脑胶质瘤中纤维连接蛋白及其整合素β1受体的表达

目的探讨脑胶质瘤中纤维连接蛋白（FN）及其整合素β1受体蛋白（β1 integrin）表达的临床病理联系。方法用免疫组化S-P法检测56例胶质瘤组织中FN和整合素β1的表达情况,并进行相关临床病理分析。结果（1）胶质瘤组织问质血管壁FN染色随级别增高而增厚（P〈0.01）,且血管厚度在复发病例组明显高于无复发组（P〈0．05）。恶性程度高的Ⅲ级与Ⅳ级胶质瘤组织中还可见基质弥散阳性染色。（2）FN和整合素β1在胶质瘤中阳性表达率分别为30．36％（17／56）和39．29％（22／56）,并均随肿瘤级别增加而增高（P〈0.05,P〈0．01）,两者表达存在相关性（rs=0．312,P〈0．05）。复发病例FN和整合素β1阳性表达率（68．42％,57．89％）均高于无复发组（10．81％,29．73％）（P〈0．01,P〈0．05）。结论FN及其整合素β1受体在胶质瘤组织中的高表达促进了胶质瘤的恶性进展,两者可能成为有价值的判断胶质瘤恶性程度及预后的指标。     

Survivin和APC蛋白在原发性胆囊癌中的表达及意义

目的：研究survivin和APC蛋白在原发性胆囊癌中的表达情况，并分析其与病理特征可能关系。方法：收集胆囊癌标本50例、胆囊腺瘤20例、慢性胆囊炎20例。应用免疫组织化学方法检测survivin蛋白和APC蛋白的表达情况，同时收集胆囊癌患者的病理资料，并将结果进行分析。结果：（1）survivin蛋白在胆囊癌、胆囊腺瘤及慢性胆囊炎组织中阳性表达率分别为64％（32／50）、20％（4／20）和10％（2／20），差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。胆囊癌组与胆囊腺瘤组及胆囊炎组比较差异均具有显著性（P〈0．05）。Survivin阳性表达与病理资料均无明显相关性（P〉0．05）。（2）APC蛋白在胆囊癌、胆囊腺瘤及慢性胆囊炎组的阳性表达率分别为48％（24／50）、85％（17／20）及90％（18／20），差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。胆囊癌组阳性表达率显著低于胆囊腺瘤组和慢性胆囊炎组（P〈0．05）。APC蛋白的表达水平与患者的病理资料均无明显相关性（P〉0．05）。（3）Survivin阳性表达与APC蛋白表达呈明显负相关（rs=-0．530，P=0．000）。结论：胆囊癌组Survivin蛋白的表达显著高于胆囊腺瘤及胆囊炎组，说明凋亡可能在胆囊癌的发生中起重要作用；survivin和APC蛋白在胆囊癌中的表达呈明显的相关性，可能在胆囊癌的发生中起协同作用。     

神经胶质瘤Ki-67、PTEN和survivin表达的临床研究

目的研究神经胶质瘤组织中Ki-67基因、PTEN和survivin表达及其临床意义。方法收集神经胶质瘤组织和神经胶质瘤旁正常脑组织,采用免疫组化检测Ki-67,PTEN和survivin的表达,并分析它们的表达与患者性别、临床分级、肿瘤部位和Kemohan分类之间的关系。结果在正常脑组织中,Ki-67和survivin表达均为阴性,PTEN表达均为阳性。在神经胶质瘤中,PTEN表达明显降低（JP〈0．05）,Ki-67（P〈0．01）和survivin（P〈0．01）表达明显增高。神经胶质瘤中,Ki-67,PTEN和survivin阳性表达在性别、临床分级、肿瘤部位和Kemohan分类间均无统计学差异（P〉0．05）,但Ki-67阳性表达与survivin（r=-0．398,P〈0．05）和PTEN阳性表达（r=-0．388,P〈0．05）呈负相关。结论在神经胶质瘤组织中PTEN的阳性表达率显著降低,而Ki-67和survivin阳性表达率显著高于正常脑组织,提示测定Ki-67,PTEN和survivin表达情况对研究神经胶质瘤的发生发展有一定参考价值。     

膀胱移行细胞癌中fhit基因和survivin基因的表达和意义

目的探讨fhit基因和survivin基因在膀胱移行细胞癌中的表达和意义。方法用免疫组化S-P法检测62例膀胱移行细胞癌组织及10例正常膀胱粘膜组织中fhit蛋白和survivin蛋白的表达。结果10例正常膀胱粘膜组织中fhit蛋白表达均为阳性，survivin蛋白表达均为阴性；fhit蛋白在膀胱移行细胞癌中阳性表达率为46．77％（29／62），肿瘤不同分级中随恶性程度的增长表达减少，Ⅰ级与Ⅲ级比较，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05），不同临床分期中随分期的增长表达减少，Tis～T1与T2～T4比较，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；survivin蛋白在膀胱移行细胞癌中阳性表达率为56．5％（35／62），肿瘤不同分级中随恶性程度的增高表达增高（P〈0．05），不同临床分期中随分期的增长表达增高，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；fhit蛋白和survivin蛋白表达相关（P〈0．05）。结论Fhit基因和survivin基因在膀胱移行细胞癌的发生、发展过程中起着重要的作用。Fhit基因可能通过肿瘤凋亡抑制途径发挥作用的。     

星形细胞肿瘤表皮生长因子受体与p53基因的异常表达

目的研究星形细胞肿瘤中癌基因表皮生长因子受体（EGFR）过表达与抑癌基因p53突变、表达与肿瘤病理类型、恶性程度及两者的相互关系。方法对37例不同恶性程度的星形细胞肿瘤及6例正常脑组织,采用免疫组织化学、逆转录聚合酶链反应（RT—PCR）方法检测EGFR的表达;采用免疫组织化学、PCR—SSCP及DNA测序方法检测同一标本的p53基因突变和异常表达,分析它们的异常改变和内在联系。结果p53突变率在弥漫性星形细胞瘤、间变性星形细胞瘤、原发性胶质母细胞瘤、继发性胶质母细胞瘤分别为1／10,4／19（21．1％）,4／6和2／2,而EGFR过表达分别为5／10,10／19（52．6％）,5／6和2／2。随着胶质瘤级别增高,p53积聚与EGFR过表达在同一标本中发生率升高。结论在低度恶性胶质瘤中p53基因突变少见,EGFR过表达不少见;在原发性和继发性胶质母细胞瘤中p53基因突变及EGFR过表达均常见。提示p53与EGFR分子通路可能对胶质瘤的恶性进展不是相互排斥而是协同产生促进作用。     

间变性大细胞淋巴瘤组织间变性淋巴瘤激酶及survivin蛋白表达及其临床意义

目的研究间变性大细胞淋巴瘤（ALCL）中间变性淋巴瘤激酶（ALK）蛋白及survivin蛋白的表达特点及其临床意义。方法应用免疫组织化学LSAB法检测ALK蛋白及survivin蛋白的表达。结果ALK蛋白在81例ALCL中有51例（63％）阳性,30例（37％）阴性。ALK阳性患者预后优于阴性患者（P〈0．05）。survivin蛋白在77例ALCL中均有不同程度的表达,其中高表达33例（42．9％）,低表达44例（57．1％）。survivin的表达与ALK蛋白表达无关（P〉0．05）。预后：Survivin高表达患者较低表达者差（P〈0．05）。在ALK蛋白阳性病例中,survivin高表达患者较低表达者差（P〈0．05）;ALK阴性病例中,survivin的表达状况与预后无关（P〉0．05）。Cox比例风险回归分析表明ALK的表达、体质性症状及survivin的不同表达状况对存活的影响有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,其中ALK的表达对生存的影响最大,survivin表达的影响最小。结论survivin蛋白在ALCL中的表达与ALK蛋白的表达不相关,是一个独立的指标,可有助于判断ALK阳性ALCL病例的预后。     

EPR-1和survivin基因及其异构体在急性白血病中的表达及意义

目的：探讨抗凋亡基因survivin及其异构体和天然互补序列EPR-1在急性白血病（AL）中的表达，以及在AL的发生、预后等方面的意义。 方法： 采用RT-PCR方法检测86例初治AL患者survivin及其异构体survivin-2B、survivin-Ex3、 EPR-1基因的mRNA表达。 结果： （1） 本组AL患者survivin mRNA表达率为79.1%，高于正常对照组（31.3%）（P<0.01）； （2）survivin阳性患者完全缓解率（CR）明显低于survivin阴性组（P<0.01）；（3）AL中存在survivin-2B、survivin-△Ex3异构体分子；（4）EPR-1在正常人及大多数AL中均有表达， AL以survivin+/EPR-1+表达模式为主。 结论： 在AL 中survivin高表达且与预后有关，并以survivin+/EPR-1+表达模式为多见; survivin-2B、survivin-△Ex3可能参与survivin介导的凋亡调控。     

基于TCGA数据分析UHRF1在低级别胶质瘤中的表达与预后

目的 探究泛素样含PHD和环指域蛋白1(UHRF1)在低级别胶质瘤中表达水平及与患者预后之间的联系。方法 从TCGA数据库中下载提取低级别胶质瘤样本和在GTEx数据库中的正常脑组织样本的转录组数据合并后分析UHRF1的表达水平;分析比较UHRF1表达水平高低不同的低级别胶质瘤患者组的预后区别;GSEA富集分析UHRF1在低级别胶质瘤中主要参与的信号通路;通过TIMER数据库分析低级别胶质瘤组织中UHRF1表达与常见的免疫细胞浸润的相关性;选取6例低级别胶质瘤组织及3例非癌脑组织,通过RT-qPCR的方法验证UHRF1在低级别胶质瘤与非癌脑组织的表达情况。结果 UHRF1在低级别胶质瘤组织中的表达量明显高于非癌脑组织,且UHRF1表达水平高的患者在预后相对更差（P<0.01）;富集分析显示,UHRF1可能通过MYC＿TARGETS＿V2通路在低级别胶质瘤中发挥作用;在低级别胶质瘤组织中,UHRF1的表达与巨噬细胞呈正相关（P<0.01）;在收集到的病例中,与非癌脑组织相比,UHRF1在低级别胶质瘤中的表达显著增高（P<0.001）。结论 UHRF1在胶质瘤中高表达且有着...     

