Apoptosis in the Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head

Background

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head is classified into idiopathic and secondary forms. A number of etiological factors in the development of osteonecrosis have been suggested but the biological mechanisms are still unclear. Recently, some reports suggested that the apoptosis is closely related to osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Therefore, this study examined the expression of apoptosis in osteonecrosis of the femoral head.

Methods

Of the patients diagnosed preoperatively with osteonecrosis and underwent total hip replacement arthroplasty between August 2004 and July 2005, 58 patients (58 hips) were available for this study. Their diagnoses were confirmed by the postoperative pathology findings. Tissue samples of the femoral head sections were terminal deoxynucleotydyl transferase mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) stained using an in situ cell death detection POD kit. The number of total and TUNEL-positive osteocytes, and the average ratio of TUNEL-positive cells were calculated and analyzed according to the cause.

Results

Osteonecrosis was steroid-induced in 8 cases (13.8%), alcohol-induced in 29 cases (50%), post-traumatic in 6 cases (10.3%) and idiopathic in 15 cases (25.9%). The percentage of TUNEL-positive osteocytes was high in patients with steroid- and alcohol-induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head but low in patients with post-traumatic and idiopathic osteonecrosis. The difference in the percentage of TUNEL-positive osteocytes between these groups was significant (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Apoptosis might play an important role in the pathogenesis of osteonecrosis of the femoral head induced by steroid and alcohol. These findings highlight a need for further research into the role of apoptosis in the development of osteonecrosis of the femoral head.     

Chinese Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head in Adults

The treatment of adult osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH), with 8.12 million patients in China, remains a challenge to surgeons. To standardize and improve the efficacy of the treatment of ONFH, Chinese specialists updated the experts' suggestions in March 2015, and an experts' consensus was given to provide a current basis for the diagnosis, treatment and evaluation of ONFH. The current guideline provides recommendations for ONFH with respect to epidemiology, etiology, diagnostic criteria, differential diagnosis, staging, treatment, as well as rehabilitation. Risk factors of non‐traumatic ONFH include corticosteroid use, alcohol abuse, dysbarism, sickle cell disease and autoimmune disease and others, but the etiology remains unclear. The Association Research Circulation Osseous (ARCO) staging system, including plain radiograph, magnetic resonance imaging, radionuclide examination, and histological findings, is frequently used in staging ONFH. A staging and classification system was proposed by Chinese scholars in recent years. The major differential diagnoses include mid?late term osteoarthritis, transient osteoporosis, and subchondral insufficiency fracture. Management alternatives for ONFH consist of non‐operative treatment and operative treatment. Core decompression is currently the most common procedure used in the early stages of ONFH. Vascularized bone grafting is the recommended treatment for ARCO early stage III ONFH. This guideline gives a brief account of principles for selection of treatment for ONFH, and stage, classification, volume of necrosis, joint function, age of the patient, patient occupation, and other factors should be taken into consideration.     

Bone-preserving prosthesis with a single axis for treating osteonecrosis of the femoral head: midterm results for the thrust plate hip prosthesis

We studied 27 patients (31 joints) who underwent total hip arthroplasty (THA) using the thrust plate hip prosthesis (TPP) for osteonecrosis of the femoral head. The mean follow-up period was 56 months (range 38–72 months). Clinical evaluation by the Merle dAubigne and Postel system showed a significant improvement from a preoperative mean score of 8.1 to a final mean follow-up score of 16.6. Mechanical loosening developed about 1 year postoperatively in one joint with a bone defect. Grade 1 stress shielding was observed in four joints. Although indications for the TPP are restricted to certain cases, unlike the conventional intramedullary stem, much can be expected of TPP. It is an outstanding prosthesis for osteonecrosis of the femoral head of young patients in terms of bone preservation and physiological load transfer.     

肾移植后的股骨头缺血性坏死

目的；通过病例分析及献复习提出肾移植后股骨头坏死的发生、临床、X线及治疗上的特点。方法：随访31例肾移植患，对其临床资料结合献报道进行分析。结果：男性23例，女性8例，平均年龄35．32岁，随访时平均移植后2年3个月。发现1例高度怀疑股骨头坏死。另有5例发现股骨转子间有不规则骨密度增高区，这与献报道不一。对比有异常X线表现与无异常表现患移植后一月内激素总量未发现显性差异．结论：肾移植后股骨头坏死的发生、临床、X线及治疗上均有其特殊性，了解这一特殊性对临床工作很有帮助。     

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head in childhood malignancy

Purpose

Children undergoing chemotherapeutic treatment of malignancies have up to a 9 % incidence of osteonecrosis. The purpose of this article is to determine the time from initiation of chemotherapy to the onset of symptoms and the diagnosis of osteonecrosis of the femoral head in this patient population.

