腹腔镜下膀胱全切除原位回肠代膀胱术病人的围手术期护理

目的:探讨腹腔镜下膀胱全切回肠代膀胱术围手术期的护理要点.方法:对2例膀胱肿瘤的患者行膀胱全切回肠代膀胱术,术前做好心理护理、术前准备、术后密切观察病情及生命体征变化,做好术后并发症的观察和护理,予以对症护理及出院指导.结果:2例膀胱全切回肠代膀胱术无一例并发症发生,患者病情稳定,均取得满意的治疗效果.结论:膀胱全切回肠代膀胱术是一种较理想的膀胱替代术式,充分术前准备,精心的术后护理以及恢复期代膀胱功能的训练,是确保手术成功的关键.     

全膀胱切除回肠膀胱术的疗效探讨(附68例报告)

目的:探讨全膀胱切除回肠膀胱术的临床治疗效果.方法:回顾性分析1997年1月～2007年3月因膀胱肿瘤行全膀胱切除回肠膀胱术68例患者的临床资料.结果:68例中,膀胱肿瘤均累及膀胱颈部或膀胱三角区,其中移行细胞癌62例(91.18%),其他类型肿瘤6例;浸润性膀胱癌61例(89.71%);术后发生近期并发症47例(69.12%),远期并发症7例(10.29%).55例随访1～10年,平均5.6年,5年生存率39.71%.结论:全膀胱切除是浸润性膀胱癌首选治疗方法,回肠膀胱术简单易行,术后并发症少,疗效确切,早期手术生存率高,是一种值得推荐的尿流改道方式.     

全膀胱切除回肠膀胱术15年总结(附196例报告)

目的　评价全膀胱切除治疗膀胱肿瘤的疗效及回肠膀胱术的远期效果。　方法　回顾性分析 1985年 1月至 2 0 0 0年 1月膀胱肿瘤行全膀胱切除回肠膀胱术 196例的临床资料。　结果　膀胱肿瘤累及膀胱颈部或膀胱三角区者 12 6例 (6 4.3 % ) ,浸润性膀胱癌 145例 (74.0 % ) ,移行细胞癌183例 (93.4% )。术后发生近期并发症 19例 (9.7% ) ,远期并发症 10例 (7.4% )。 135例随访 1～ 15年 ,平均 6 .6年 ,5年生存率 6 6 .2 %。　结论　全膀胱切除是浸润性膀胱癌首选治疗方法 ,回肠膀胱术简单易行 ,长期随访显示其并发症少 ,疗效确切 ,仍是一种较为理想的尿流改道方式。     

改良膀胱全切除原位回肠新膀胱术后效果探析

目的探讨改良膀胱全切除原位回肠新膀胱手术的临床效果。方法对18例浸润性膀胱癌患者行改良膀胱全切除原位回肠新膀胱手术治疗,记录手术时间、术中输血量、术后并发症、术后排尿情况、肿瘤控制情况和生存质量等。结果 18例患者均顺利完成手术,平均手术时间250 min。术中输血量平均470 mL。术后3例出现早期并发症,其中电解质紊乱2例,尿瘘1例。18例患者均获随访,平均时间20个月,1例发生单侧输尿管反流,1例死于脑梗死,1例死于肿瘤转移,1例死于肾功能衰竭。术后患者的生活质量比较满意。结论改良膀胱全切除原位回肠新膀胱手术术式简单、术后并发症少和代膀胱功能好,是浸润性膀胱癌较为理想的治疗术式。     

青年人膀胱肿瘤临床病理特点及预后

目的:探讨青年人膀胱肿瘤的临床、病理特点及预后.方法:50例≤40岁青年人膀胱肿瘤患者,行经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术39例,膀胱部分切除术治疗9例,膀胱全切+回肠代膀胱术1例,行膀胱全切术+原位新膀胱1例.结果:手术后随访半年~11年8个月,中位随访2年9个月.低度恶性倾向尿路上皮乳头状瘤复发2例;非肌层浸润性尿路上皮癌复发5例,低级别乳头状尿路上皮癌复发率为19%(3/16),进展2例;肌层浸润性尿路上皮癌复发1例.结论:青年人膀胱肿瘤良性肿瘤者比例相对较高.在青年人尿路上皮癌绝大部分为非肌层浸润性尿路上皮癌,而非肌层浸润性青年人低级别乳头状尿路复发率低于其他年龄段尿路低级别上皮癌.     

