A single center clinical experience in intensive care management of 104 pediatric renal transplantations between 1998 and 2002

Only a few publications about the treatment in the intensive care unit (ICU) after pediatric renal transplantation have been published yet. As there are no guidelines, we hereby describe the results and recommendations of our transplant unit. A total of 104 renal transplantations have been performed in 96 children at our center since 1998. The age of the children has ranged from 6 months to 18 yr and their body weight from 6 kg to 110 kg. A special fluid management was performed in order to avoid hypotension and hypoperfusion of the graft. Systolic arterial pressure was kept at elevated levels above 100 mmHg during the first day after transplantation. The children remained on the respirator for 4-8 h after transplantation. Anticoagulation was performed using low dose heparin because of the size mismatch of the anastomosed vessels. The mean time in the ICU for the pediatric patients aged <3 yr was 2 days and for children older than 3 yr was 1 day. The main complications after renal transplantation in the ICU were disorders of electrolytes, acute renal failure because of a non-functioning graft (12%), bleeding from the anastomoses (4%), arterial or venous thrombosis (1%), arterial hypertension and pulmonary edema, defined as radiographic evidence (1%). In case of non-function peritoneal- or hemodialysis were performed in the ICU. Young children were more frequently affected than older children. From 1998-2002 one patient died during the ICU time. The 3 yr graft survival rate was 90%. To sum up, children undergoing renal transplantation should be treated in a specialized unit postoperatively to avoid early non-functioning of the graft and extrarenal complications. General guidelines for postoperative care should be established.     

Invasive antenatal procedures and requirement for neonatal intensive care unit admission

Neonatal respiratory difficulties are increased following second trimester amniocentesis. In preterm, prolonged rupture of the membranes, respiratory outcome is particularly poor when rupture occurs in the first trimester. It therefore seems likely that first trimester/early amniocentesis (EA) would be associated with severe respiratory problems necessitating a high neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission rate. To test that hypothesis, the requirement for admission to the NICU of 278 infants whose mothers had undergone EA, 262 whose mothers had undergone chorion villus sampling (CVS group) and 264 controls whose mothers had undergone no invasive procedures were reviewed as were their diagnoses if they needed admission. There was no significant difference in the mode of delivery, gestational age or gender distribution of the three groups and the median maternal age of the EA and CVS groups was similar. Nineteen EA, eight CVS and five control infants required admission to the NICU (EA versus controls, P < 0.01; EA versus CVS plus controls, P < 0.005). Nine EA, one CVS and four control infants had suffered respiratory problems (EA versus CVS P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis demonstrated that immaturity and EA were significantly associated with a requirement for NICU admission. We conclude infants whose mothers have undergone EA may be at increased risk for NICU admission, this is partly due to respiratory problems but the association is uncommon. Received: 1 August 1996 / Accepted: 12 December 1996     

Association between multiple respiratory viral infections and pediatric intensive care unit admission among infants with bronchiolitis

BackgroundIt is unclear whether multiple respiratory viral infections are associated with more severe bronchiolitis requiring pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission. We aimed to identify the association between multiple respiratory viral infections and PICU admission among infants with bronchiolitis.MethodsWe performed a 1:1 case-control study enrolling previously healthy full-term infants (≤12 months) with bronchiolitis admitted to the PICU as cases and those to the general pediatric ward as controls from 2015 to 2017. Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for detection of the respiratory viruses. We summarized the characteristics of infants admitted to the PICU and the general pediatric unit. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to fit the association between multiple respiratory viral infections (≥2 strains) and PICU admission.ResultsA total of 135 infants admitted to the PICU were compared with 135 randomly selected control infants admitted to the general pediatric unit. The PICU patients were younger (median: 2.2 months, interquartile range: 1.3–4.2) than the general ward patients (median: 3.2 months, interquartile range: 1.6–6.4). Respiratory syncytial virus (74.1%), rhinovirus (28.9%), and coronavirus (5.9%) were the most common viruses for bronchiolitis requiring PICU admission. Patients with bronchiolitis admitted to the PICU tended to have multiple viral infections compared with patients on the general ward (23.0% vs. 10.4%, P < 0.001). In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, bronchiolitis with multiple viral infections was associated with higher odds of PICU admission (adjusted odds ratio: 2.56, 95% confidence interval: 1.17–5.57, P = 0.02).ConclusionInfants with multiviral bronchiolitis have higher odds of PICU admission compared with those with a single or nondetectable viral infection.     

