对Lennox-Gastaut综合征的新认识

Lennox-Gastaut综合征(LGS)是一种在儿童期发病的严重癫(癎)性脑病.临床表现为多种癫(癎)发作形式、精神发育迟缓、脑电图弥漫的棘慢复合波.早期诊断困难,传统抗癫(癎)药物疗效不佳.近年来多种新抗癫(癎)药物用于LGS治疗,治疗观念及治疗效果评价也有所改变.文章就LCS诊断、治疗指南,以及一些新的认识进行综述.     

Lennox-Gastaut综合征的临床及脑电特征研究

目的　总结Lennox Gastaut综合征 (LGS)的临床及脑电特征。方法　对 32例LGS住院患儿的临床资料进行分析。结果　起病年龄 11个月至 13 5岁。 32例均有 2种或者 2种以上的癫疒间 发作形式 ,最多者达 5种发作形式 ,以强直发作、不典型失神、肌阵挛发作、失张力发作较常见。有病因可寻者 2 1例。脑电图 17例表现为背景波异常 ,32例均有全导爆发的 1 5～ 2 5Hz慢的棘慢波。睡眠期慢的棘慢波发放增多 ,其中有 4例慢的棘慢波持续发放。 9例在睡眠期有 10～ 12Hz的快节律出现。 2 5例有不同程度的智力损害。 7例用丙戊酸或丙戊酸加氯硝基安定发作控制 ,其余 2 5例用上述两种药物发作不能完全控制。结论　LGS的特点是 :(1)形式多样的癫疒间 发作 ;(2 )脑电图有 1 5～ 2 5Hz慢的棘慢波 ,睡眠期慢的棘慢波增多 ,甚至持续发放 ,部分患儿有 10～ 12Hz的快节律出现 ;(3)多数患儿有智力发育落后 ,对抗癫疒间 药物疗效差。少数患儿智力发育正常 ,无病因可寻 ,对抗癫疒间 药物疗效好 ,可能为特发性。     

Lennox-Gastaut综合征31例

目的　总结分析Lennox Gastaut综合征 (LGS)的临床发作、脑电图 (EEG)及治疗特点 ,提高对本病的诊治水平。方法　对 31例LGS的临床发作形式、实验室检查及治疗等资料进行回顾性分析。结果　 31例均有 2种或 2种以上发作形式 ,1例达 4种发作形式。EEG 11例表现为背景波异常 ,31例均有全导爆发的 1.5～2 .5Hz棘慢波。 31例均有智力损害。 15例用一线抗癫药 (AED)使发作控制 ,16例一线AED不能控制发作而添加托吡酯治疗。结论　LGS特点是形式多变的癫发作 ;EEG有 1.5～ 2 .5Hz棘慢波 ;多数患儿智力发育落后 ;对一线AED疗效差 ,添加新型AED可提高疗效     

难治性癫癎的相关因素分析

目的探讨儿童难治性癫癎(IE)的临床相关因素。方法采用回顾性分析的方法对38例IE患儿(IE组)与40例药物治疗有效的癫癎患儿(对照组)的临床资料(包括起病年龄、发作频率、发作形式、脑电图表现、头颅影像学改变、智能情况、家族史、服药依从性,对首次用药治疗的反应情况等)进行对比分析。结果 IE组1岁前的发病率、发作频率、出现多种发作形式和伴智能障碍率、头颅影像学及脑电图异常率均较对照组增高,差异均有统计学意义(Pa<0.05);IE组首次应用抗癫癎药物治疗反应不良、联合多种药物控制发作及药物治疗依从性差的概率较对照组亦增高,差异均有统计学意义(Pa<0.05)。结论儿童IE与发病年龄小、发作频繁、症状性癫癎或癫癎综合征、多种发作形式共存、伴智能障碍、头颅影像学及脑电图异常改变率高、首次应用抗癫癎药物治疗的反应差、联合多种药物治疗、药物治疗的依从性差等诸多因素有关。     

