Reconstruction of the epidemic history of hepatitis B virus genotype D in Albania

Despite a recent decrease in the prevalence of HBsAg in the general population, Albania is still highly endemic for HBV infection. Genotype D is the most prevalent HBV strain in the Mediterranean area. We studied the prevalence and distribution of HBV genotypes and subgenotypes in a total of 73 HBsAg-positive patients living in Albania, and reconstructed the epidemiological history of the most prevalent HBV D subgenotype using a "phylodynamic" framework. A time-scaled genealogy of the Albanian patients' and reference P gene sequences with known sampling dates was reconstructed using an MCMC Bayesian approach that allows population growth to be estimated on the basis of coalescent theory. All of the Albanian subjects were infected with the HBV D genotype, and a percentage varying from 44.4% to 100% (depending on the ethnic or risk group) were infected with subgenotype D2, the most prevalent in the study population (72.4%). The other subgenotypes present in a minority of subjects were D1 (13.8%) and D3 (13.8%). The Bayesian skyline plot population dynamics analysis showed that genotype D2 entered the Albanian population in the late 1960s, and that the effective number of infections grew gradually until the second half of the 1980s and more rapidly until the mid-1990s, when it reached a plateau that still persists today. Our data suggest that political and socio-economic factors played an important role in determining the rapid spread of HBV infection in Albania.     

Identification of a new clade of hepatitis B virus genotype F

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is classified into eight main genotypes (A–H) and several subgenotypes. Here, three new genotype F complete genome sequences isolated from patients from Buenos Aires city are reported. The new sequences form a separate monophyletic group from the previously known subgenotype F4 strains. Based on results of phylogenetic, genetic distance and evolutionary analyses, the name F4b is proposed for these isolates and F4a for the formerly known as F4. The identification of new clusters allows deepening the knowledge about the diversification process and evolutionary history of HBV.     

Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis B virus in Paraguay

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a leading cause of severe chronic liver disease worldwide. The HBV epidemiology in Latin American countries is complex and the data is still scanty and fragmentary. The aim of this study was to investigate the distribution of HBV genotypes in Paraguay and to estimate the viral population dynamic and spread pattern of the main phylogenetic group. To this end, partial and complete genome sequences were obtained from 60 blood donor candidates and analysed by phylogenetic and Bayesian phylodynamic approaches.The phylogenetic analysis based on sequences of partial Polymerase/Pre-S1 overlapping region showed a predominance of the Native American subgenotype F4 (81.7%), the presence of the European subgenotypes A2 (1.7%) and D3 (8.3%), the African subgenotype A1 (3, 5%) and the Asian subgenotypes B2 (1.7%) and C2 (1.7%). The distribution of HBV genotypes was in accordance with the ethnic composition of the population.The phylogeographic analysis of subgenotype F4 complete genomes suggests that this lineage emerged and spread in the last 300 years. Paraguay was the most probable location of the common ancestor. The lineage diverged into two main clades and spread to neighbor regions, mainly Bolivia and Northwest Argentina, and Buenos Aires. The phylogeny showed a scanty geographical structure and a complex migratory pattern.In conclusion, the HBV genotypes circulating in Paraguay reflect the ethnic origin of the population. The distribution of genotypes and the phylogeographic reconstruction showed the impact of both global and local migrations in shaping the HBV molecular epidemiology in the region.     

Molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of hepatitis B virus in Mar del Plata city,Argentina

The aim of this work was to describe the current molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of HBV in Mar del Plata, an important Argentinean touristic city. The phylogenetic analysis of 29 HBV DNA positive serum samples showed that F1b was the predominant subgenotype (sgt, 62.1%), followed by sgt A2 (13.8%) and sgt F4, gt D and gt G (6.9% each). Among anti-HBc IgM positive samples, 75.0% were sgt F1b, followed by sgt F4 (12.5%), sgt A2 (6.25%) and sgt D (6.25%). Three recombinant full length genomes were found: two G/F1b (some of the first gt G detected in Argentina) and one F4/D2. The circulation of clinical important mutations in the city was described. Mutations at the HBsAg were detected in 34.5% of the analyzed samples, associated with laboratory diagnosis and antiviral treatment failures, immune escape and hepatocellular carcinoma. Most of the samples presented wild type BCP/PC sequences. Coalescence analysis for the most prevalent sgt F1b estimated that the diversification mainly occured during mid '90s and the tMRCA was estimated in 1987. Finally, the high presence of the autochthonous sgt F1b, associated with the anti-HBc IgM positive infection and its present-day diversification process, shows the strong impact of internal human migratory movements into the current population of Mar del Plata.     