Risk factors for hospitalization at the pediatric intensive care unit among infants and children younger than 5 years of age diagnosed with infectious diseases

BackgroundChildren hospitalized with infectious diseases may develop severe, life-threatening conditions, often requiring admission to pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). The objectives of this study were to identify independent risk factors for PICU hospitalization with an infectious disease in children <5 years of age.MethodsIn southern Israel, two populations live side by side: the middle–high income Jewish population and the low-income Bedouin population, both receiving equal and free medical care at the only tertiary medical center in the area. The study population included all children born in southern Israel and hospitalized at PICU with an infectious disease during 1991–2012. Risk factors for PICU hospitalizations were retrospectively studied by Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazard survival analyses.Results9951 Jewish children and 18,002 Bedouin children were enrolled; overall, 1135 episodes of PICU hospitalizations with an infectious disease were recorded (879, 77.4% Bedouin and 256, 22.6% Jewish patients). Bedouin children had a higher risk for PICU hospitalization with an infectious disease compared with Jewish children (adjusted Hazard Ratio [adj. HR] 1.7, 95% CI 1.5–2.0); maternal multiparity and low-birth weight (<2500 g) were additional risk factors for PICU hospitalization with an infectious disease compared to firstborns (adj. HR = 1.2, 95% CI 1.0–1.5) or to children with a birth weight ≥2500 g (adj. HR = 1.5, 95% 1.2–1.9). Older age was a protective factor for PICU hospitalization (adj. HR = 0.98, 95% CI 0.97–0.99). Children hospitalized with a central nervous system infection had the highest risk of PICU hospitalization (adj. HR 6.8, 95% CI 5.5–8.4), followed by those with urinary tract infections (UTI, adj. HR 3.1, 95% CI 2.5–3.8) and those with lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI, adj. HR 2.9, 95% CI 2.4–3.4).ConclusionBedouin ethnicity, low birth weight, maternal multiparity and younger age were significant risk factors for PICU hospitalizations with an infectious disease. Among the infectious diseases analyzed, CNS infection had the highest risk for PICU hospitalization, followed by UTI and LRTI.     

新生儿重症监护室院内感染的影响因素

新生儿重症监护室(neonatal intensive care unit,NICU)院内感染是引起新生儿死亡的重要原因之一.文章对近年NICU院内感染的一些研究进展进行总结,对院内感染的定义、病原和发病率及主要危险因素作一简介并讨论其主要预防措施.     

NICU新生儿院内感染情况及危险因素分析

目的：通过分析该院新生儿重症监护室(NICU)2012年1月至2013年10月新生儿院内感染的发生情况,探讨院内感染发生的危险因素。方法回顾性分析NICU住院时间超过48 h新生儿的临床资料,分析院内感染发生、发展及相关的危险因素。结果该研究中1357例患儿发生院内感染202例次,院内感染发生率为14．89%(202/1375),日感染率为10．44‰(202/19355)。不同出生体重与胎龄患儿院内感染发生率比较有统计学意义,其中出生体重<1000 g患儿院感发生率为75．00%,胎龄<30周患儿院内感染发生率为52．63%。最常见的院内感染类型是肺炎[43．07%(87/202)]与败血症[26．73%(54/202)]。院内感染患儿比非院内感染患儿住院时间长(中位住院时间：20 d与10 d)(P<0．01),住院费用高(中位住院费用：21045．32元与8108．23元)(P<0．01)。单因素分析结果显示,院内感染患儿与非院内感染患儿在胎龄、出生体重、5 min Apgar评分、窒息抢救史、感染前抗生素使用、机械通气、中心静脉置管、胸腔闭式引流管、感染前胸腹部手术方面比较差异有显著统计学意义,Logistic 回归分析显示,机械通气、中心静脉置管及感染前使用抗生素为院内感染的独立危险因素。结论 NICU新生儿院内感染发生率比较高,机械通气、中心静脉置管及感染前使用抗生素为NICU院内感染独立危险因素。     