甲基丙二酸血症患儿治疗前后的脑电图监测

目的观察甲基丙二酸血症(MMA)患儿治疗前后脑电图的变化,探讨其对MMA疗效评估的意义。方法对2000—2005年在首都儿科研究所确诊为MMA的26例患儿采用16导视频脑电图仪检查,并将治疗前后的脑电图结果进行对比分析。结果(1)脑电图结果:异常16例(16/26,62%),主要为高峰节律紊乱、慢波背景、癎样放电等;正常10例(10/26,38%)。(2)惊厥发作:16例脑电图异常患儿中12例(12/16,75%)有惊厥发作,主要为痉挛样、强直-阵挛发作,病程1个月至4年。(3)转归:脑电图异常伴惊厥发作的12例患儿中,11例发作停止、脑电图改善(正常7例,异常慢波活动4例);1例死于感染后多脏器功能衰竭,其脑电图由高峰节律紊乱转为放电持续状态;11例患儿惊厥控制2~6个月后停用抗癫癎药,随诊1~5年无发作。4例脑电图异常无惊厥发作患儿,3例随诊中无发作,脑电图无改善,1例脑电图持续低电压死亡。10例脑电图正常患儿中1例随诊中脑电图有棘波发放,无临床发作。结论(1)对婴幼儿难治性癫癎伴有智力低下者应进行病因学诊断;(2)脑电图是了解MMA患儿脑功能的客观指标之一,无惊厥发作的MMA患儿亦应进行脑电图的检测;(3)脑电图是评估病因治疗疗效的客观指标之一;(4)合并癫癎的MMA患儿在病因治疗的同时应辅以抗癫癎药物治疗,疗程个体化。     

Lennox-Gastaut综合征研究进展

Lennox Gastaut综合征 (LGS)是一种严重的儿童难治性癫综合征 ,约占小儿癫 3%～ 5 % ,男多于女。最初由Lennox对本病的临床及脑电图特点作报道 ,后由Gastaut加以补充 ,其特点为多种发作类型、典型脑电图特征及精神发育落后 ,该综合征预后不良 ,严重影响患者生活质量。一、病因LGS分特发性和症状性 ,由多种病因引起。特发性LGS发病前无明显病因 ,无背景疾病 ,智力正常 ,初诊时无神经系统及影像学异常改变 ,反之为症状性LGS[1] 。前者约占2 2 % ,后者约占 6 7% ,另有 10 %性质难以确定。LGS与婴儿痉挛症关系密切 ,二者病因相似 ,2…     

甲基泼尼松龙冲击治疗Lennox-Gastaut综合征合并睡眠期癫癎性脑电持续状态

目的：LennoxGastaut综合征(LGS)为一种难治性的儿童癫癎综合征,部分患儿合并睡眠期癫癎性电持续状态(electricalstatusepilepticusduringsleep,ESES)增加了治疗的难度。该文观察了大剂量甲基泼尼松龙冲击治疗LGS合并ESES的近期疗效。方法：22例经视频脑电图或动态脑电图证实合并ESES的LGS患儿,给予甲基泼尼松龙冲击治疗以及口服泼尼松维持治疗。冲击治疗后两周评价临床发作并复查脑电图。结果：22例患者中,15例临床发作减少,16例癫癎样放电减少,未见严重不良反应。结论：甲基泼尼松龙冲击治疗可减少LGS患儿发作及脑电图放电,在抗癫癎药物治疗无效时可考虑使用。     

非癫性发作35例

目的对儿童非癫性发作的临床表现进行分析。方法非癫性发作患儿20例。男24例,女11例;年龄1个月～16岁。对患儿的临床表现结合脑电图、头颅CT、MRI进行分析。结果35例患儿发作期及发作间期脑电图均无异常放电,证实为非癫性发作,以生理性发作最多(18例),其平均年龄最小(3.5岁)。结论儿童时期存在多种形式的非癫性发作,易被误诊为癫及其他疾病。动态脑电图监测对诊断及鉴别诊断均有指导意义。     