Slave Trade and Hepatitis B Virus Genotypes and Subgenotypes in Haiti and?Africa

In Haiti, >90% of the population descended from African slaves. Of 7,147 Haitian pregnant women sampled, 44% of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections were caused by genotype A1, which today is found mainly in eastern Africa. Twenty percent belong to a rare subgenotype, A5, which has been found only in the former Bight of Benin, a former primary slave trading post. Haitian A subgenotypes appear to have separated early from the African subgenotypes; the most prevalent genotype and subgenotype in West Africa today (E and A3, respectively) are rare in Haiti. This difference indicates that the dominant subgenotypes in Africa emerged in the general population only after the slave trade and explains the low genetic diversity of genotype E. The high prevalence of HBV genotype E in much of Africa further suggests that HBV hyperendemicity is a recent phenomenon, probably resulting from extensive use of unsafe needles.     

Hepatitis B virus genotypes in Brazil: Introduction and dissemination

Hepatitis B is a viral infectious disease highly spread worldwide with a long evolutionary history associated with human migrations through the continents and countries. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) was disseminated probably from Africa and diverged into ten genotypes (HBV-A to HBV-J) distributed around the world. In Brazil, almost all HBV genotypes were already reported, with a predominance of three ones: A (52.1%), D (36.8%), and F (7.7%). This review aimed to evaluate the introduction and dissemination of the main HBV genotypes and subgenotypes in Brazil over the last centuries to explain the current epidemic scenario. The highest frequency of HBV-A is a consequence of the introduction and spreading of HBV-A1 in the 16th to 19th centuries due to the African slave trade, but the more recent introduction of HBV-A2 from Europe also contributed to the current situation. HBV-D is the second most frequent genotype because it was consecutively introduced by migrations from Europe (mainly subgenotype D3, but also D2) and the Middle East (D1) in the 19th to 20th centuries. On contrary, HBV-F (F1a, F1b, F2a, F2b, F3, and F4) was disseminated by the Amerindians in all South American countries, including Brazil, by migrations inside the continent for more than three centuries ago. Other HBV genotypes are rare and eventually frequent in some human groups because of the dissemination by very specific epidemiological routes. In conclusion, the current scenario of the HBV epidemics is a consequence of the introduction and dissemination of some subgenotypes from the three main genotypes A, D, and F over the last five centuries.     

Hepatitis B virus genotypes from European origin explains the high endemicity found in some areas from southern Brazil

Southern Brazil is considered an area of low Hepatitis B endemicity, but some areas of higher endemicity have been described in the Southwest of Paraná and Santa Catarina states. The aim of this study was to evaluate viral genotypes circulating throughout Paraná state. PCR amplification and partial sequencing of the S gene was carried out in 228 samples from HBsAg positive candidate blood donors. Samples have been collected in seven different counties (Cascavel, Curitiba, Foz do Iguaçu, Francisco Beltrão, Maringá, Londrina and Paranaguá). The most common HBV genotype in Paraná state was D (82.9%; 189/228), followed by A (14.1%; 32/228). Genotypes F (1.3%; 3/228), C (1.3%; 3/228) and H (0.4%; 1/228) were also found. Distribution of genotypes was different in the studied counties, but genotype D was the most frequent in all of them. In Francisco Beltrão, all studied samples belonged to genotype D. The high prevalence of HBV genotype D in South of Brazil is explained by the intense migration of settlers from Europeans countries. Subgenotypes A1 and A2 were identified circulating in all cities where HBV/A was found. As observed in other areas of Brazil, HBV/A1 is more frequent than the HBV/A2 in Paraná state and its presence was significantly larger in black and mulatto individuals. Genotype C was found only in individuals with Asian ancestry from Londrina and Maringá. Most HBV/F sequences identified in this study were classified as subgenotype F2a that was previously described in Brazil. The sole case of subgenotype F4 was from Foz do Iguaçu city, near to Northern Argentina, where F4 is highly prevalent. The single genotype H sample was from Curitiba. This is the first case of this genotype described in Brazil. Further studies should be carried out to determine if more genotype H samples can be found in other populations from Brazil.     

