Outcome, risk, and error and the child with obstructive sleep apnea

Adenotonsillectomy is the mainstay of treatment for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). However, there is evidence that the child with severe OSAS is at increased risk of respiratory compromise. The most difficult risk factor to assess is the severity of OSAS, and these difficulties are reviewed.     

Tramadol vs morphine during adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea in children

BACKGROUND: Optimal analgesia for children undergoing adenotonsillectomy for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is controversial. Tramadol may represent a superior choice over morphine in this group, with a potential to cause less postoperative sedation and respiratory depression. Optimal perioperative analgesia may allow expensive and time-consuming preoperative work-up and postoperative monitoring to be rationalized. METHODS: Sixty-six children were randomized to receive either perioperative tramadol or morphine in this double blinded, prospective, controlled trial. Postoperative sedation, pain, respiratory events, and vomiting were then compared between groups. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the two groups in sedation scores 1 h after arrival in recovery (P = 0.24) or at any other time up to 6 h postoperation. There was also no evidence of a difference between the groups in pain scores up to 6 h postoperation. There were fewer episodes of postoperative desaturation (<94%) in the tramadol group up to 3 h postoperation, with 26% fewer episodes in the tramadol group during the second hour postoperation (P = 0.02). Overall, there was a trend toward fewer desaturation episodes in the tramadol group. CONCLUSIONS: Tramadol may be a suitable drug for children undergoing adenotonsillectomy for OSA. Further work is required to investigate this.     

Effect of obstructive sleep apnea on type 2 diabetes mellitus: A comprehensive literature review

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is frequently associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Also frequently associated with metabolic syndrome is type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Therefore, it is common to find OSA and T2DM together in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Additionally, both OSA and T2DM have a common pathophysiological link with development of insulin resistance. Individuals with severe insulin resistance are likely to have inadequate glycemic control. Long standing poorly controlled T2DM is associated with debilitating microvascular complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and macrovascular complications such as coronary artery and cerebrovascular disease. There is extensively published literature exploring the cause-effect relationship between OSA and T2DM. In this article we provide an in-depth review of the complex pathophysiological mechanisms linking OSA to T2DM. Specifically, this review focusses on the effect of OSA on the microvascular complications of T2DM such as retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy. Additionally, we review the current literature on the effect of continuous positive airway pressure use in individuals with T2DM and OSA.     

New treatments for obstructive sleep apnea in children

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) has a prevalence of up to 5% in children and 50% in obese children. OSA is associated with various comorbidities in the general population and in the perioperative period. In this review, we will provide background of OSA and insights into the available treatment options both surgically and medically. Unlike adults, most pediatric OSA is treated with adenotonsillectomy. Continuous positive airway pressure therapy is the commonly used medical treatment. Management of pediatric OSA is multidisciplinary. We will discuss the surgical options and medical options of managing pediatric OSA.     

Preoperative identification of children at high risk of obstructive sleep apnea

Obstructive sleep apnea is a common childhood disorder which can lead to serious health problems if left untreated. Enlarged adenoid and tonsils are the commonest causes, and adenotonsillectomy is the recommended first line of treatment. Obstructive sleep apnea poses as an anesthetic challenge, and it is a well‐known risk factor for perioperative adverse events. The presence and severity of an obstructive sleep apnea diagnosis will influence anesthesia, pain management, and level of monitoring in recovery period. Preoperative obstructive sleep apnea assessment is necessary, and anesthetists are ideally placed to do so. Currently, there is no standardized approach to the best method of preoperative screening for obstructive sleep apnea. Focused history, clinical assessments, and knowledge regarding the strengths and limitations of available obstructive sleep apnea assessment tools will help recognize a child with obstructive sleep apnea in the preoperative setting.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者围术期气道管理的研究进展

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征是一种常见的睡眠呼吸障碍疾病,其发生发展与多种因素有关。此类患者由于大多具有颈短粗、舌体肥大及口咽腔空间狭窄等异常解剖结构,会导致面罩通气以及插管困难,困难气道的发生率高。为降低此类患者围术期气道相关并发症的发生,本文就阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者围术期气道管理的研究进展进行综述,以期为临床提供参考。     

Avoiding adverse outcomes in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA): development and implementation of a perioperative OSA protocol

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with postoperative airway obstruction, hypoxemia, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiorespiratory arrest, hypoxic encephalopathy, and death. Three cases highlighting important issues in patients with OSA are presented that occurred prior to and after implementation of an OSA protocol.     

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征与骨质疏松症相关性研究进展

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(obstructive sleep apnea syndrome, OSAS)是常见的临床疾病之一,患病率高,具有潜在致死性,严重威胁到人类健康。骨质疏松症(osteoporosis, OP)被称为静悄悄的杀手,是一种严重危害骨骼健康的慢性疾病。随着我国老龄化进程加速,我国OP患病人数已位于全球第一。《健康中国2030》倡导及早筛查OP,其与OSAS及其合并症的发生发展密切相关。笔者就OSAS与OP的相关研究展开综述,为临床后续深入研究提供依据。     

Dexmedetomidine added to propofol for drug-induced sleep endoscopy in adult patients with obstructive sleep apnea: Randomized controlled trial

Background

The aim of this study was to evaluate if the addition of dexmedetomidine to propofol could improve the success and reduce the complications during drug induced sleep endoscopy in obstructive sleep apnea patients.

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征患者氧化应激、性激素水平与骨密度的相关性研究

目的 探讨男性阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome,OSAHS)患者骨密度改变以及与氧化应激、性激素水平变化的相关性.方法 通过多导睡眠(polysomnography,PSG)监测入选48例男性OSAHS患者,其中轻中度组19例,重度组29...     

Sildenafil versus continuous positive airway pressure for erectile dysfunction in men with obstructive sleep apnea： a comparat-ive study of their efficacy and safety and the patient＇s satisfaction with treatment

Aim： To assess the efficacy of sildenafil and continuous positive airway pressure （CPAP） in the treatment of concurrent erectile dysfunction （ED） with obstructive sleep apnea （OSA）, and to gauge the level of treatment satisfaction in patients and their partners. Methods： Forty men were treated for 12 weeks with sildenafil 100 mg （20 men） or CPAP during nighttime sleep （20 men）. Treatment efficacy was assessed by the rate of successful intercourse attempts, and satisfaction with treatment was assessed by patients＇ and partners＇ answers to question 1 of the Erectile Dysfunction Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction. Results： Under sildenafil, 128 of 249 （51.4%） intercourse attempts were successful; under CPAP, 51 of 193 （26.9%） attempts were successful （^cp 〈 0.001）. Erectile function was improved in both groups. After sildenafil and CPAP treatment, the mean International Index for Erectile Function domain scores were 14.3 and 10.8, respectively （^bp = 0.025）, compared to 7.8 and 7 at baseline, respectively. CPAP and sildenafil were well tolerated. Sporadic episodes of nasal dryness under CPAP and transient headache and flushing under sildenafil were not significant. Fifty percent of patients treated with sildenafil and 25% with CPAP were satisfied with the treatment, and their partners were equally satisfied. The satisfaction scores for both patients and partners under sildenafil were superior to those under CPAP （^cP 〈 0.002）. Conclusion： Both sildenafil 100 mg and CPAP, used separately, had positive therapeutic impact but sildenafil was superior. Patients and their partners were more satisfied with sildenafil for the treatment of ED. However, because of the high proportion of dissatisfied men and partners, new therapeutic agents or a combination of the two methods must be studied further.     

持续气道正压通气对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征患者勃起功能障碍疗效的meta分析

目的:评价持续气道正压通气(CPAP)对阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(OSAS)患者勃起功能障碍(ED)的影响。方法:计算机检索Cochrane Library、PubMed、中国学术期刊全文数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库、万方资源数据库和中国重要会议论文全文数据库并手工检索相关期刊,全面收集CPAP对OSAS合并性功能障碍的临床研究,按照纳入、排除标准选择实验研究并评价质量,而后提取有效数据进行meta分析。结果:最终纳入4篇文献,1篇中文,3篇英文,包括77例患者。meta分析结果显示各研究间无统计学异质性(P=0.80;I2=0%),故采用固定效应模型进行meta分析。结果显示经CPAP治疗后,IIEF-5增高[WMD=4.19,95%(3.01,5.36),P<0.001]。结论:现有临床研究证据显示,对于OSAS合并ED患者,CPAP治疗能明显减轻ED。但因研究质量及研究样本存在明显局限性,期待更多高质量、大规模的临床随机对照研究加以验证。     

Incidence of positive screening for obstructive sleep apnea in patients with isolated cleft lip and/or palate

OBJECTIVE:

To determine the incidence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in children with isolated cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P).

METHODS:

The present prospective study was performed at a pediatric tertiary care centre. Consecutive patients evaluated at the cleft clinic from January 2011 to August 2013 were identified. Patients’ families prospectively completed the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ), a validated tool used to predict moderate to severe OSA. Patients with CL/P and an underlying syndrome or other craniofacial diagnosis were excluded. A positive OSA screen was recorded if the ratio of positive to total responses was >0.33. Risk factors associated with a positive screen were identified using the Student’s t or ANOVA test.

RESULTS:

A total of 867 patients completed the PSQ, 489 of whom with isolated CL/P met inclusion criteria. The mean age was 8.4 years. The overall incidence of positive screening was 14.7%. The most commonly reported symptoms among positive screeners were ‘fidgets with hands or feet’ (73.6%), ‘interrupts others’ (69.4%) and ‘mouth breather during the day’ (69.4%). The most sensitive items were ‘stops breathing during the night’ and ‘trouble breathing during sleep’, with positive predictive values of 0.78 and 0.67, respectively. Sex, body mass index, ancestry and cleft type were not significantly associated with increased risk for positive screening.

CONCLUSION:

One in seven children with isolated CL/P screened positively for OSA according to the PSQ. This finding highlights the potential importance of routine screening in this at-risk group.