小儿枕叶癫35例临床与脑电图分析

目的分析小儿枕叶癫的临床特点及脑电图资料,以提高诊断水平。方法对1997-09—2006-06成都市儿童医院收治的35例枕叶癫患儿的临床表现和脑电图进行分析。结果1097例癫疒间患儿中,枕叶癫35例(3.2%),男23例,女12例,确诊时病程1d至6年,平均1年5个月。其中早发型儿童良性枕叶癫(EB-OS)13例,晚发型儿童枕叶癫(LOS)16例,症状性枕叶癫6例。EBOS组发病年龄(4.08±2.19)岁,以运动性发作多见,占84.6%(11/13);LOS组发病年龄(7.28±3.92)岁,视觉症状占56.3%(9/16)、偏头痛症状56.3%(9/16);症状性枕叶癫疒间组发病年龄(1.51±0.76)岁,均为运动性发作。脑电图特征为发作间期一侧或双侧枕叶的高幅棘波、棘慢波或尖波发放,闭眼出现,睁眼消失。结论小儿枕叶癫疒间临床表现复杂多样,容易误诊,应熟悉临床特点,重视视觉症状,结合发作间期脑电图枕叶放电特征,可作出正确诊断。     

婴儿严重肌阵挛癫痫的临床特征和基因突变分析

目的 探讨婴儿严重肌阵挛癫癎(SMEI)的临床特点和基因诊断.方法分析13例SMEI患儿的临床和脑电图(EEG)特点及钠离子通道SCN1A基因突变筛查结果.结果男10例,女3例.8例有热性惊厥和癫痫家族史.惊厥起病年龄2～9个月,平均5.6个月.首次发作为热性惊厥9例.13例在病程早期均以反复发热诱发的全面性或一侧性阵挛或强直阵挛发作为主,其中8例有热性惊厥持续状态.出现无热惊厥的年龄为2～21个月.病程中均出现多种发作类型.发作均有热敏感的特点,诱发因素包括发热、洗热水澡和疫苗接种.起病后出现智力发育落后11例.共济失调5例,锥体束征阳性2例.EEG在1岁前多数正常,1岁后出现全导或局灶放电.头颅MBI检查异常2例.13例均应用多种抗癫痫药治疗,发作均未完全控制.卡马西平和拉莫三嗪使部分患儿发作加重.10例发现有SCN1A基因突变.结论 SMEI的临床特点是:1岁以内起病,首次发作常为热性惊厥;1岁以后出现多种发作形式和智力发育落后;发作具有热敏感的特点;EEG早期正常,以后出现全导或局灶放电.筛查SCN1A基因突变有助于早期明确诊断,指导选择抗癫癎药物.     

Allergic factors associated with the development of asthma and the influence of cetirizine in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial: First results of ETA®

There is a common progression known as the allergic march from atopic dermatitis to allergic asthma. Cetirizine has several antiallergic properties that suggest a potential effect on the development of airway inflammation and asthma in infants with atopic dermatitis. Methods. Over a two year period, 817 infants aged one to two years who suffered from atopic dermatitis and with a history of atopic disease in a parent or sibling were included in the ETAC^® (Early Treatment of the Atopic Child) trial, a multi-country, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. The infants were treated for 18 months with either cetirizine (0.25mg/ kg b.i.d.) or placebo. The number of infants who developed asthma was compared between the two groups. Clinical and biological assessments including analysis of total and specific IgE antibodies were performed. Results. In the placebo group, the relative risk (RR) for developing asthma was elevated in patients with a raised level of total IgE (≥ 30 kU/I) or specific IgE (≥ 0.35 kUA/I) for grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander (RR between 1.4 and 1.7). Compared to placebo, cetirizine significantly reduced the incidence of asthma for patients sensitised to grass pollen (RR = 0.5) or to house dust mite (RR = 0.6). However, in the population that included all infants with normal and elevated total or specific IgE (intention-to-treat - ITT), there was no difference between the numbers of infants developing asthma while receiving cetirizine or placebo. The adverse events profile was similar in the two treatment groups. Discussion. Raised total IgE level and raised specific IgE levels to grass pollen, house dust mite or cat dander were predictive of subsequent asthma. Cetirizine halved the number of patients developing asthma in the subgroups sensitised to grass pollen or house dust mite (i.e. 20% of the study population). In view of the proven safety of the drug, we propose this treatment as a primary pharmacological intervention strategy to prevent the development of asthma in specifically sensitised infants with atopic dermatitis.     

