社区居民社会支持的初步调查研究

目的了解社区居民社会支持对心理健康的影响,为社区心理卫生服务及社区卫生服务的管理提供科学依据。方法采用社会支持评定量表,对武汉市某社区居民200人进行调查。结果不同年龄组的社区居民在社会支持总分、主观支持、支持利用度平均分上存在显著性差异;社区居民男女在社会支持各项得分不存在性别差异;社会支持中主观、客观支持、支持利用度与支持总分之间呈显著性正相关。结论社区居民社会支持不存在性别差异;不同年龄的社区居民社会支持水平不相一致。     

Sociodemographic Correlates of Alcohol Consumption Among African-American and White Women

Correlates of abstention and heavier drinking were examined among 654 African-American and 474 white women, aged 19-70+, from a representative sample of households in Erie County, New York. Discriminant function analysis was employed to investigate the relationship between alcohol consumption and race, age, church attendance, family history of alcohol problems, household density, marriage, socioeconomic status (SES), employment and parity. Abstention was compared with drinking, and light/moderate drinking was compared with heavier drinking in the total sample and within each race. Compared to drinkers, abstainers were older, more religious, more likely to be African-American, or to be of lower SES. Racial differences in the correlates of abstention were found with respect to church attendance (positive association in African- Americans only), SES (negative association in African-Americans only), and household density (positive association in whites only). Compared to light/moderate drinkers, heavier drinking women were younger, less religious, more likely to be white, to have a positive family history, or to live in less crowded households. Racial differences in the correlates of heavier drinking were found with respect to church attendance (negative association in African-Americans only), parity (positive association in African-Americans only), and marital status (more heavier drinking among unmarried white women). Racial differences in the correlates of alcohol consumption document the need for further examination of the culture-specific determinants of women's drinking patterns.     

我国男男性行为人群抑郁症状检出情况

  目的  了解青少年女同性恋人群抑郁状况,并分析其与领悟社会支持的关系,为预防女同性恋抑郁提供参考。  方法   2018年7 — 12月,由北京Lespark组织（女同性恋组织）联系并招募研究对象,通过问卷星进行匿名网络问卷调查。  结果  160名青少年女同性恋中,报告有抑郁症状的占56.9 %（91人）;总社会支持得分为（58.25 ± 13.39）分,领悟社会支持高水平者占45.6 %（90人）,其中家庭支持、朋友支持和其他支持得分分别为（17.96 ± 5.64）分、（20.64 ± 4.86）分和（19.65 ± 5.28）分。领悟社会支持水平与抑郁状况有关（OR = 0.930,95 % CI = 0.898～0.964）。  结论   青少年女同性恋者抑郁症状普遍,且抑郁与领悟社会支持水平有关,其家庭、朋友和社会应积极关注女同性恋者,给予足够的社会支持和心理辅导,预防其抑郁问题的产生。     

Social Support and Psychological Well‐Being in Lesbian and Heterosexual Preadoptive Couples

Abstract: This study examines predictors of social support and mental health among 36 lesbian and 39 heterosexual couples who were waiting to adopt. Lesbian preadoptive partners perceived less support from family than heterosexual partners but similar levels of support from friends. Lesbian and heterosexual partners reported similar levels of well‐being. Aspects of the adoption process were associated with anxiety, whereas couples’ conception history was associated with depression. Adoption practitioners should acknowledge these distinct pathways in prevention efforts.     

Complexities of Informal Social Support Arrangements for Black Lesbian Couples

This qualitative study examined how Black lesbian couples receive informal social support from their social networks. Guided by an integrated framework of symbolic interactionism and Black feminist theory, interviews were conducted with 11 Black lesbian couples (22 individuals) in committed relationships. Using grounded theory methodology, it was found that Black lesbian couples received informal social support from different sources, but that this support was provided to individuals as a means of sustaining individuals' roles as daughters and mothers. Although extended families actively fulfilled perceived family obligations, they negated the existence of lesbian individuals' sexual identity, intimate relationships, and families built with lesbian partners. Friends, church communities, and gay and lesbian communities did not validate Black lesbian couplehood or families headed by Black lesbian couples, but served as supportive sites for individuals. Black lesbian couples responded to social invisibility by engaging in self‐validating processes and limiting access to their families.     

The influence of the quality and quantity of social support in the promotion of community participation following stroke

Background: Community participation for a client who has sustained a stroke often requires the client to make adjustments, adaptations, and compensations for residual impairments or disability following stroke rehabilitation. The ability to make these needed adjustments, adaptations, and compensations often require a client‐centred assistance from an occupational therapist ( Rogers, 2006 ). Assessment of environmental factors, such as social support, is one avenue an occupational therapist may consider in the provision of client‐centred assistance. As such, the purpose of this study was to examine the impact of social support on community participation after stroke. Methods: Ninety‐five stroke survivors were interviewed at home 3 to 6 months postdischarge from a rehabilitation hospital. Multivariate analysis was used to determine the effects of social support on community participation, as measured by the Reintegration to Normal Living Index, following stroke rehabilitation. Quality and quantity of social support were measured using the Social Support Inventory for People with Acquired Disabilities. Results: The quality of social support did not have a greater relationship to community participation than the quantity of social support, as hypothesised. As main effects, both quality (P = 0.03) and quantity (P = 0.004) of social support were found to be significant. Quality and quantity of social support explained 31% and 35% of the variance, respectively, with regard to community participation, indicating moderately strong relationships to the dependent variable. However, the results of bivariate analyses indicate that for people who had sustained a stroke, community participation was more related to their functional limitation (P = 0.001), rather than to the support that was available to them. Conclusions: Assessment and development of social support as a component of occupational therapy intervention may improve the degree of community participation for people with stroke.     

Minority stress and community connectedness among gay,lesbian and bisexual Australians: a comparison of rural and metropolitan localities

Objective: To determine whether lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) Australians residing in rural‐remote and other non‐inner metropolitan localities experience increased levels of minority stress and reduced social support relative to their inner metropolitan counterparts. Methods: A convenience sample of (n=1306) LGB Australians completed an online survey that assessed minority stressors, level of connection with other LGB individuals and social isolation. Postcodes provided were coded into three metropolitan and two rural zones. A series of hierarchical regression analyses were undertaken to examine the effect of locality on minority stress and social support independent of sex, age, ethnicity, education and income. Results: Those residing in rural‐remote localities reported significantly increased concealment of sexuality from friends, more concern regarding disclosure of sexuality, less LGB community involvement, fewer friendships with other LGB people and, among men, higher levels of internalised homophobia than those residing in inner metropolitan areas. Unexpectedly, those residing in outer metropolitan areas of major cities experienced comparable levels of minority stress and LGB disconnection to those in rural and remote Australia. Conclusions: LGB individuals in rural‐remote and outer metropolitan areas of major cities face increased exposure to a number of minority stressors and less LGB community connectedness. These are risk factors associated with psychiatric morbidity in LGB populations. Implications: Health promotion targeted at reducing homophobia and discrimination in rural‐remote and outer metropolitan communities and additional services to assist LGB Australians struggling with stigma and isolation in non‐inner city areas may help mitigate the disadvantages faced by these LGB populations.     

社区居民社会支持与应付方式的相关研究

目的了解社区居民社会支持、应付方式及其相互关系,为社区心理卫生服务及其社区卫生服务的管理提供科学依据。方法采用应付方式问卷和社会支持评定量表,对武汉市某社区居民200人进行调查。结果不同年龄组的社区居民在合理化因子、主观支持、支持利用度上存在显著性差异;社区居民男女在应付方式的各因子及社会支持各项得分不存在性别差异;社会支持各项与解决问题、求助呈正相关并有显著性意义;社会支持各项与自责、幻想、退避、合理化呈负相关。结论社区居民应付方式和社会支持不存在性别差异,但存在年龄差异;社区居民的社会支持与应付方式存在相关。     

Eating disorders in diverse lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations

OBJECTIVE: This study estimates the prevalence of eating disorders in lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) men and women, and examines the association between participation in the gay community and eating disorder prevalence in gay and bisexual men. METHOD: One hundred and twenty six white heterosexuals and 388 white, black, Latino LGB men and women were sampled from community venues. DSM-IV diagnoses of anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating disorder were assessed using the World Health Organization's Composite International Diagnostic Interview. RESULTS: Gay and bisexual men had significantly higher prevalence estimates of eating disorders than heterosexual men. There were no differences in eating disorder prevalence between lesbian and bisexual women and heterosexual women, or across gender or racial groups. Attending a gay recreational group was significantly related to eating disorder prevalence in gay and bisexual men. CONCLUSION: Researchers should study the causes of the high prevalence of eating disorders among gay and bisexual men.     