乙型肝炎病毒B基因亚型检测及临床意义

目的 探讨乙型肝炎病毒B基因型亚型分布特征及其与临床病情的相关性.方法 采用巢式聚合酶链反应(nest PCR)扩增乙型肝炎病毒preC/C基因区DNA片段,用末端标记方法对PCR产物标记并直接测序,测序结果和GeneBank中登录的标准序列相比较.结果 35例B基因型乙肝病毒感染者均为Ba亚型,未发现Bj亚型.结论 江苏常州地区的B基因型乙肝病毒均为Ba亚型.     

Phylogenetic analysis and subgenotypic distribution of the hepatitis B virus in Recife,Brazil

The analysis of the genomes of the hepatitis B virus in human hosts identifies phylogenetic variants called viral genotypes. Indeed, clinical and epidemiological observations suggest that differences in viral genotypes lead to distinct biological and clinical behaviors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the subgenotypic distribution and to conduct a phylogenetic analysis by Bayesian method of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) in patients from Recife, Brazil. From July 2009 to December 2010, 60 HBV infected patients were examined, 39 (65%) were males, whose mean age was 50 years old. 33 (55%) were genotyped by obtaining and amplifying a 1306 bp fragment comprising part of the DNA polymerase and the surface antigen of the HBV. The sequencing was performed on an ABI 3500 Automatic Sequencer and the consensus sequences were obtained by aligning both the sequenced strands (clockwise and anti-clockwise) using SEQUENCHER software. Phylogenetic analysis was conducted using the Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation implemented by Bayesian evolutionary method by sampling trees. The following subgenotypic distribution was observed: A1 (79%), F2a (12%), A2 (6%) and F4 (3%) as was that those identified as subgenotype A1 were in the same cluster in the phylogenetic tree. In this study, the majority of patients presented the A1 subgenotype from the same viral strain. As per the distribution in the phylogenetic tree by Bayesian method, possibly this subgenotype was in the genetic make-up of Africans brought in centuries past to Brazil as slaves.     

Genotyping and molecular characterization of hepatitis B virus in liver disease patients in Kenya

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotypes are important in both the clinical manifestation of disease and treatment response. Although Kenya belongs to the African Region (AFR-E) characterized by high mortality and hyperendemicity of HBV, there is a paucity of HBV genotyping data. The aim of this study was to molecularly characterize the basic core promoter/precore (BCP/PC) and complete surface (S) regions of HBV isolated from 61 HBsAg-positive liver disease patients attending Kenyatta National Hospital in Nairobi. HBsAg, HBeAg and viral loads were determined. HBV DNA was amplified and sequenced from 58/61 patients. In addition to the complete genome of two isolates, the BCP/PC and the complete S regions of 43 and 38 isolates, respectively were sequenced. Following phylogenetic analysis of the S region, 38 isolates clustered with subgenotype A1, whereas two isolates clustered with genotype D, one with subgenotype D1 and another as an outlier of the clade containing subgenotype D6 and the D/E recombinant. When the complete genome of the latter isolate was sequenced it clustered with D6. The majority of isolates belonged to serological subtype adw2 and only four to ayw2. Three distinct groups of subgenotype A1, distinguished by different amino acid motifs, circulate in Kenya: two in the African cluster and a monophyletic clade in the “Asian” cluster. HBeAg-negativity was a result of G1896A in genotype D isolates, whereas in subgenotype A1, the HBeAg-negativity was a result of mutations in the Kozak region (1809–1812) or precore start codon (1814–1816). Mutations at positions 1762 and 1764 occurred more frequently in HCC patients (p < 0.05). In conclusion, subgenotypes A1, D1 and D6 circulate in liver disease patients in Kenya, with A1 predominating.     

Phylogenetic designation of enterovirus 71 genotypes and subgenotypes using complete genome sequences

