Neurilemoma of the posterior tibial nerve and tarsal tunnel syndrome

Tarsal tunnel syndrome is defined as a compressive neuropathy of the posterior tibial nerve in the tarsal canal. A neurilemoma is an uncommon, benign, encapsulated neoplasm derived from Schwann cells. We present a case of tarsal tunnel syndrome caused by this rare space-occupying lesion.     

高频超声在糖尿病下肢周围神经、血管病变诊断的应用研究

目的 使用高频超声来评估糖尿病足患者的下肢周围神经、血管病变程度,为临床糖尿病下肢周围神经、血管病变的诊断提供依据,为临床选择恰当的治疗方案提供指导.方法 对46例糖尿病足患者（共59侧,A组）和健康志愿者89例（共178侧,B组）进行高频超声检查,测量踝管处胫后动脉内径、胫后动脉血流速度、胫神经横截面积.结果 胫后动脉内径A组为（1.56±0.31）mm,B组为（2.21±0.49）mm,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;胫后动脉血流速度A组为（33.53±13.33） cm/s,B组为（47.6±9.44）cm/s,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）;胫神经横截面积A组为（3.55±0.58）mm2,B组为（2.85±0.28）mm2,两组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.01）.高频超声检查提示：A组胫后动脉内径明显缩小、胫后动脉血流速度明显减低,胫神经水肿明显.结论 糖尿病足患者高频超声检查有明显胫后动脉内径缩小、胫后动脉血流速度减低、胫神经水肿者,内科治疗控制血糖后应及时手术治疗.     

跖管综合症的诊断和治疗

报告了跖管综合症3例,全部手术证实,结合跖管部位的解剖,分析了发生该症的病因、症状和体征,提出治疗意见。     

Fibromyalgia and Tinel's sign in the foot

In the physical examination of the patient suspected of having tarsal tunnel syndrome, the podiatric physician relies on Tinel's sign: tapping the posterior tibial nerve in the tarsal tunnel should produce a distally radiating sensation if the nerve is pathologically compressed at this location. The American College of Rheumatology recognizes fibromyalgia as a condition characterized by multiple "tender points" on physical examination. This report compares the locations of the 18 critical diagnostic fibromyalgia points with known sites of anatomical entrapment of peripheral nerves in the lower extremity. We also describe a patient with both fibromyalgia and tarsal tunnel syndrome. Tinel's sign in the lower extremity is a valid technique for assessing peripheral nerve compression in the patient with fibromyalgia.     

Morphological and functional changes in the diabetic peripheral nerve: using diagnostic ultrasound and neurosensory testing to select candidates for nerve decompression

It has been hypothesized that in individuals with diabetes mellitus the peripheral nerve is swollen owing to increased water content related to increased aldose reductase conversion of glucose to sorbitol. It has further been hypothesized that the tibial nerve in the tarsal tunnel is at risk for chronic nerve compression related to this swelling. We used diagnostic ultrasound to evaluate this hypothesis. Cross-sectional areas of the tibial nerve were measured in diabetic patients with neuropathy and compared with previously reported measurements in nondiabetic patients and diabetic patients without neuropathy. We used the Pressure-Specified Sensory Device (Sensory Management Services LLC, Baltimore, Maryland) to document the presence of neuropathy in 24 diabetic patients (48 limbs). Previous studies have found that the cross-sectional area of the tibial nerve in nondiabetic patients and in diabetic patients without neuropathy is not significantly different. We found that the mean cross-sectional area of the tibial nerve in diabetic patients with neuropathy is significantly greater than that in diabetic patients without neuropathy (24.0 versus 12.0 mm(2)). Our study highlights the value of newer ultrasound imaging techniques in identifying morphological change in the tibial nerve and confirms that the tibial nerve in the tarsal tunnel is swollen, consistent with chronic compression, in diabetic patients with neuropathy.     

带筋膜蒂跟骨瓣转位修复的应用解剖

在３０侧成人下肢标本上，观察了跟骨内侧和上腿内侧下１／３筋膜血管来源与分布情况，其中分布到跟骨内侧的滋养动脉主要来自足底外侧动脉与胫后动脉的分支，分别发出３～９支和２～５支外径０．６±０．４ｍｍ的骨支。小腿内侧下１／３筋膜的血供来自胫后动脉的肌间隙筋膜皮动脉，有１～３支，外径０．８±０．５ｍｍ。踝管区的骨皮支与肌间隙动脉的下行支相吻合。根据供区解剖学规律，充分利用筋膜血管明显纵向分布的特点，设计带筋膜蒂跟骨瓣，转位修复内踝骨折、骨不连。     

改良后侧入路治疗胫骨平台后侧骨折疗效观察

[摘要]　目的　探讨经改良后侧入路治疗胫骨平台后侧骨折的疗效。　方法　自2011年7月至2014年4月大连医科大学附属第二医院确诊并收治了胫骨平台后侧骨折21例,其中男13例,女8例;年龄39～55岁（平均45.8岁）;其中17例为单纯后柱骨折,4例合并内侧或外侧柱骨折,单纯后柱骨折中8例患者为后内侧骨折,5例患者为后外侧骨折,4例患者同时累及后内和后外侧。用改良后侧手术入路术式切开复位内固定治疗胫骨平台后侧骨折。本组患者中有4例合并内侧柱或者外侧柱骨折,取“漂浮”体位,采用前内或者前外侧联合入路。采用DeCoster 提出的评价方法对术后即刻复位情况进行评价。采用美国特种医院 （the hospital for special surgery,HSS）膝关节评分标准对术后12个月患膝功能进行分析。　结果　21例患者手术切口愈合良好;术后即刻X线复查,骨折复位良好。本组患者均获得长时间随访,随访时间12～22（平均16.2）个月。患者10～12周开始部分负重锻炼,骨折愈合后可逐渐完全负重锻炼,骨折愈合时间12～15（平均13）周,无骨延迟愈合、不愈合、内固定失效、关节僵硬,无膝关节内、外翻畸形等并发症。术后12个月复查膝关节的屈伸度平均为5°～130°,根据美国特种医院膝关节评分平均87.2分（65～94分）,优良率为90.5%。　结论　经改良后侧入路治疗胫骨平台后髁骨折操作简单、骨折暴露充分,固定切实可靠,术后可早期功能锻炼,并发症少,临床效果满意。     

前跗管的解剖和前跗管综合征

本文报道10例前跗管综合征患者,并对25只新鲜成人足的前跗管应用显微解剖的方法进行了研究。发病原因为足背严重挫伤、束紧鞋带、前跗管内骨赘及腱鞘囊肿、空凹足等。腓深神经在前跗管内受压为发病的主要因素。除临床特征外,肌电图检查在鉴别诊断中很有帮助。我们对8例9只足进行了减压手术,经1.5～4年随访,证明效果良好。     

多排螺旋CT及后处理技术在胫骨平台后缘骨折诊断中的价值

目的 探讨多排螺旋CT及后处理技术在胫骨平台后缘骨折诊断中的价值.方法 对2012年10月至2015年9月收治的38例外伤后DR平片诊断胫骨平台后缘骨折、可疑骨折或平片显示阴性但患者局部症状明显且临床高度怀疑骨折者行螺旋CT扫描及后处理重建并与DR平片结果对照.结果 DR平片确诊胫骨平台后缘骨折25例,可疑骨折8例,阴性5例.螺旋CT确诊36例,阴性2例.螺旋CT及多平面重建和容积重建显示骨折的部位、范围及关节面塌陷程度等方面更具有优势.结论 螺旋CT及后处理技术对于胫骨平台后缘骨折的确诊较平片有明显优势,对于骨折的临床处理有重要指导意义.     

可吸收螺钉治疗后交叉韧带胫骨止点骨折的疗效评价

目的 探讨膝关节后交叉韧带胫骨止点骨折可吸收螺钉内固定术的疗效及操作方法.方法 对16例后交叉韧带胫骨止点骨折采用后侧入路国产PDLLA可吸收螺钉内固定术,术后定期随访并进行Lysholm膝关节功能评分.结果 术后6～12个月随访结果:16例骨折均愈合,抽屉试验阴性,Lysholm评分平均92分.结论 对有移位的后交叉韧带胫骨止点骨折行后路可吸收螺钉内固定术疗效可靠,操作简便,不需特殊设备,不需二次手术取内固定物.     

