A级患者的胃半固体排空延迟尤为明显.3.LC患者无论餐前或餐后LC组的胃电节律百分比与GET1/2有非常显著的相关性(r分别为0.44、0.56, P＜0.01).表明LC患者胃电节律紊乱均有胃半固体排空延迟.结论本研究结果显示乙肝后肝硬化患者存在显著的胃电节律紊乱和胃半固体排空功能障碍,两者之间有明显相关性.胃排空的快慢受胃节律的影响.乙型肝炎后肝硬化患者存在胃电节律紊乱及胃兰固体排空障碍,为该类患者临床应用促动力药物、缓解症状提供理论依据.     

应用MEP，NCV联合诊断糖尿病性神经病

目的：探讨运动诱发电位（MEP）、神经传导速度（NCV）检测对糖尿病（DM）运动神经中枢及神经根、周围神经病变的诊断价值。方法：检测50例DM病人的MEP及NCV。结果：MEP异常率82％（41／50）。表现皮层、脊髓刺激MEP潜伏期延迟、波形分化欠佳，部分伴有中枢运动传导时间（CMCT）异常。MEP异常率与病程长短呈正相关；空腹血糖地MEP结果无明显影响。NCV异常率70％，主要表现运动神经传导速度（MCV）、感觉神经传导速度（SCV）减慢。结论：MEP、NC检查对诊断DM的锥体束功能损害及神经根、周围神经病变有重要价值，二者结合可对DM的神经系统功能提供全面客观指标。     

2型糖尿病病人空腹GH及CP水平与FBG的相关性探讨

目的：探讨2型糖尿病患者生长激素（GH）、C肽（CP）与空腹血糖（FBG）的相关性。方法：采用放射免疫分析（RIA）检测GH、CP;采用电极法测定FBG。结果：测定了64例2例糖尿病人（DM2）空腹时的GH、CP及FBG的水平及31例正常对照组。血糖控制较差组（平均血糖〉19．0mmol／L）GH水平〉血糖控制较好组（平均血糖〈9．0mmol／L）GH水平〉正常对照组GH水平（P〈0．01）;而血糖控制较差组CP水平〈血糖控制较好组CP水平〈正常对照组CP水平（P〈0．01）,差异有统计学意义。结论：DM2患者血糖控制不佳可能与GH、CP水平有关。     

广州某团体血糖与血尿酸的调查研究

目的：通过调查空腹血糖和血尿酸水平,了解高血糖和高尿酸血症的患病率,探讨高血糖和高尿酸血症的关系．方法：558例空腹血糖和血尿酸测定．结果：空腹血糖男性302例5．13±1.04mmol／L,女性256例5．36±1．46mmol／L,女性较男性高（P＜0．05）．血尿酸男性304．6±79.0μmol／L,女性204.8±68．7μmol／L,男性较女性高（P＜0．001）．高血糖患病率8.1％（45／558）,其中男性6.0％（18／302）,女性10.5％（27／256）,高血糖患病率女性高于男性（P＜0．05）．高尿酸血症患病率4．1％（23／558）,其中男性7．0％（21／302）,女性0.8％（2／256）,高尿酸血症患病率男性高于女性（P＜0.005）．70～86岁组男女空腹血糖与血尿酸均有明显的相关性（男性r=0.601,P＜0．05;女性r=0．474,P＜0．05）．结论：空腹血糖水平和高血糖患病率随增龄而增高．血尿酸水平和高尿酸血症患病率男性明显高于女性．高血糖合并高尿酸血症多见于50岁以后．血糖与血尿酸的相关性与高龄有关．     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.