Methods

A retrospective review of the records of 18 patients (29 hips) under 21 years of age with both a diagnosis of osteonecrosis of the femoral head and childhood onset malignancy was undertaken to determine the time from initiation of chemotherapy to the onset of symptoms and diagnosis of osteonecrosis of the femoral head.

Results

Mean time from initiation of chemotherapy to the onset of pain was 18.8 months (8.0–49.1). The mean time from development of pain to diagnosis of osteonecrosis was 3.9 months (−13.1 to 25). The mean overall time from initiation of chemotherapy to diagnosis of osteonecrosis was 22.7 months (9.0–54.1). 11/18 patients had bilateral disease. 16/18 patients (21/29 hips) had already progressed to stage 4 osteonecrosis at the time of diagnosis.

Conclusions

There was a high incidence of stage 4 or greater osteonecrosis at the time of diagnosis. Providers caring for these patients should be aware of the potential for osteonecrosis, and the need for prompt diagnosis and referral to an orthopedic surgeon. Screening with advanced imaging studies may be warranted for children undergoing chemotherapeutic regimens for childhood malignancy to prevent delay in the diagnosis and management of this process so that joint preservation therapies remain an option.     

股骨颈骨折后股骨头坏死

简要叙述股骨颈骨折后股骨头坏死的早期诊断和坏死预测等的最新进展。为使骨折后骨坏死尽量减少，早期手术和关节穿刺减压，避免髋关节放置在伸直及内旋位是必要的，建议屈曲位牵引。应用Gd-DTPA增强MRI T1脂肪浸润扫描，可预测股骨头坏死的可能性。建议将股骨头坏死分为静息型骨坏死和临床型骨坏死．     

激素性股骨头坏死与凝溶紊乱的实验研究

目的：观察激素性股骨头坏死家兔模型的血液凝溶功能变化,探讨激素性股骨头坏死的发病机理。方法：健康雄性成年家兔36只,随机分为对照组（注射生理盐水）,实验组（冲击注射地塞米松）。检测血脂、血浆组织纤溶酶原激活物（tPA)、纤溶酶原激活物抑制物（PAI）、血栓素A2（TXA2）、前列环素（PGI）的阶段性变化。观察实验35、70d双侧股骨头的病理变化。结果：实验组15d甘油三脂、总胆固醇、TXA2／PGI比值均显著高于对照组。实验30、60d,实验组tPA／PAI比值显著低于对照组。实验组35、70d双侧股骨头软骨下区骨陷窝空虚率均较对照组显著增高。结论：地塞米松冲击应用可引起家兔血液高凝、低纤溶。血液凝溶功能紊乱可能参与兔激素性股骨头坏死的发病。     

酒精性晚期股骨头缺血性坏死

[目的]探讨酒精性晚期股骨头坏死与长期、过量饮酒的关系。[方法]回顾本院165例人工全髋关节置换病例。分析其中27例酒精性晚期股骨头坏死的l临床资料，结合文献复习，探讨酒精性股骨头坏死的发病机理。长期大量饮酒与股骨头缺血性坏死、血液生化学和凝血功能等之间的关系。比较文献报道的实验结果有何异同。[结果]大量长期饮酒可导致股骨头坏死，是多方面因素综合的结果；日均饮酒750ml以上者，有发生晚期双侧或单侧股骨头坏死的危险；血液生化观察指标无明显改变，但与凝血功能降低有关；股骨头坏死与髋关节的骨性关节炎可同时发生。[结论]长期大量饮酒，日均饮酒量大于750ml以上者，有导致股骨头坏死的可能；血液生化的改变无特异性的意义；坏死的严重程度与酒量多少、时间长短有关；酒精性股骨头缺血性坏死的晚期患者，行人工全髋关节置换应是最佳选择，但这类患者术中术后有渗血较多的倾向。．     