青年人膀胱肿瘤临床病理特点及预后

目的:探讨青年人膀胱肿瘤的临床、病理特点及预后.方法:50例≤40岁青年人膀胱肿瘤患者,行经尿道膀胱肿瘤切除术39例,膀胱部分切除术治疗9例,膀胱全切+回肠代膀胱术1例,行膀胱全切术+原位新膀胱1例.结果:手术后随访半年~11年8个月,中位随访2年9个月.低度恶性倾向尿路上皮乳头状瘤复发2例;非肌层浸润性尿路上皮癌复发5例,低级别乳头状尿路上皮癌复发率为19%(3/16),进展2例;肌层浸润性尿路上皮癌复发1例.结论:青年人膀胱肿瘤良性肿瘤者比例相对较高.在青年人尿路上皮癌绝大部分为非肌层浸润性尿路上皮癌,而非肌层浸润性青年人低级别乳头状尿路复发率低于其他年龄段尿路低级别上皮癌.     

改良膀胱全切除原位回肠新膀胱术后疗效观察

目的报告改良膀胱全切除原位回肠新膀胱术治疗肌层浸润性膀胱癌的疗效。方法对我院2007年1月至2011月12月施行改良膀胱全切除原位回肠新膀胱术的24例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,包括手术时间、手术出血量、输血情况、手术并发症、新膀胱功能、肿瘤控制情况、生存情况、勃起功能以及生活质量情况。结果本组24例手术均顺利,手术时间240～380min,术中出血量200～1200ml,输血11例,术中直肠损伤1例。术后8例出现早期并发症,其中5例电解质紊乱,1例肠梗阻,2例尿瘘;另有2例真性尿失禁。20例获随访,1例死于肺部感染,1例死于脑梗死,1例死于梗阻性肾功能不全,1例死于肿瘤复发、转移,1例因肿瘤复发、转移而目前在接受放化疗中,15例无瘤生存。术后性功能均有不同程度下降。生活质量大致满意。结论对于肌层浸润性膀胱癌患者,实施改良膀胱全切除原位回肠新膀胱术效果良好,提高手术技巧是术后改善生活质量的重要因素之一。     

女性原位回肠代膀胱术的临床应用

目的:总结女性膀胱全切患者行原位回肠代膀胱术的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析1998年1月～2006年2月36例女性膀胱全切,原位回肠代膀胱患者的临床资料。36例患者,年龄48～65岁,平均56岁。其中移行细胞癌34例,腺癌2例。原发肿瘤22例,复发性肿瘤14例。多发性非肌层侵犯肿瘤(Ta～T1)12例,浸润性膀胱肿瘤(T2～T3)24例。结果:36例手术平均时间270min(210～330min),输血量平均400ml(0～1000ml)。术后随访6～72个月,平均26个月。术后6个月昼夜控尿率分别为94%(34/36)和92%(33/36)。2例排尿可控过度,需间歇导尿。术后6个月IVU检查无输尿管狭窄和反流。血电解质和肾功能正常,无尿道残端肿瘤复发。结论:原位回肠代膀胱术治疗女性膀胱癌患者临床疗效满意,可作为广泛开展的术式。     