Resurgence of measles in Singapore: profile of hospital cases

OBJECTIVE: To ascertain the profile of cases of measles seen at a general hospital during a recent outbreak that occurred despite a measles vaccination program. METHODOLOGY: A retrospective study from January 1991 to March 1998. All patients with measles (ICD code 055. 9) seen at the emergency unit or as inpatients were included. RESULTS: There were 87 cases identified. The diagnosis was clinical in all and proven serologically in 71%. Eighty-five per cent of the cases occurred between January 1997 and March 1998. There was a bi-modal age distribution with peaks in the very young (相似文献   

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孤独症谱系障碍(autistic-spectrum disorders,ASDs)近年来患病率逐年攀升至1%左右,其症状往往伴随终生,成为严重威胁儿童健康和发展的神经发育性疾患;注意缺陷多动障碍(attention deficit hyperactivity disorder,ADHD)是儿童期最常见的精神障碍,国内报道患病率为4.13%～5.83%,其症状可延续至青少年期,甚至到成年期[1]。这两类精神障碍在成年期的临床表现、共患病、治疗策略和预后与儿童期有哪些不同呢?本文通过回顾相     

EXCITING NEW TREATMENT APPROACHES FOR PATHYPHYSIOLOGIC MECHANISMS OF SICKLE CELL DISEASE

During the past several decades, our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of vasoocclusion associated with sickle cell disease has improved greatly. Interaction of genes, hemoglobin molecules, red cell membrane and metabolic changes, cell-cell interactions and cell-plasma interactions, red cell adhesion to vascular endothelium, activation of coagulation, and vascular reactivity play a role in vaso occlusion. Penicillin prophylaxis of pneumococcal infections and appropriate use of blood transfusions and other supportive measures improved survival of sickle cell patients. Hydroxyurea made a major impact on sickle cell therapy when it was shown to decrease acute painful episodes, acute chest syndrome, and the need for blood transfusion in adults. Significant experience in the use of hydroxyurea has been accumulated in older children. The benefits and risks of hydroxyurea for younger children and long-term risks in all patients will be evaluated in future investigations. Other promising therapies include butyrate compounds, clotrimazole, magnesium supplementation, poloxamer 188, antiadhesion agents, anticoagulant approaches, and nitric oxide. Hemopoietic transplantation remains the only curative therapy. However, several transgenic mouse models are available for studies of gene therapy or other treatment approaches on biochemical, cellular, and pathologic effects of mutant genes.     

Infiltrations of Epstein-Barr virus-carrying cells in granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders corresponding to chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection

A 21-year-old man with granular lymphocyte-proliferative disorders (GLPD) associated with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is described. Chromosomal analyses revealed several clonal abnormalities and two of them were mainly repetitious. High copy numbers of monoclonal EBV genome were also detected in the proliferative large granular lymphocytes (LGLs), indicating the monoclonal expansion of EBV-infected LGLs. The patient had an indolent course for several years, and there was no evidence of infiltrations of his bone marrow until the end stage. At autopsy, microscopic studies revealed marked infiltrations of LGL in the liver and spleen, and the infiltrating cells were NK-cell immunophenotype. The infiltrated LGLs showed latency I.     