股骨头坏死显微外科手术治疗失败病例的人工全髋关节置换

目的 比较股骨头缺血坏死显微外科保头治疗失败后全髋关节置换（THA）与初次全髋关节置换的疗效差别。方法对应用带血管蒂骨瓣转移治疗失败后改行THA治疗的57例（61侧）股骨头缺血性坏死与同期初次即选用THA治疗的58例（65侧）股骨头缺血性坏死进行随访观察，骨瓣组平均年龄47．2岁（36-65岁），非骨瓣组平均年龄60．5岁（48-82岁），THA手术前根据Ficat分期标准，骨瓣组Ⅲ期7侧，Ⅳ期54侧；非骨瓣组Ⅲ期29侧，Ⅳ期36侧。手术方式：骨瓣组：小切口26侧；常规切口手术35侧；非骨瓣组：小切口22侧；常规切口手术33侧。两组病例平均随访6．2年（2-9年）。比较两组病例切口长短、术中出血量、手术时间、围手术期并发症、术后半年及随访期末HHS评分及髋关节翻修情况的差异。结果骨瓣组手术切口长度9-17cm，平均12．8cm。对照组为9-16cm，平均12．2cm（P=0．213）；骨瓣组术中出血平均480ml（400-750ml）。非骨瓣组术中平均出血420ml（350-600ml；P=0．09）；骨瓣组平均手术时间为105min（90-130min），非骨瓣组为100min（90=120min；P=0．168）；骨瓣组围手术期并发症发生率为4．9％，对照组并发症发生率为8．6％（P〈0．05）；两组病人均未出现术中并发症。骨瓣组术后半年的HHS平均为85．8分（80-92分），非骨瓣组为80．5（76-90分），骨瓣组随访期末的HHS平均为96．9分（92-100分），非骨瓣组为92．6分（86-100分）（P〈0．05）。两组在随访期间均无翻修病例。结论应用显微外科技术保头手术治疗失败的股骨头坏死改行人工全髋关节置换不增加手术难度及围手术期并发症的发生率，术后关节功能恢复满意。     

记忆合金网球治疗成人股骨头缺血性坏死

目的 探讨用超弹性镍钛合金记忆金属网球治疗早、中期股骨头缺血性坏死(ostconecrosis of the femoralhead,ONFH)的中期随访效果. 方法 1996年7月-1998年1月,采用超弹性镍钛合金记忆金属网球植入术治疗54例(75髋)股骨头缺血性坏死患者并随访观察.其中5例失访,3例分别因心肌梗死、肾脏衰竭及胃癌死亡而被排除.男32例,女14例;年龄21～61岁,平均39岁.按Ficat分期,Ⅱ期29髋,Ⅲ期36髋.术前Harris评分(58.20±13.82)分. 结果 46例(65髋)获随访86～125个月,平均8年8个月.术后Harris评分为(80.78±18.77)分,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01);其中优29髋,良21髋,可2髋,差13髋,优良率76.9%.8髋金属网球破裂,行人工全髋关节置换术.影像学评估Ⅰ级16髋(24.6%),Ⅱ级34髋(52.3%),Ⅲ级15髋(23.1%). 结论 超弹性镍钛合金记忆金属网球植入是治疗早、中期ONFH的方法之一,但其最终能否治愈ONFH,金属网球是否会继续破裂仍有待长期随访观察.     

股骨头坏死临床药物防治专家共识(2022年)

随着对股骨头缺血性坏死（osteonecrosis of the femoral head,ONFH）认识的深入,且越来越多的患者在疾病早期就诊,ONFH单纯依赖手术治疗已不能满足患者目前的治疗需求,如何合理有效应用药物加强ONFH早期防治,延缓疾病进展越来越重要。本文结合国内外关于符合ONFH中西医诊治原则的最新专家共识和循证医学证据,及国内实际临床应用经验,由中国微循环学会骨微循环专业委员会组织专家撰写本共识,重点介绍ONFH药物的种类、特性、安全性,以及用药的合理性和基本原则,以期为各级医疗机构安全、合理、规范、有效用药提供参考意见。本共识仅为基于文献及临床经验的专家指导性意见,不作为强制性执行的要求,更不作为法律依据。临床中可以根据当地的实际条件因地制宜,制定适合患者的个体化防治措施。     