儿科重症监护病房中影响机械通气成功的相关因素

目的 探讨儿科重症监护病房(PICU)中影响机械通气成功的相关因素。方法 将lll例行机械通气的危重病儿分成治疗成功组与失败组，对其相关因素进行回顾性分析。结果两组患儿在上机前危重病例评分、是否伴有心跳呼吸骤停和(或)休克及并发多系统器官功能衰竭(MODS)等方面差异有权显著意义(P＜0．001)；超过48h的机械通气患儿是否继发呼吸机相关肺炎(VAP)亦有显著意义(P＜0.05)。结论 PICU中影响机械通气成功率的因素主要是原发病的性质及严重程度，并与MODS与VAP有密切关系。     

Death in the neonatal intensive care unit: changing patterns of end of life care over two decades

BACKGROUND: Death remains a common event in the neonatal intensive care unit, and often involves limitation or withdrawal of life sustaining treatment. OBJECTIVE: To document changes in the causes of death and its management over the last two decades. METHODS: An audit of infants dying in the neonatal intensive care unit was performed during two epochs (1985-1987 and 1999-2001). The principal diagnoses of infants who died were recorded, as well as their apparent prognoses, and any decisions to limit or withdraw medical treatment. RESULTS: In epoch 1, 132 infants died out of 1362 admissions (9.7%), and in epoch 2 there were 111 deaths out of 1776 admissions (6.2%; p<0.001). Approximately three quarters of infants died after withdrawal of life sustaining treatment in both epochs. There was a significant reduction in the proportion of deaths from chromosomal abnormalities, and from neural tube defects in epoch 2. CONCLUSIONS: There have been substantial changes in the illnesses leading to death in the neonatal intensive care unit. These may reflect the combined effects of prenatal diagnosis and changing community and medical attitudes.     

儿童重症监护病房患儿深静脉血栓的临床研究进展

近年来,儿童深静脉血栓发病逐渐增多。若栓子脱落,易引起肺栓塞等并发症,轻者致残,重者致死,严重危害患儿生活质量和生命,因此早期预防和及时治疗有助于提高存活率。由于儿童病情的复杂多变性和特殊性,且缺乏大规模试验和统计,目前国内外尚无统一的儿童预防和治疗标准。文章综合了目前有关的临床进展,介绍了深静脉血栓的特点,为深静脉血栓预防、诊断和治疗提供参考。     

Reducing prescribing errors in the paediatric intensive care unit: an experience from Egypt

Aim: To investigate the impact of different measures, implemented by clinical pharmacists, on prescribing error rates in a paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) in Cairo, Egypt. Methods: We performed a pre–post study of prescribing errors in a 12 bed PICU. We utilized a chart review method for the detection of prescribing errors. The rate and potential severity of prescribing errors were determined before and then after the implementation of the medication error reducing measures. These measures included the use of a new structured medication order chart, physician education, provision of dosing assists and physician performance feedback. Results: We evaluated 1417 medication orders for 139 patients preintervention and 1097 orders for 101 patients postintervention. Of preintervention orders, 1107 (78.1%) had at least one prescribing error. The intervention resulted in significant reduction in prescribing error rate to 35.2% postintervention (p < 0.001). The intervention resulted also in a significant reduction in the rate of potentially severe errors from 29.7% preintervention to 7% postintervention (p < 0.001) and the rate of potentially moderate errors from 39.8% preintervention to 24.2% postintervention (p < 0.001). Besides, rates of all types of prescribing errors were declined to different degrees as a result of the intervention. Conclusion: Clinical pharmacists’ activities, focusing on improving physician‐nurse communication, physician drug knowledge and awareness of errors, were shown effective in reducing the rate of prescribing errors and their potential severity in a PICU.     