LUTEINIZING HORMONE RECEPTOR MUTATIONS IN DISORDERS OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT AND CANCER

Human male sexual development is regulated by chorionic gonadotropin (CG) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Aberrant sexual development caused by both activating and inactivating mutations of the human luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR) have been described. All known activating mutations of the LHR are missense mutations caused by single base substitution. The most common activating mutation is the replacement of Asp-578 by Gly due to the substitution of A by G at nucleotide position 1733. All activating mutations are present in exon 11 which encodes the transmembrane domain of the receptor. Constitutive activity of the LHR causes LH releasing hormone-independent precocious puberty in boys and the autosomal dominant disorder familial male-limited precocious puberty (FMPP). Both germline and somatic activating mutations of the LHR have been found in patients with testicular tumors. Activating mutations have no effect on females. The molecular genetics of the inactivating mutations of the LHR are more variable and include single base substitution, partial gene deletion, and insertion. These mutations are not localized and are present in both the extracellular and transmembrane domain of the receptor. Inactivation of the LHR gives rise to the autosomal recessive disorder Leydig cell hypoplasia (LCH) and male hypogonadism or male pseudohermaphroditism. Severity of the clinical phenotype in LCH patients correlates with the amount of residual activity of the mutated receptor. Females are less affected by inactivating mutation of the LHR. Symptoms caused by homozygous inactivating mutation of the LHR include polycystic ovaries and primary amenorrhea.     

A profile of respiratory symptoms in urban and rural South Australian school children

This report describes the cross-sectional analyses of data from the first year of a longitudinal study using questionnaire and respiratory function data over a 5 year period from a sample of rural South Australian school children. The cumulative or lifetime prevalences of respiratory symptoms were estimated in 825 rural and 1261 urban school children aged between 5 and 15 years in order to determine if the prevalence rates differed between rural and urban school children. The study found the overall cumulative prevalence of asthma and/or wheezy breathing (AWB) to be 24.1% in the rural school children compared to 27.6% in the urban school children. Most children developed AWB symptoms before the age of 7 years, with 20% reporting moderately severe symptoms and 10% having more than one attack per fortnight. The cumulative prevalence of bronchitis, loose/rattly cough (BLRC) differed significantly between the rural school children (34.1%) and urban school children (47.9%). The BLRC symptoms preceded the development of AWB in many cases. Urban school children also reported a higher prevalence of atopic conditions.     

Personality profiles and heart rate variability (vagal tone) in children with recurrent abdominal pain

The aim of the study was to explore psychological factors and autonomic activity in children with recurrent abdominal pain and to compare them with those in a control group of healthy children. The Personality Inventory for Children was used for assessment of developmental, emotional and psychosocial factors in 25 children with recurrent abdominal pain (age, 7-15 y). Parasympathetic and sympathetic functions in these children and in 23 healthy control subjects (age, 7-13 y) were also investigated, non-invasively using a computerized polygraph. Vagal tone (parasympathetic function) was indexed by calculation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia in beats/min. Skin conductance (sympathetic function) was recorded by the constant current method. On the Personality Inventory for Children, 16 patients had high scores on somatic concern. Several patients had scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal and anxiety, but the mean scores for these personality profile scales were well within the normal range of healthy children. Interestingly, there was a spike on the L (Lie)-scale for most of the patients and 15 patients had scores above or close to the clinical cut-off value. As compared with the scores in healthy children, vagal tone and sympathetic tone were normal. Conclusion: Many children with recurrent abdominal pain have scores in the clinical range for depression, withdrawal, anxiety and L-scale indicating coping problems, denial and a trend towards somatic concern that may contribute to the evolution of abdominal pain. Autonomic nerve activity was not disturbed in these children.     

Hauttemperaturen verschiedener Körperoberflächenareale des Rumpfes bei Säuglingen

Summary In two groups of infants (3–53 weeks old) skin temperatures were controlled in different areas of the trunk—i.e.: regions of sternum, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys—at different room-temperatures (group I: 21–25°C; group II: 29–32°C). Rectal temperatures of some probands in both groups also had been controlled simultaneously. A definite change in the reaction to heat was proofed in different periods of the first year of life. In higher environmental temperatures the skin temperature was almost constant at every controll-point of the skin, even in older infants. In lower environmental temperatures the skin temperatures lowered continuously with age till 7. to 9. moth. From 10. to 12. month the lowering of skin temperature discontinued. The rectal temperatures were relatively constant in all infants. Only in infants from 7. to 12. month, whose skin temperatures were controlled in lower as well as in higher environmental temperatures, a tendency to higher rectal temperatures was proofed in warmer environmental temperatures.The significance of these results is discussed.

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Untersuchungen mit Unterstützung durch die Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft.