小儿颈内静脉置管深度研究进展

颈内静脉(internal jugular vein,IJV)穿刺置管是临床常用技术,用于液体或药物管理,以及CVP测定等。随着小儿身高、体重的变化,IJV导管置入的合适深度也会随之发生变化。文章描述了IJV导管尖端理想位置,介绍了通过经食管超声心动图(transesophageal echocardiography,TEE)、经胸超声心动图(transthoracic echocardiography,TTE)、胸部X线检查(chest radiograph,CXR)和腔内心电图等方法确定导管尖端位置。此外,还对右侧IJV置管深度、特殊人群的IJV置管深度、左侧IJV解剖特点及置管深度进行了综述。目前已有不少计算IJV置管深度的公式,由于儿童在发育阶段存在一定的发育差异,它对于个体的适用性仍有待临床进一步考证。     

Depth of a central venous catheter tip: length of insertion guideline for pediatric patients

BACKGROUND: In pediatric patients, several studies have been undertaken to establish central venous catheter (CVC) tip optimal depth. Assessments of catheter tip position using chest radiographs may be misleading, whereas transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has been shown to accurately monitor catheter tip placement at the superior vena cava-right atrial (SVC-RA) junction. The aim of this study was to issue a guideline for ideal catheter insertion depth, from the right internal jugular vein (IJV) using TEE to confirm the position of the catheter tip at the SVC-RA junction. METHODS: Over a 6-month period, we studied 60 right internal jugular vein catheterizations in infants and children undergoing surgery for congenital heart disease. Positions of CVC tips were confirmed to be at the SVC-RA junction by TEE. Distance from the skin puncture site to the SVC-RA junction, height, weight, and age were recorded. RESULTS: Distances measured were found to be highly correlated with patient height. The following guideline allows the CVC tip to be positioned above the RA in 97.5% of patients with an accuracy of 95%: optimal depth of insertion (cm) = 1.7 + (0.07 x height) in patients whose height is between 40 and 140 cm. CONCLUSION: The model proposed for the insertion of the CVC tip in pediatric patients could be used to prevent inadvertent catheter tip placement into the atrium.     

Anatomic relationship between the internal jugular vein and the carotid artery in preschool children--an ultrasonographic study

Background:  Central venous cannulation in young children is technically difficult and may lead to potentially serious complications especially when performed blindly or using anatomical landmarks only.
Aim:  The aim of this study was to determine the anatomical relationship of the internal jugular vein (IJV) and the common carotid artery (CA) in preschool children using ultrasound.
Methods:  Forty five children aged 60 months and under were included prospectively and divided into three groups: group 1: <6 months, group 2: 7–18 months and group 3: 19–60 months. With the head in neutral position the location of the left and right IJV was noted as anterior (A), anterolateral (AL), lateral (L) or medial (M) in relation to the CA at the level of the cricoid cartilage. Depths of IJV and CA as well as time taken to locate the vessels were recorded.
Results:  The IJV was more commonly found in the AL position in all groups. The mean depth was 0.96 cm in group 1, 0.95 cm in group 2 and 3. Mean duration for localization of the vessels was 4.2 s in group 1, 4 s in group 2 and 4.3 s in group 3. The differences between the groups were not significant.
Conclusion:  This study demonstrates that the IJV cover the CA in the majority of young children. Depth of the IJV is rarely more than 1 cm deep to the skin. Ultrasound location of the IJV and CA is easy and does not necessarily delay the procedure. The findings of this study support the use of ultrasound guidance for CVC in children.     

食管超声心动图构建右颈内中心静脉置入导管深度的简易预测公式

目的 经右颈内静脉置入中心静脉导管,采用经食管超声心动图(TEE)准确定位导管位置,构建置入导管深度简易预测公式.方法 选择择期行心脏手术患者172例,男101例,女71例,年龄>18岁.于麻醉诱导后放置TEE探头,经右颈内静脉穿刺置入导丝,初次导丝置入深度为Peres公式计算深度(身高÷10 cm),TEE观察导丝尖...     

THIS ARTICLE HAS BEEN RETRACTED Anatomic relationship between the internal jugular vein and the carotid artery in pre-school children--an ultrasonographic study

Background: Central venous cannulation (CVC) in young children is technically difficult and may lead to potentially serious complications especially when performed blindly or using anatomical landmarks only. The aim of this study was to determine the anatomical relationship of the internal jugular vein (IJV) and the common carotid artery (CA) in preschool children using ultrasound. Methods: Forty‐five children aged 60 months and under were included prospectively and divided into three groups: Group 1: <6 months, Group 2: 7–18 months and Group 3: 19‐60 months. With the head in neutral position the location of the left and right IJV was noted as anterior, anterolateral (AL), lateral or medial in relation to the CA at the level of the cricoid cartilage. Depths of IJV and CA as well as time taken to locate the vessels were recorded. Results: The IJV was more commonly found in the AL position in all groups. The mean depth was 0.96 cm in Group 1, 0.95 cm in Group 2 and 3. Mean duration for localization of the vessels was 4.2 s in Group 1, 4 s in Group 2 and 4.3 s in Group 3. The differences between the groups were not significant. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that the IJV cover the CA in the majority of young children. Depth of the IJV is rarely more than 1 cm deep to the skin. Ultrasound location of the IJV and CA is easy and does not necessarily delay the procedure. The findings of this study support the use of ultrasound guidance for CVC in children.     

Embolization of a fractured central venous catheter placed using the internal jugular approach

INTRODUCTIONFracture and embolization of central venous catheters placed via the subclavian approach is well recognized, but fractured catheters placed via the internal jugular vein are extremely rare.PRESENTATION OF CASEA 65-year-old man presented with a catheter embolus after placement of a central venous port using the internal jugular approach undertaken to administer adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer with lung metastases. Goose neck and conformational loop snares were successfully used to percutaneously retrieve the severed catheter, which had migrated to the right ventricle.DISCUSSIONCatheter fracture may occur even after placement via the internal jugular approach and may be underestimated because it is often asymptomatic. Interventional radiology techniques using goose-neck and conformational loop snares may be useful to retract an intravascular foreign body.CONCLUSIONImaging studies such as a chest X-ray are mandatory to check that the catheter tip is in the appropriate position during the entire follow-up period even if it was placed through the internal jugular vein.     

A randomized-controlled study of ultrasound prelocation vs anatomical landmark-guided cannulation of the internal jugular vein in infants and children

Background: A specifically designed ultrasound scanner may be helpful in percutaneous cannulation of the internal jugular vein in pediatric patients. We report a new two‐dimensional (2D) ultrasound prelocation (UL) technique using a transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) intraoperative probe instead of the portable scanner, and have compared the new technique with conventional anatomical landmark method (AL) for central venous catheterization in infants and children. Methods: Sixty‐two infants (body weight <12 kg) undergoing elective surgery for congenital heart disease were randomized into two groups. In the AL group, the landmark for cannulation was the palpation of the common carotid pulsation or the sternocleidomastoid triangle. In the UL group, the central vein was located by 2D ultrasonic imaging using a TEE intraoperative probe for HP SONOS 4500. The number of cannulation attempts, success rate, and complication rate were recorded. Results: For the UL and AL groups, the cannulation success rate was 100% and 80% (P < 0.05), the incidence of arterial puncture was 3.1% and 26.7% (P < 0.025), and the number of attempts was 1.57 ± 1.04 and 2.55 ± 1.76 (P < 0.001), respectively. Conclusions: Two‐dimensional ultrasound prelocated central venous catheterization in infants and children is convenient and can markedly increase cannulation success rate and reduce the incidence of complications.     