Avulsion fractures of tibial tuberosity in adolescents. Treatment with closed reduction and percutaneous screwing, using MRI to identify combined intraarticular lesions

Avulsion fracture of the tibial tuberosity is an uncommon lesion generally seen in adolescents. Intra-articular lesions combined with a tibial tuberosity fracture reported in the literature are; 3 patellar tendon ruptures, 2 anterior cruciate ligament tears, 2 medial collateral ligament tears, 2 medial meniscus tears, one arcuate ligament tear, and one lateral meniscus tear. In our study, both cases sustained an avulsion fracture of the tibial tuberosity. Preoperative MRI in one case revealed posterior cruciate ligament rupture. Under the image intensifier, we treated both patients by closed reduction and percutaneous screwing with 2 cancellous screws. Radiographic assessment showed complete healing of the avulsion fractures in both cases. Both of our patients gained previous levels of daily and sporting activity prior to the injury, and were completely asymptomatic. Our objective in reporting this case study is to point to the fact that there is no previous reporting of the avulsion fracture of the tibial tuberosity accompanied by posterior cruciate ligament rupture in the literature and to evaluate the findings of the minimal invasive treatment method we applied to both cases.     

Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction: a review

Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction is a progressive deformity that can result in the development of a pathologic flatfoot deformity. Numerous publications have studied the effects of clinical interventions at specific stages of progression of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction, but there is still uncertainty regarding the clinical identification of the condition. It is clear that more information regarding the etiology, progression, and risk factors of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction is required. Clear evidence exists that suggests that the quality of life for patients with posterior tibial tendon dysfunction is significantly affected. Furthermore, evidence suggests that early conservative intervention can significantly improve quality of life regarding disability, function, and pain. This would suggest that significant cost burden reductions could be made by improving awareness of the condition, which would improve early diagnosis. Early conservative intervention may help reduce the number of patients requiring surgery. This review focuses on the etiologic factors, epidemiologic features, and pathogenesis of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction. It aims to analyze, discuss, and debate the current understanding of this condition using the available literature. In addition, there is a discussion of the evidence base surrounding disease characteristics associated with the different clinical stages of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction.     

经皮胫神经电刺激治疗对国人女性药物难治性膀胱过度活动症的临床疗效

[目的]观察经皮胫神经电刺激（percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation,PTNS）治疗国人女性药物难治性膀胱过度活动症（overactive bladder,OAB）的疗效。[方法]将128例国人女性OAB患者随机分成两组,分别采用PTNS（每周1次）、口服M受体阻滞剂（酒石酸托特罗定2mg,2次/d）,共持续3个月,观察治疗前后OAB症状评分、日排尿次数、日尿失禁次数等指标并对M受体药物治疗组疗效不满意的25例患者行PTNS治疗。[结果]M受体组、PTNS组治疗前后组内患者在OAB症状评分、日排尿次数和日尿失禁次数上均有显著性改善（P〈0.05）,但在M受体组和PTNS组间OAB症状评分、日排尿次数和日尿失禁次数在治疗改善上均无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。25例药物难治性OAB患者OAB症状评分由PTNS治疗前的（25.4±4.9）下降到治疗结束后的（17.2±3.1）,前后差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。[结论]PTNS治疗可显著改善国人女性OAB患者的排尿功能障碍,对于药物治疗无效或者疗效不满意的患者再行PTNS治疗也是可行有效的。     

后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折的手术治疗

目的探讨和分析后交叉韧带撕脱骨折手术治疗的临床疗效。方法采用手术治疗36例后交叉韧带撕脱骨折,其中男26例,女10例,年龄24-55岁,平均32.6岁,根据骨折的类型,分别采用不同的手术方式,术后护支固定,积极进行功能锻炼。采用Lysholm膝关节功能评分评价术后膝关节功能恢复情况。结果所有患者均获得随访,随访时间12-38个月,平均26个月,术后8周所有骨折均愈合,切口均I级愈合,无感染及神经、血管损伤等并发症,Lysholm膝关节功能评分为93.6±8.9,所有患者对术后恢复情况均表示满意。结论手术治疗后交叉韧带撕脱骨折可以恢复膝关节的稳定性,能够取得良好的临床疗效。     

发生后踝骨折的两种不同类型骨折的比较

目的 探讨胫骨螺旋形骨折合并后踝骨折与后踝发生骨折的单纯踝关节骨折的区别.方法 回顾性调查1685例成人胫腓骨骨干骨折、1871例单纯踝关节骨折,埘这两种骨折中存在后踝骨折的患者的致伤原因、损伤机制等进行分析.结果 1685例胫骨干骨折患者中.胫骨干骨折合并踝关节骨折患者82例,其中28例为胫骨螺旋形骨折合并后踝骨折,28例患者平均年龄(41.1±11.8)岁.单纯踝关节骨折患者1871例,发生后踝骨折患者330例,330例患者平均年龄(42.6±15.9)岁.胫骨干骨折合并踝关节骨折中后踝骨折的发生率大于单纯踝关节骨折中后踝骨折的发生率.胫骨螺旋形骨折合并后踝骨折与有后踝骨折的单纯踝关节骨折的外踝与后踝同时骨折发生率、腓骨骨折线位置比较差异有统计学意义.结论 胫骨螺旋形骨折合并后踝骨折是一种有规律的特殊类型骨折,这种骨折与单纯踝关节骨折中存在的后踝骨折在受伤机制、治疗原则方面有本质区别.     