Human enterovirus 71 (EV-71) is genotyped for molecular epidemiological investigation mainly using the two structural genes, VP1 and VP4. Based on these, EV-71 is divided into three genotypes, A, B and C, and within the genotypes B and C, there are further subgenotypes, B1–B5 and C1–C5. Classification using these genes is useful but gives incomplete phylogenetic information. In the present study, the phylogenetic relationships amongst all the known EV-71 and human enterovirus A (HEV-A) isolates with complete genome sequences were examined. A different tree topology involving EV-71 isolates of subgenotypes, C4 and B5 was obtained in comparison to that drawn using VP1. The nucleotide sequence divergence of the C4 isolates was 18.11% (17–20%) when compared to other isolates of subgenotype C. However, this positions the C4 isolates within the cut-off divergence value of 17–22% used to designate the virus genotypes. Hence, it is proposed here that C4 should be designated as a new genotype D. In addition, the subgenotype B5 isolates had an average nucleotide divergence of only 6.14% (4–8%) when compared to other subgenotype B4 isolates. This places the B5 isolates within the subgenotype B4. It is proposed here that the B5 isolates to be redesignated as B4. With the newly proposed genotype D and inclusion of subgenotype B5 within B4, the average nucleotide divergence between genotypes was 18.99% (17-22%). Inter- and intra-subgenotype average divergences were 12.02% (10–14%) and 3.92% (1–10%), respectively. A phylogenetic tree built using the full genome sequences is robust as it takes into consideration changes in the sequences of both the structural and non-structural genes. Similar nucleotide similarities, however, were obtained if only VP1 and 3D RNA polymerase genes were used. Furthermore, addition of 3D RNA polymerase sequences will also show recombination events. Hence, in the absence of full genome sequences, it is proposed here that a combination of VP1 and 3D RNA polymerase gene sequences be used for initial genotyping of EV-71 isolates.     

Genotyping atypical porcine pestivirus using NS5a

Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) is an emerging virus discovered in 2014 and it can cause congenital tremors in pigs. Molecular epidemiology serves as an essential tool in monitoring and controlling the disease. Virus epidemiology mainly relies on genome sequencing and phylogenetic characterization. Previous molecular epidemiology studies have been using different genes/regions for phylogeny, namely whole genome, Npro, and E2 coding sequences. However, with increasing number of APPV sequences available in GenBank, no systemic studies have been performed for detailed classification of APPV strains around the globe. The goal of this study is to propose a classification strategy or taxonomy of APPV strains at genotype, subgenotype, and isolate levels. A total of 76 whole genomes and 16 partial polyprotein coding sequences were analyzed for genetic variability and suitability of all individual genes for viral phylogenies. Our results revealed that, among all the viral genes, NS5a coding sequences were proved to be the most suitable alternative for tracing APPV strains supported by its capability of reproducing the same phylogenetic and evolutionary information as the whole viral genome did. Also, a reliable cutoff to accurately classify APPV at different levels is established. We propose a genotyping scheme with three well-defined genotypes (1–3) and 7 subgenotypes for genotype 1 (1.1–1.7). For whole genome analysis, a threshold value of 84%–91% pairwise identity allows separation of all APPV subgenotypes, whereas 80% identity clearly segregate the three major APPV genotypes. For NS5a gene analysis, 82%–91% identity allows subgenotype separation and 76% identity segregate APPV genotypes. Additionally, genetic distance of whole genome exhibits ≤8% in isolate level, 9%–14% in subgenotype level, and 17%–22% in genotype level, while for NS5a encoding sequences the genetic distance displays ≤9% in isolate level, 9.9%–19.1% in subgenotype level, and 21.6%–29.7% in genotype level. These allow a clear segregation among APPV genotypes, subgenotypes, and isolates. Therefore, the proposed strategy in this study provides a solid and improved basis for molecular phylogenetics to understand APPV genetic diversity, trace the origins and control the spread of new disease outbreaks.     

新疆维吾尔族慢性乙型肝炎患者HBV基因型及亚型分析

目的探讨新疆维吾尔族(维族)慢性乙型肝炎患者中乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)基因型及基因亚型。方法用本实验室建立的HBV基因型及基因亚型特异性引物巢式聚合酶链反应(nPCR)法,对54份新疆维族慢性乙型肝炎患者血清样本进行HBV基因型及亚型分析。随机选取11株经nPCR法鉴定为D基因型的样本,同时进行PreS/S区及PreC/C区测序以鉴定D基因亚型。随机选取2株D型HBV进行基因组全长扩增并克隆测序。从GenBank下载75株各国HBVD1亚型参考序列,根据Kimuratwo-parameter法计算中国新疆地区与其他国家的HBVD1亚型株进化距离。结果新疆维族人群HBV感染以D基因型为主,占66.67%,同时存在B(5.56%)、C(5.56%)基因型及混合感染(22.22%)。新疆存在D1和D3两种亚型,以D1亚型为主。新疆D1亚型与中亚哈萨克斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦、蒙古等国及中东地区土耳其、伊朗、埃及等国的进化距离较近。结论新疆维族慢性乙肝患者中D基因型为优势株,主要为D1亚型,其进化距离与中亚中东等国较为接近。     

Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of full-genome HBV subgenotype D3 sequences from Serbia