A randomized study of a new landmark-guided vs traditional para-carotid approach in internal jugular venous cannulation in infants

Background: Central venous catheterization is more difficult in infants than in adults. Ultrasound‐guided internal jugular venous cannulation may improve the accuracy of localization of the internal jugular vein (IJV), but ultrasound equipment is not universally available. The landmark technique remains essential in daily practice. Methods: One hundred and forty infants, aged 3–12 months, who were scheduled to undergo surgery for congenital heart disease, were randomly assigned to a new landmark‐guided group or traditional para‐carotid group. In the new landmark‐guided group, at the level of the cricoid cartilage, the carotid artery was marked, and the apex of the triangle formed by the two heads of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the clavicle was also marked. The needle was inserted at the midpoint of the two marked points and advanced in the direction of the ipsilateral nipple. Seven cardiac anesthesia fellows participated in this study, and each fellow performed 10 central catheterizations in each group. The times to successful catheterization of the IJV were measured. Attempts at needle punctures for successful catheterization and procedural complications were counted. Results: The IJV was successfully punctured within three attempts in 74% of infants in the para‐carotid group, compared with 94% in the new landmark‐guided group (P = 0.001). The time to successful catheterization was significantly shorter in the new landmark‐guided group (P < 0.01). The incidence of arterial punctures in the para‐carotid group was 11%, compared with 3% in the new landmark‐guided group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Compared with traditional para‐carotid approach, the new landmark‐guided approach for access of the IJV during teaching central catheterization significantly reduced carotid arterial puncture, provided a higher success rate and minimized procedure time in infants aged 3–12 months.     

颈外静脉切开置入带涤纶套中央静脉导管在特殊患者中的临床应用

目的 探讨颈外静脉切开置入带涤纶套中央静脉导管在特殊患者中的临床应用效果及评估其安全性.方法 将42慢性肾脏病（chronic kidney disease,CDK）5期并欲行带涤纶套中央静脉导管置入术的患者设为A组,以颈外静脉切开方法置管;同期选取36例已行右颈内静脉置入术的患者设为B组,置管方法为经皮穿刺右颈内静脉经撕脱鞘置入带涤纶套中央静脉导.观察术中、术后并发症.记录透析前后血肌酐、尿素氮变化以及透析中血流量、回血静脉压指标,计算尿素清除指数（Kt/V）值并比较.A组42例患者行颈外静脉切开置管患者根据原发病：糖尿病肾脏疾病、Ⅱ型心肾综合征进展至终末期肾脏疾病（end stage renal disease,ESRD）、慢性肾小球肾炎、强直性脊柱炎肾损害进展至终末期肾脏疾病、急性肾损伤,比较导管留存时间、导管中位留存时间.结果 2组患者Kt/V值均达标,血流量、回血静脉压无统计学差异（P＞0.05）,且透析前后血肌酐、尿素氮水平变化存在统计学差异（P＜0.05）.2组手术后未出现出血、血流量不佳导管相关性血流感染等并发症.A组中心肾综合征及急性肾损伤（acute kidney injury,AKI）患者导管留存时间与糖尿病肾脏疾病相比存在统计学差异（P＜0.05）.结论 尽管带涤纶套中央静脉导管置入方法推荐首选经典撕脱鞘置管,该方法安全成功率高,术后并发症少,但是经颈外静脉切开置入带涤纶套中央静脉导管术式在特殊患者中的临床应用中手术安全,能够保证透析充分性,并发症少,临床值得推荐.     

Ultrasound-guided central venous cannulation in a very small preterm neonate

Percutaneous central venous cannulation of small infants is a challenging procedure. The use of ultrasound guidance has been shown to increase the success rate generally in children and to decrease the incidence of associated complications. To demonstrate that this technique is also suitable in very small infants we describe the case of a preterm neonate of 850 g body weight (BW), in which percutaneous central venous cannulation was performed successfully using ultrasound imaging for guidance.     

The effect of position and different manoeuvres on internal jugular vein diameter size

Internal jugular vein (IJV) cannulation is a popular approach for central venous access as it has few complications, of which failure to locate the vein and carotid artery puncture are the most common. A variety of manoeuvres and body positioning has been used to maximise IJV size and thereby increase cannulation success rate and decrease complications. Realtime 2D ultrasound can be used to view neck vascular anatomy in vivo and allow IJV size to be measured. Thirty–five volunteers had the lateral diameter of their IJV measured using the SiteRite ultrasound machine to discover the most effective methods of increasing its diameter. No correlation was found between the IJV lateral diameter and subject height, weight, age or neck circumference. Carotid artery palpation and full neck extension reduced its diameter considerably. Increasing Trendelenberg increased diameter. Abdominal binder and the Valsalva manoeuvre were the most efficient methods of increasing its size.