髓芯减压结合自体皮质支撑骨及松质颗粒骨植骨治疗成人股骨头缺血性坏死

目的观察髓芯减压术后自体皮质支撑骨及松质颗粒骨植骨治疗股骨头缺血性坏死(osteonecrosis of the femoral head,ONFH)的疗效。方法2004年2月-2008年5月,采用股骨头髓芯减压结合自体皮质支撑骨及松质颗粒骨植骨治疗ONFH64例77髋。男45例,女19例;年龄23～60岁,平均43岁。单侧51例,双侧13例。酒精性39例47髋,激素性21例26髋,创伤性4例4髋。病程1～12年。髋关节疼痛2～14个月,平均7个月。患者均经影像学检查及术后病理检查确诊为ONFH。按国际骨科循环协会(ARCO)分期,ⅠA期17例23髋,ⅠB期2例3髋,ⅡA期21例24髋,ⅡB期2例2髋,ⅡC期4例4髋,ⅢA期18例21髋。术后行髋关节功能及影像学评估。结果术后59例69髋获随访,随访时间12～62个月,平均32.1个月。术后12个月髋关节Harris评分为(87.12±8.68)分,与术前(68.38±14.49)分比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);获优39髋,良18髋,可6髋,差6髋,优良率82.6%;评分为差的患者行人工全髋关节置换。影像学评估:Ⅰ级21髋(30.4%),Ⅱ级42髋(60.9%),Ⅲ级6髋(8.7%)。1例取髂骨区发生并发症并影响生活,21例发生轻度疼痛或麻木,余患者均无并发症发生。结论髓芯减压结合自体皮质支撑骨及松质颗粒骨植骨治疗ONFH,能有效阻止股骨头塌陷,加速病灶区骨组织修复,手术创伤小,可获得较好临床疗效。     

Guideline for Diagnostic and Treatment of Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head

There is a new knowledge for clinical presentations and findings of imagine in patients with osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) in recent more than ten years. According to clinical data in Chinese huge patients with ONFH, the guideline for diagnosis and treatment of ONFH has been put forward by Chinese specialists. The newer contents of guideline include the definition for predisposing risk factors of ONFH, the new knowledge for clinical manifestations, the new interpretation for changes of imagine, important differential diagnosis. Based on the supplementary and revision for widely used staging and classification system, the new Chinese staging and classification system have been established. The advantages of Chinese staging and classification system accord with clinical and pathological features, it could be predicted the prognosis, and clinical applications are convenient. The guideline gives a brief account of principles for treatment selection and treatment methods for enhancement of diagnosis and treatment for ONFH.     

酒精性股骨头坏死发病机制的研究进展

股骨头缺血性坏死（ANFH )是骨科多发病、常见病,多发于20 -50岁的青壮年,是一种严重威 胁人类健康的骨科疾病。随着酒精消费量的上升和人们生活方式的改变,酒精性股骨头坏死的临床 病例日渐增多,酒精性股骨头坏死（alcohol - induced avascular necrosis of femoral head,AIANFH )的发 病相关学说尚不完全清楚,各国学者报道情况不一,各持己见;本文就国内外酒精性股骨头坏死的发 病相关学说作一综述。     

纳米人工骨在股骨头坏死缺损模型修复的影像学观察

目的:用影像学方法观察纳米人工骨和骨髓间充质干细胞在治疗股骨头坏死缺损动物模型修复的效果.方法:建立双侧股骨头内骨缺损模型,并分为3组,A组为制作缺损而不填充任何材料作为对照,B组为单纯填充纳米人工骨,C组填充纳米人工骨和骨髓间充质干细胞的复合材料.对植入后4、8、12周的股骨头行普通X线片和高分辨聚焦CT检查.结果:影像学上观察到B组和C组在股骨头缺损修复成骨方面与对照组有显著差异,C组差异性更大.结论:纳米胶原基骨有较强的传导成骨及诱导成骨作用,是修复股骨头骨缺损的良好移植材料,加用骨髓间充质干细胞可促进骨缺损的修复,对股骨头坏死的治疗有较大价值.     

微创股骨头清创植骨术治疗股骨头坏死

目的探讨微创股骨头清创植骨术治疗股骨头坏死的近期疗效。方法回顾性分析自2011-01—2015-03采用微创股骨头清创植骨术治疗25例(36髋)股骨头坏死,术后根据髋关节功能Harris评分评估疗效。结果 25例(36髋)均获得随访4~73个月,平均21.4个月,术后所有患者植骨均融合。髋关节功能Harris评分由术前(60.45±15.37)分提高至末次随访(85.65±7.01)分;髋关节功能Harris评分优良率由术前8.3%提高至末次随访86.1%。末次随访髋关节功能Harris评分及优良率较术前有较大改善,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论微创股骨头清创植骨术治疗股骨头坏死具有创伤小、近期疗效明确、能明显改善髋关节症状等优点,值得临床推广。     

股骨头坏死动物模型制作方法的研究进展

股骨头坏死是临床上常见的难治性疾病,如得不到有效的早期治疗,致残率很高,严重影响患者的生存质量。股骨头坏死各种治疗方法的发展及有效评估均基于良好的股骨头坏死动物模型的建立。本文将股骨头坏死动物实验研究方面的相关文献作一综述,阐述各种股骨头坏死动物模型的制备方法及特点。