侧后方入路治疗胫骨平台后髁骨折17例

目的探讨膝关节侧后方入路治疗胫骨平台后髁骨折的手术效果。方法对2004-01～2009．06收治的17例胫骨平台后髁骨折患者采用后内侧和后外侧人路治疗,评价其内固定方式和术后临床疗效。结果17例患者均获随访,时间为13～21（15．3±2）个月。患者膝关节功能评定按Hohl评分标准,优13例,良4例。复查x线片骨折复位良好,关节面未见明显塌陷及内外翻情况。结论经后外侧或后内侧入路可充分暴露胫骨平台后髁,减少前方入路大范围剥离所带来的软组织并发症,直视下骨折块可以获得良好复位和牢固固定,充分防止力线的改变和骨折的再移位,有利于患者良好的膝关节功能恢复。     

应用后内侧微侵袭小切口治疗后交叉韧带胫骨点撕脱骨折

目的:探讨后内侧微侵袭小切口治疗后交叉韧带胫骨点撕脱骨折的手术方法及疗效。方法:回顾分析27例应用后内侧微侵袭小切口手术治疗后交叉韧带胫骨点撕脱骨折的病例。结果:全部病例获得随访,骨折1期愈合,Lysholm评分术后均较术前明显提高。结论:应用后内侧微侵袭小切口治疗后交叉韧带胫骨点撕脱骨折安全、创伤小,操作简单,固定可靠。     

经腓肠肌内侧入路治疗复杂的后交叉韧带撕脱骨折

目的:探讨经腓肠肌内侧入路治疗复杂的后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折的手术方法及疗效。方法:采用经腓肠肌内侧入路切开复位、空心螺钉置入治疗复杂的后交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折9例。均为新鲜闭合性骨折。结果:本组手术过程顺利,住院期间无下肢深静脉血栓形成、血管神经损伤及感染等并发症发生。9例患者均获得随访,随访时间6-18个月,平...     

硬腭黏膜移植修复眼睑后层缺损的疗效观察

目的观察硬腭黏膜移植修复眼睑后层(睑板结膜)缺损的效果及安全性。方法回顾性分析17例接受自体硬腭黏膜移植修复的眼睑后层缺损患者的临床及随访资料。17例患者中,男性10例(10眼),女性7例(7眼),年龄21~79岁;眼睑肿瘤切除术后一期修复10例,化学伤后眼睑内翻倒睫2例,外伤后眼睑缺损3例,结膜囊成形术佩戴义眼片后眼睑退缩2例;上睑缺损9例,下睑缺损8例。术后随访检查指标包括眼睑的形态、角膜刺激症状及裂隙灯下观察角膜上皮等。结果病例术后随访3个月至3年。随访结果显示:所有患者眼睑形态良好;接受下睑缺损修复者术后无明显不适;接受上睑缺损修复的部分患者术后早期可有眼部充血、异物感等不适症状,裂隙灯检查可见角膜上皮脱落,经局部对症治疗后症状逐渐消失。结论硬腭黏膜具有完整的黏膜上皮组织及与睑板相似的坚韧度,可有效修复眼睑后层的缺损,且对下睑有良好的支撑作用。     

股骨前髁偏距变化和胫骨平台后倾角对全膝关节置换术后关节屈曲度的影响

目的探讨股骨前髁偏距变化和胫骨平台后倾角对全膝关节置换术后关节屈曲度的影响。方法测量41例43膝骨关节炎终末期行TKA手术患者手术前后股骨前髁偏距(ACO)、术后胫骨平台后倾角(PSA);并采用配对t检验分析手术前后股骨前髁偏距(ACO)变化情况,采用方差分析分析术后胫骨平台后倾角(PSA)与术后膝关节最大屈曲度之间的关系。结果 ACO术前大于术后组的患者术后膝关节最大屈曲度明显好于ACO术前小于术后组(P0.05)。术后胫骨平台PSA 7°～9°组术后膝关节屈曲功能最好。结论①股骨ACO变化对术后膝关节屈曲功能有影响。②术后胫骨平台PSA7～9°膝关节屈曲功能好。