ICU患儿肺部真菌感染的危险因素分析及对策

目的 分析重症监护病房患儿肺部真菌感染的危险因素,探讨控制对策及治疗措施.方法 采用回顾性调查方法对2003年1月--2007年2月PICU收治的1 057例危重症患儿进行调查,对肺部真菌感染率、感染相关危险因素、病原学特点及预防控制、治疗效果进行分析.结果 发生肺部真菌感染48例,PICU肺部真菌感染发生率为4.54%,肺部真菌感染的相关危险因素主要有住院时间长、短期内反复住院、使用广谱抗生素、肾上腺皮质激素及免疫抑制剂的应用、机械通气及溺粪.病原菌主要有白色念珠菌、光滑念珠菌、热带念珠菌、克柔念珠菌、曲霉菌、毛霉菌等.经抗真菌治疗治愈28例(58.3%),显效9例(18.8%),无效10例(20.8%),放弃治疗1例(2.1%).结论 PICU患儿肺部真菌感染的发生与多种易感因素有关;合理使用抗生素、慎用.肾上腺皮质激素、加强消毒隔离措施等是降低PICU患儿发生肺部真菌感染的关键;认识患儿发生真菌感染的易感因素、早期诊断、合理使用抗真菌药,是治愈儿童肺部真菌感染的关键.     

新生儿重症监护室229例新生儿泌尿系感染临床分析

目的：分析新生儿重症监护室（NICU）新生儿泌尿系感染（UTI）的临床特点、病原体分布、病原体药敏及治疗效果。方法：回顾性分析NICU 229例新生儿UTI患儿的临床资料。结果：新生儿UTI临床表现主要为发热或者体温不规则、吃奶少或者拒奶、黄疸不退、呕吐、腹泻、体重不增、精神萎靡等。居于前三位的病原体主要为大肠埃希氏菌、屎肠球菌、肺炎克雷伯杆菌。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯杆菌对氨苄西林及大部分头孢类药物具有较强的耐药性（≥85%）,而对亚胺培南、美罗培南100%敏感,其次对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦也有很高的敏感性（>90%）;屎肠球菌对青霉素（100%）、利福平（84%）、庆大霉素（79%）的耐药率高,对万古霉素最敏感。结论：新生儿UTI临床表现不典型,多以全身症状为主;主要致病菌以大肠埃希菌为主,但屎肠球菌检出率及耐药率均较高,主要致病菌对大部分青霉素及头孢类耐药,临床医生应参考药敏试验结果决定临床用药。     

新生儿重症监护病房医院内感染高危因素及防治策略

随着新生儿重症监护病房(neonatal intensive care unit,NICU)诊治技术的不断发展,医院内感染逐渐增多.做好NICU院内感染的监控工作,对提高新生儿的存活率及NICU的管理水平至关重要.该文分析探讨医院内感染的原因,并讨论医院内感染的防治对策.     

儿科重症监护病房鲍曼不动杆菌感染的危险因素与耐药性分析

目的了解儿童重症监护病房(PICU)鲍曼不动杆菌感染的危险因素及耐药情况。方法总结2006年1月至2011年9月PICU中99例鲍曼不动杆菌感染患儿的资料,对鲍曼不动杆菌感染的发生率、发生时间及感染部位进行分析,了解PICU鲍曼不动杆菌感染的危险因素及耐药情况。结果 PICU共收治危重患儿4 762例,鲍曼不动杆菌感染患儿99例,发生率为2.08%(99/4762),死亡14例,病死率14.14%(14/99)。发生鲍曼不动杆菌的时间为入PICU后(12.4±9.3)d。主要为肺部感染93例(93.94%);伤口感染4例(4.04%);尿路感染2例(2.02%)。发生鲍曼不动杆菌感染的危险因素为长期使用广谱抗生素、儿童危重病例评分低、机械通气及留置导尿管。近三年(2009—2011年)耐药水平比前三年(2006—2008年)有明显上升趋势。结论鲍曼不动杆菌易引起院内感染,主要为肺部感染,且耐药性明显上升。应加强抗生素的合理应用、加强病区的管理和侵入性操作时的无菌管理。     

Acute peritoneal dialysis in neonatal intensive care unit: An 8-year experience of a referral hospital

Background

The aim of present study was to evaluate the indications, complications and outcomes of acute peritoneal dialysis (APD) in neonates at a referral university hospital during the previous 8 years.