Examining Social Support Among Adult Children of Incarcerated Parents

Parental incarceration is related to many challenges and risks, yet we know little about resilience among this population. This study examined how social support contributed to the resilience of a sample of adult children of incarcerated parents. In‐depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 32 college students who had experienced parental incarceration during their childhoods. Social support from caring adults, including caregivers, incarcerated parents, grandparents, older siblings, teachers, and coaches helped facilitate success in light of parental criminality and incarceration. In particular, these adults promoted resilience in 3 ways: (a) providing access to conventional activities, (b) supporting a vision of a better life, and (c) encouraging turning points. Implications for those who work with children of incarcerated parents are discussed.     

Patterns of Social Support Among Lymphoma Patients Considering Stem Cell Transplantation

There is lack of literature addressing factors that influence the process of care for patients with hematological malignancies. We evaluated the forms of social support available for patients with relapsed lymphoma considering stem cell transplantation and examined the influence of support on treatment delay. Data were collected from 119 patients with relapsed lymphoma using a questionnaire to capture sociodemographic information and emotional, informational, and instrumental forms of social support. Sixty-four percent of the patients were married, 56% had children over 18 years of age, 43% were employed, and 72% had private health insurance. Family members formed a major source of emotional support (83%), while 47% of patients considered personal prayers to be important. While 79% of patients received clinical support from nurses, few received formal group support or formal peer support (6.7% and 1.7% respectively). Support from extended family and peer groups reduced the likelihood of treatment delays. The potential benefits of peer group support should be reinforced for patients considering transplantation given how infrequent this form of social support is utilized and its positive impact on the process of care. Future studies should test the impact of social support on health outcomes especially among the underserved population.     

The Effects of Alcohol Abuse Among the New Chronically Mentally Ill

In recent years, there has been a growing recongition of the high incidence of alcohol abuse among the new generation of chronically mentally ill. This article reports on a study that tracked a subgroup of the chronically mentally ill, those discharged from state psychiatric hospitals, through an entire community mental health aftercare system and its major auxiliary human service agencies. Those who were assessed by hospital discharge social workers as having a need for alcoholism services were found to be less likely to be referred for aftercare and to make contact with aftercare agencies post discharge; and for those with an alcoholism problem who do make contact, they generally received less service than those who did not have a need for alcoholism services. The professionals in both the mental health and alcholism fields need to work together to better meet the needs of the chronically mentally ill with an alcohol problem.     

Between stigma and pink positivity: women's perceptions of social interactions during and after breast cancer treatment

This study explores women's perceptions of social interaction during and after their treatment for early stage breast cancer. An analysis of interviews with 24 women between 6 months and 29 years post‐diagnosis reveals that interactions can be influenced by conflicting public discourses surrounding breast cancer. For example, there is the continuing association of cancer with death and the resulting potential for a stigmatised identity. In contrast is the ultra‐positive discourse around cancer survivorship, with breast cancer in particular being associated with pink campaigning and a push towards positive thinking. Participants described managing conversations during treatment; sometimes playing down their private suffering and presenting a positive (public) image rather than risk alienating support. After treatment they were encouraged to move on and get back to ‘normal’. While other breast cancer patients and survivors were often good sources of support, there was also a danger of assuming that all experiences would be the same. We present data to illustrate that women often present public accounts that are driven by an expectation of positivity and fear of stigmatisation at all stages of breast cancer treatment and beyond.     

Social networks, social support, personal empowerment, and the adaptation of psychiatric consumers/survivors: Path analytic models

In this paper, we examine the relationships between social network characteristics, personal empowerment, social support, and adaptation of psychiatric consumer/survivors. Using path model analyses, we found that: (1) personal empowerment had statistically significant direct effects on positive affect, meaningful activity, and negative affect; (2) positive social support mediated the relationship between the proportion of women in consumer/survivors' networks and positive affect and meaningful activity; and (3) negative social interaction mediated the relationship between consumer/survivors' gender and negative affect. The results point out the importance of gender effects in social support processes, the differential association between type of social interaction (positive vs negative) and adaptation indices (positive vs negative), and the importance of personal empowerment for consumer/survivors' adaptation. We discuss the findings in terms of their implications for further research and community-based housing programmes for psychiatric consumer/survivors.     