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is classified into 8 genotypes with distinct geographical distribution. Genotype D (HBV/D) has the widest distribution area and is comprised of 7 subgenotypes. Subgenotypes D1, D2 and D3 appear worldwide, while D4–D7 have a more restricted distribution. Within the Mediterranean area, HBV/D and subgenotype D3 are the most prevalent. The purpose of this study was to characterize the full genome of Serbian HBV/D3 isolates by comparison and phylogenetic analysis with HBV/D3 sequences (66 samples) found in GeneBank/DDBJ databases from different parts of the world. Isolates were obtained from three patients diagnosed with chronic hepatitis B (HBsAg + ). All three isolates have two very rare nucleotide substitutions, A929T and T150A, which indicate the same ancestor. Phylogenetic analysis of HBV/D3 genome sequences throughout the world follows an ethno-geographical origin of isolates with rare exceptions, which could be explained by human travelling and migration. The geographically close but ethnically different Serbian and Italian isolates clustered in the same subnode, and on a common branch with strains from Northern Canada. To test the apparently close HBV phylogenetic relationship between completely separated patients from Serbia and Northern Canada we analyzed in depth a 440 bp region of the HBsAg from Canadian (n = 73) and Serbian (n = 70) isolates. The constructed parsimony tree revealed that strains from Serbia and Northern Canada fell along the same branch which indicates independent evolution within regions of each country. Considering that HBsAg sequence has limited variability for phylogenetic analyses, our hypothesis needs further confirmation with more HBV complete genome sequences.     

江苏省2012-2014年柯萨奇病毒A组16型分子流行病学特征分析

目的 了解江苏省2012-2014年柯萨奇病毒A组16型（coxsackievirus A16,CA16）流行毒株基因型概况。方法 收集江苏省2012-2014年儿童手足口病标本并送样,进行病毒分离培养获取相应毒株,用CA16特异性引物通过反转录聚合酶链反应技术进行VP1区基因片段扩增和测序,利用生物信息学软件对序列进行分析,并与CA16参比株序列进行同源性比较并构建基因进化树。结果 分离得到82株CA16毒株,测序结果显示全部属于基因亚型B1,VP1基因分析显示其中9株毒株序列的基因亚型为B1a,另外73株毒株序列的基因亚型为B1b。CA16分离株VP1区核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为87.8%～100.0%和97.5%～100.0%;与CA16国际标准株G10核苷酸和氨基酸同源性分别为75.2%～78.2%和90.5%～91.9%。结论 江苏省2012-2014年分离获得CA16毒株属于基因亚型B1,以B1a和B1b两个分支共同进化和流行,其中又以B1b为优势亚型。     

Hepatitis B virus infection from an evolutionary point of view: How viral, host, and environmental factors shape genotypes and subgenotypes

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) has an overwhelming distribution in the world and causes important human health problems. It has infected one-third of the global population and more than 350 million people are chronic carriers. Several aspects of HBV infection confer adaptive advantages that lead to a highly efficient dissemination of the virus through different routes of transmission. HBV genotypes and subgenotypes have been associated with differences in clinical and virological characteristics, indicating that they may play a role in the virus–host relationship. In particular, a clear association between genotype A and chronic outcomes in both children and adults depending on the subgenotype involved, and between genotype C and a higher risk of complications from HBV infection, has been demonstrated. Interestingly, subgenotype A2 and genotype C are respectively likely to predominate in high-risk groups for sexual transmission and in areas where perinatal transmission is the major mode of HBV dissemination. An evolutionary approach to HBV infection, based on the principles of natural selection, may offer explanations for how modes of transmission may favor some genotypes and subgenotypes over others and, ultimately, influence HBV virulence.     

HBV基因型和肝细胞癌的研究现状

目前HBV可分为A～H8种基因型,基因型可分出亚型,HBV基因型及基因亚型呈现显著的地理区域性分布。感染基因型C比B的患者有更高的基因变异率、更高的HBV DNA滴度、更严重的肝损害、更低的抗病毒应答率,HBV基因型与肝细胞癌（HCC）相关。     