回肠代膀胱与回肠膀胱术的比较及早期并发症探讨

目的　探讨膀胱肿瘤患者膀胱全切术后行回肠代膀胱术与回肠膀胱术的临床治疗效果及术后早期并发症。方法　分析 13 5例膀胱肿瘤患者行膀胱全切术后采用回肠代膀胱术 86例与回肠膀胱术 49例的临床资料 ,就两种术式手术时间、术中出血量、术后早期并发症、平均住院日、再手术率及死亡率等指标进行比较分析。结果　除手术操作时间回肠代膀胱术组 (平均 3 46min)长于回肠膀胱术组 (平均 2 70min)外 ,回肠代膀胱与回肠膀胱术组在术中平均出血量 (660ml与 62 7ml)、术后早期并发症发生率 (18.6%与 16.3 % )、患者平均住院日 (4 7d与 41d)、再手术率 (8.1%与6.1% )及死亡率 (1.2 %与 2 .0 % )等方面差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　回肠代膀胱术是膀胱全切术后膀胱替代的理想术式 ,具有手术安全 ,术后早期并发症少 ,可自主性控制排尿 ,明显提高患者的生活质量而易于接受 ,是值得推荐的膀胱替代手术方式     

改良膀胱全切原位W形回肠膀胱术26例报告

目的评价改良膀胱全切原位W形回肠膀胱术的临床疗效。方法对26例膀胱癌患者行逆行和顺行相结合的全膀胱切除方法，截取40cm带蒂回肠，对肠系膜纵行剖开后W形折叠，缝制成新膀胱，输尿管以乳头法种植于膀胱“三角区”，将贮尿囊完全置于腹膜外；术后随访患者恢复和排尿情况，定期复查生化指标、B超和膀胱排尿造影。结果患者术后均康复，平均随访18个月，白天控尿良好20例，夜间控尿良好18例；5例有不同程度的肾积水和肾功能异常，其中1例出现双肾积水，均行膀胱排尿造影除外返流；无低钾血症和酸中毒。结论改良膀胱全切原位W形回肠膀胱术，具有手术简单、术后并发症少及代膀胱功能良好的特点，是治疗浸润性膀胱癌的理想方法。     

Ileal conduit in era of systemic chemotherapy

The records of 62 patients with invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder whose planned treatment was radical cystectomy with ileal conduit urinary diversion and postoperative systemic chemotherapy were reviewed. Seven of the patients received radical cystectomy but not postoperative chemotherapy as planned, 3 of them (5%) for reasons directly related to complications from the urinary diversion. Fifty-five patients received the planned postoperative chemotherapy. Complications during chemotherapy that were related to the ileal conduit were urinary tract infection in 37 percent and stenosis at the ureteroileal anastomosis requiring percutaneous nephrostomy in 3.6 percent. Chemotherapy was not discontinued in any patient, however, because of complications specifically related to the urinary diversion. We conclude that the ileal conduit is well tolerated by patients who require systemic chemotherapy and is, today, the simplest, safest, and best diversion method when systemic chemotherapy is to follow radical cystoprostatectomy.     

A case of late recurrence of urothelial carcinoma in an ileal conduit after radical cystectomy and ileal conduit diversion for bladder cancer

Recurrence of urothelial cancer in an ileal conduit after radical cystectomy is rare. A 79-year-old man suffered bladder cancer (UC cTisN0M0 G2＞3) and underwent total cystectomy with ileal conduit. He had recurrence of the right renal pelvis carcinoma 6 years after the total cystectomy, and was treated by right radical nephroureterectomy (pT3 G2＝3). The patient had another episode of recurrence in the ileal conduit 13 years after the initial operation. The entire ileal conduit (UC, G3, ew (-)) was resected and left cutaneous ureterostomy was performed. This case suggests that long-term follow-up is necessary after radical cystectomy and ileal conduit for urinary diversion.     

Clinical study of radical cystectomy and urinary reconstruction in elderly patients with bladder cancer