Postnatal Quality of Life,Depressive Symptoms,and Social Support Among Women in Southern India

Evaluation of postnatal quality of life (QOL) has remained a poorly researched area in India. The present cross-sectional study assessed postnatal QOL, using the Mother Generated Index (MGI) and its associated risk factors, and was conducted during January–March 2013 among 274 mothers, 6–8 weeks postnatally. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to evaluate sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics and social support. Depressive symptoms were assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and QOL using the MGI. The vast majority (90.1 percent) of respondents in our study had a primary MGI score <5, those with significantly higher prevalence of physical problems and psychological distress. A total of 39.8 percent of respondents were screened as having other (not major) depressive symptoms and 4.7 percent as having major depressive symptoms. Multiple regression analysis revealed that age (β = 0.033, p = .018) and socioeconomic status (β = 0.156, p < .001) were significantly positively associated with QOL, while increased depressive symptom scores (β = ?0.075, p < .001) were significantly negatively associated with QOL. A wide spectrum of QOL aspects were reported, including physical, emotional, social, and economic concerns by the mothers. Prevention, evaluation, and treatment of postnatal depressive symptoms and impaired QOL are warranted, taking into account the role of various biopsychosocial risk factors and specific concerns raised by the mothers.     

Colorectal Cancer Screening Among Midwestern Community-Based Residents: Indicators Of Success

Screening reduces the rate of death and morbidity resulting from CRC. Although CRC screening rates are low relative to other cancer screening tests, rates appear to be increasing: In 2004, 57% of adults ≥ 50 years reported up-to-date CRC screening test use; 14 states and Washington DC showed rates in excess of 60%. Identification of indicators of success and challenges remaining are important for universal goal achievement. The purpose of this study was to identify system and individual-level indicators of up-to-date CRC screening in a geographic area that reports higher uptake rates. Random-digit-dialing methods were used to survey a population-based community sample (N = 1033) of Midwestern adults ages 50 to 79 for CRC screening uptake in spring 2005. Adjusted odds ratio estimates were obtained using multivariate logistic regression. In total, about 62.6% of the sample reported up-to-date CRC screening. Compliant attitudes toward physicians’ screening recommendations were important indicators for up-to-date CRC screening; other individual-level psychosocial factors included beliefs about testing responsibility and testing safety. Non-current CRC screening was linked with testing anxiety and lack of perceived need for healthy people to test. System-level indicators associated with up-to-date CRC screening included reliance on physicians as the primary source for health information, family/personal history of bowel disease, regular physician visits, and participation in other cancer screening tests, controlling for age. Although population-based studies generally emphasize health system-level factors, individual-level attitudes such as feelings of responsibility to screen and adherence to physicians’ screening recommendations are important contributors to up-to-date CRC screening patterns.     

癌症患者社会支持水平与生存质量的相关性

目的 探讨社会支持与癌症患者生存质量的相关性,以使癌症患者获得广泛的社会支持,提高他们的生存质量。方法 以整群抽样的方法,采用世界卫生组织生存质量评定量表(World Health Organization Quality of Life with 100 question,WHOQOL-100)及社会支持量表(SSRS)对352例癌症患者进行调查评估。结果 与对照组相比,癌症患者各个领域的生存质量指标均低下,生存质量与社会支持呈现显著的正相关。结论 社会支持可以做为心理干预的手段之一,帮助患者树立抗癌信心,使其保持豁达乐观的情绪,提高他们的生存质量。     

Supportive Relationships with Church Members Among African Americans*

Abstract: This study proposed and tested a model of informal church support networks among African Americans. Consistent with research in family relations, age and gender were significantly associated with the frequency of interaction with church members. In addition, the degree of subjective closeness and the frequency of interaction were both significantly associated with the frequency of receiving support from church members, suggesting that conceptualizations of family solidarity may extend to church networks. Practice implications emphasize the importance of recognizing church members as integral members of the informal networks of African Americans.