Reliable timescale inference of HBV genotype A origin and phylodynamics

The worldwide distributed Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype A is classified into three subgenotypes, and one quasi-subgenotype. The majority of HBV-A subgenotypes are widespread in Africa and in ethnic groups that have relatively recently emigrated from African countries, whereas HBV-A2 is highly prevalent among subjects at high risk for sexual exposure to HBV in north-western Europe and the USA.The aim of this study was to reconstruct the origin and dispersion of HBV-A subgenotypes on a reliable timescale using short-term calibration based on heterochronous sampling for HBV-A2, and long-term calibration based on historical data for the other subgenotypes.To this aim, we analysed 113 newly characterised HBV-A isolates with 247 reference sequences retrieved from a public database. The phylodynamic reconstruction was performed by a Bayesian framework.The common ancestor of the currently circulating A subgenotypes was placed in west-central Africa a mean 1057 years ago. The genotype diverged into two main clades at the beginning of the 13th century: one including all of the west-central African quasi-subgenotypes and the other corresponding to subgenotype A1, originating in east Africa and further segregating into two main subclades: an “African” and a “cosmopolitan” clade.It is likely that the slave trade was the main source the spread of cosmopolitan HBV-A1, which was exported to Asia in the 17th century as a result of Arab or Portuguese trade, and to Latin America in the 18th centuries through the trans-Atlantic slave trade.The origin of the currently circulating A2 strains dates back to the first decades of the 20th century, and the evolutionary demography analysis suggests an exponential growth of infections, between 1970s and the mid-1990s.In conclusion, the very different epidemiological and evolutionary histories of HBV-A subgenotypes justify the use of different calibration approaches to reconstruct their reciprocal phylodynamics.     

Epidemiological distribution of hepatitis B virus genotypes in 1–29-year-olds in the mainland of China

BackgroundTo analyze the epidemiological distribution of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotype in the mainland of China following the implementation of effective preventive measures.MethodsFive hundred and seventeen HBsAg-positive subjects aged 1–29 years surveyed in the 2014 national HBV sero-survey in the mainland of China were enrolled in the study. The full-length HBV genome was obtained by PCR amplification and sequencing. The HBV genotype was determined by phylogenetic analysis. Combined with questionnaire information, HBV genotype distribution was analyzed.ResultsOf the 517 HBsAg-positive subjects, 369 (71.4%) were included in the analysis. HBV genotypes found were B (45.0%), C (36.6%), D (6.0%), C/D (9.8%), B/C (2.2%), and I (0.5%). Geographic differences in HBV genotype were significant for seven regions. Three serotypes were found: adw (47.2%), adr (35.5%), and ayw (17.3%). B2 (43.9%) and C2 (25.2%) were the two major subgenotypes. The predominant genotypes differed between the Han group and the other ethnic groups. No statistical differences in genotype distribution were found by gender, age group, or hepatitis B (HepB) vaccination history.ConclusionThe prevalence of HBV genotype B was higher than that of genotype C with subgenotypes B2 and C2 endemic in 1–29-year-olds in the mainland of China, after HBV prevalence has reduced significantly due to the implementation of preventive measures. HepB vaccination or other factors did not interfere with HBV genotype distribution. The surveillance of HBV genotype was essential for responding to the potential changes and impact on the preventive policies in the future.     

中国流行的麻疹病毒基因型和亚型趋势分析

目的分析中国（未包括香港、澳门特别行政区和台湾地区）1993～2006年本土麻疹病毒基因型和基因亚型的流行趋势。方法依据全国麻疹实验室网络监测数据库、中国疾病预防控制中心病毒病预防控制所国家麻疹实验室病毒学监测数据库,分析中国麻疹病毒分子流行病学资料。结果1993～2006年,从29个省（自治区、直辖市,下同）分离到748株麻疹病毒,其中743株为H1基因型,1株为H2基因型,1株为A基因型,3株为疫苗相关A基因型。在H1基因型中,684株为H1a基因亚型,50株为H1b基因亚型,9株为H1c基因亚型。从29个省分离到H1a基因亚型（西藏、湖北省未开展）,H1b基因亚型只从10个省分离到,H1c基因亚型在1993～1994年从4个省分离到。自2000年以来,H1a基因亚型逐年成为优势流行亚型,并呈上升趋势;H1b基因亚型逐年转为弱势,其传播于2006年被阻断;而H1c基因亚型的流行自1995年已经消失。结论通过对1993～2006年中国29个省流行的麻疹病毒分子流行病学的系统研究,阐明了在麻疹控制和加速控制阶段中国流行的麻疹野病毒的基因变异规律,以及病毒基因型别在地域和年代上的分布,证实H1基因型是中国近14年麻疹病毒流行的绝对优势本土基因型,其中H1a逐渐成为中国近几年流行的绝对优势基因亚型。