We compared the clinical and functional results of radical cystectomy and urinary reconstructions performed on 19 elderly bladder cancer patients over 75 years old to those on 22 younger patients to determine whether age was one of the critical points for the application of this type of surgery. Between January 1992 and January 1998, bladder substitution was performed after cystectomy using either the Hautmann, Studer or Reddy procedure in 9 of the 19 elderly patients. Urinary diversion was performed after cystectomy using ileal conduit and ureterocutaneostomy procedures in the rest of the patients. On the other hand, bladder substitutions were performed in 11; urinary diversions with continent urinary reservoir in 6 and with ileal conduit in 4 of the 22 younger patients. Neither prolongation of the operation time, nor increase in the amount of bleeding or prolongation of the post-operative hospitalization period was observed in any procedure used for elderly patients in comparison with younger ones. In elderly patients, the average operation time of radical cystectomy with bladder substitution was slightly longer than that of total cystectomy with ileal conduit or ureterocutaneostomy. The post-operative hospitalization period in the case of bladder substitution was similar to that for ileal conduit and ureterocutaneostomy with the difference of only 5 days on average. There were no peri-operative deaths, and early post-operative complications were observed in 3 of 9 cases of the bladder substitution, in 4 of 10 cases of ileal conduit or ureterocutaneostomy. Five cases of bladder substitution maintained their comfortable voiding urine comfortably, while 4 had dysuria and/or urinary incontinence. Over all, late complications occurred in 10 of the elderly patients. The rate and types of complications in the elderly patients were not different from those in the younger patients. The cause-specific survival rate and overall survival rates of the elderly patients were similar to those of the younger patients. In conclusion, indication of cystectomy and selection of urinary reconstruction procedure are not dependent on patient's age, Orthotopic urinary reservoir was found to be useful for even an elderly patient.     

腹腔镜膀胱癌根治加回肠膀胱术

目的:总结腹腔镜下膀胱癌根治加回肠膀胱术的手术方法及临床疗效。方法:2003年6月～2007年5月共行25例腹腔镜下根治性全膀胱切除、双侧盆腔淋巴结清扫加回肠膀胱术,患者平均年龄68岁,全膀胱切除和盆腔淋巴结清扫均在腹腔镜下完成,标本自下腹部小切口取出后,体外切取末端回肠10～15cm,近端闭合并与双侧输尿管吻合,远端造口于右下腹壁。结果:所有手术均顺利完成,手术时间210～320min,平均270min。术中出血220～1000ml,平均460ml。平均每例清扫淋巴结数10个,淋巴结阳性率16.2%,手术切缘均阴性。术后3～5天肠道功能恢复,1例因粘连性肠梗阻于术后1周再行手术探查松解粘连。术后2～3周拔除单J管,无肠漏及尿漏并发症发生。随访2～30个月,1例死于原发病转移,无腹壁造口狭窄发生,3例术后B超或造影显示单侧轻度肾积水和轻度输尿管扩张。结论:腹腔镜膀胱癌根治术具有创伤小,恢复快等优点,但手术难度较大,手术技术要求较高。回肠膀胱术手术操作相对简单,并发症少,可作为腹腔镜膀胱癌根治术后尿流改道可选方式之一。     

The anterior ileal conduit: results of 100 consecutive cases

PURPOSE: The ileal conduit of Bricker is still widely used for urinary diversion after radical cystectomy for bladder carcinoma. We have modified the standard technique with the aim of reducing the complication rate and facilitating treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We leave the conduit in its natural isoperistaltic anterior position, the ureters are anastomosed in an anterior position on their own side, using a short ileum segment. The incision of the peritoneum is made in a particular manner to allow on its closure to extraperitonealize the anastomoses and the bottom of the conduit and to support and fasten the loop. RESULTS: A total of 100 consecutive patients after radical cystectomy for bladder cancer had anterior ileal conduit. The complication rates were 5% temporary ureteroileal leakage, 1% reoperation rate, 5% long-term stenoses and 3% renal function deterioration. The surgical revision and the treatment of ureteroileal stenoses with anterograde percutaneous ureteral stenting were not complicated procedures. A comparison with conventional Bricker series shows a significant decrease in the complication rate. CONCLUSIONS: The anterior ileal conduit reduces the technique complication rate and facilitates the treatment of complications, and it is a recommended operation for these reasons.     

Laparoscopic radical cystectomy with ileal conduit urinary diversion

OBJECTIVE: To report on the surgical technique of laparoscopic radical cystoprostatectomy with ileal conduit urinary diversion. METHODS: A 79 years old man with histologically proven transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder stageT 2b NxMx underwent a laparoscopic radical cystoprostatectomy with ileal conduit urinary diversion. The cystoprostatectomy was performed with laparoscopic technique. Creation of the ileal conduit and the stoma were performed through a mini-laparotomy. Specific technical aspects are described. RESULTS: The procedure was completed laparoscopically. The creation of the ileal conduit and stoma were performed through a mini-laparotomy. The surgical margins were free of disease. There were no intra or postoperative complications. The operative time was 290 min. Estimated blood loss was 380 mL. Hospital stay was 6 days. At 3 months there is no evidence of disease. The patient resumed his normal activity. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic radical cystoprostatectomy with ileal conduit urinary diversion is a feasible option for organ-confined carcinoma of the bladder. The procedure is technically demanding and should be performed in centers with large experience in laparoscopic surgery.     

A comparative study of the ileal conduit, Kock pouch and modified Indiana pouch

Between July 1986 and July 1988, 55 urinary diversion procedures were performed: 18 ileal conduits, 12 Kock pouches and 25 Indiana pouches. The different forms of urinary diversion were compared for patient selection, operative technical demands, postoperative complications, perioperative renal function, and short-term followup including re-hospitalizations, revisions, and pouch function. Patient selection was the same for the ileal conduit and Indiana pouch patients. Kock pouch patients were more highly selected for youth and health status. The operative technical demands of the ileal conduit and Indiana pouch were similar. The average operative time and blood loss for cystectomy and ileal conduit was 5:27 hours and 1290 cc's versus 5:30 hours and 1201 cc's for the Indiana pouch group. Postoperative complications and changes in renal function were similar among all three groups except for an increase in urinary anastomotic leaks in heavily irradiated ileal conduit patients. The ileal conduit patients required no re-hospitalizations or revisions; the Indiana pouch group had four re-hospitalizations and no revisions; the Kock pouch group had nine re-hospitalizations and three revisions. The day and night-time continence rate was 100% in both the Indiana and Kock pouch groups. The Indiana pouch has similar technical demands as the ileal conduit, has similar postoperative complications as the ileal conduit or Kock pouch, and functions well with a low revision rate. We conclude that the modified Indiana pouch can be just as safely and effectively accomplished in any patient requiring an ileal conduit.     

Laparoscopic radical cystectomy with extracorporeal urinary diversion: Preliminary experience

AIM: We present our experience with the fi rst eight patients who underwent laparoscopic radical cystectomy with bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy and extracorporeal urinary diversion. Patients, operative data and the surgical techniques are presented. METHODS: Between June 2003 and April 2004, seven men and one woman with organ-con fi ned muscle-invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder underwent laparoscopic radical cystectomy with urinary diversion. The age range was 41-73 years. Laparoscopic radical cystectomy and bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy were performed using fi ve ports by a transperitoneal approach. An ileal conduit diversion or ileal W-neobladder was constructed through the site of specimen retrieval. RESULTS: We performed eight radical cystectomies with ileal conduits (six cases) or orthotopic ileal W-neobladders (two cases). Conversion to open surgery was necessary in one due to technical dif fi culty in urethroneobladder anastomosis. Mean operating time was 560 min (range 455-680). Mean estimated blood loss was 675 mL (range 400-1050). Two of the eight patients needed blood transfusion (800 mL each). Mean days to oral intake and ambulation was 4.4 (range 2-6) and 4.1 (range 3-5), respectively. Mean hospital stay was 12.8 days (range 7-28). Mean follow up was 6.1 months (range 4-14). Histopathological examination of the specimens revealed stage T2N0M0 in fi ve cases, T3aN0M0 in one, T3aN1M0 in one and T3bN1M0 in one. No metastases have been detected and all are alive and free of disease. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic radical cystectomy is feasible, although dif fi cult and technically demanding, and our results are promising. With more experience and improvement of the surgical technique, laparoscopic radical cystectomy with urinary diversion may become an alternative surgical method for treating the selected patients with localized muscle invasive bladder cancer.