子宫颈鳞状上皮内瘤变及鳞状细胞癌中间质细胞CD34、α-SMA的表达及意义

目的探讨CD34和平滑肌肌动蛋白（α-SMA）在宫颈各种病变间质细胞中的表达及其在宫颈癌早期浸润诊断中的价值。方法应用免疫组化SP法检测78例宫颈各种病变组织（正常10例、低级别CIN15例、高级别CIN16例、宫颈癌伴早期浸润15例、宫颈癌22例）的间质细胞中CD34、α-SMA的表达。结果CD34在所有正常宫颈和低级别CIN间质细胞中均表达,高级别CIN阳性表达率为87．5％（14／16）,而在宫颈癌伴早期浸润和宫颈癌中阳性表达率分别为40％（6／15）和40．9％（9／22）,宫颈癌伴早期浸润和癌组织明显低于正常、低级别和高级别CIN（P〈0．05）。α-SMA在正常宫颈间质细胞中无表达,低级别和高级别CIN阳性表达率分别为13．3％（2／15）和81．3％（13／16）,而所有宫颈癌伴早期浸润和宫颈癌间质细胞中均有α-SMA的表达,高级别CIN、宫颈癌伴早期浸润和宫颈癌高于低级别CIN（P〈0．05）。结论宫颈间质细胞。CD34表达缺失和α-SMA表达获得与宫颈鳞状上皮的恶性转化密切相关。检测宫颈病变中间质细胞CD34和α-SMA的表达有助于在小的活检标本中宫颈早期浸润癌和宫颈癌的诊断。     

B7-H4在人胶质瘤组织中的表达及其临床意义

 目的： 探讨B7-H4在人胶质瘤组织中的表达及其临床意义。方法： HE染色分析了150例胶质瘤标本病理级别。免疫组化方法检测B7-H4在胶质瘤中的表达, 并分析其与临床病理参数及生存时间的关系。结果： HE染色检测150例胶质瘤标本病理级别,结果为I级12 例,II级50 例,III级39 例,IV级49 例。150例胶质瘤标本中97例B7-H4高表达,高表达率为64.7％,居于病理级别III～IV级;43例B7-H4低表达,低表达率为28.7%,居于病理级别I～II级。统计学分析提示组织标本中B7-H4的表达与年龄(P<0.01)和病理级别(P<0.01)存在明显相关,与肿瘤的部位没有显著相关性（P>0.05）。B7-H4阳性患者生存期更短（P<0.01）,多因素Cox 回归分析显示B7-H4、年龄、性别及病理级别均是胶质瘤患者的独立预后因素。结论： B7-H4在多数胶质瘤组织中表达较高,可作为脑胶质瘤患者的独立预后分子标志物和新的治疗靶点。     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

Postinfectious immunodeficiency and autoimmunity: pathogenic and clinical values and implications

Autoimmunity is still a mystery of clinical immunology and medicine as a whole. The etiology and pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders remain unclear and, thus, are assessed as a balance between hereditary predisposition, triggering factors and the appearance of autoantibodies and/or self-reactive T cells. Among the immunological armamentarium, molecular mimicry, based on self-reactive T- and B-cell activation by cross-reactive epitopes of infectious agents, is of special value. Hypotheses regarding the possible involvement of molecular mimicry in the development of postinfectious autoimmunity are currently very intriguing. They provide new approaches for identifying etiological agents that are associated with postinfectious autoimmunity, paired microbial- and tissue-linked epitopes targeted for autoimmune reaction determination, postinfectious autoimmunity pathogenesis recognition and specific prevention, and therapy for autoimmune disorder development.     

Beta-endorphin and drug-induced reward and reinforcement

Although drugs of abuse have different acute mechanisms of action, their brain pathways of reward exhibit common functional effects upon both acute and chronic administration. Long known for its analgesic effect, the opioid beta-endorphin is now shown to induce euphoria, and to have rewarding and reinforcing properties. In this review, we will summarize the present neurobiological and behavioral evidences that support involvement of beta-endorphin in drug-induced reward and reinforcement. Currently, evidence supports a prominent role for beta-endorphin in the reward pathways of cocaine and alcohol. The existing information indicating the importance of beta-endorphin neurotransmission in mediating the reward pathways of nicotine and THC, is thus far circumstantial. The studies described herein employed diverse techniques, such as biochemical measurements of beta-endorphin in various brain sites and plasma, and behavioral measurements, conducted following elimination (via administration of anti-beta-endorphin antibodies or using mutant mice) or augmentation (by intracerebral administration) of beta-endorphin. We suggest that the reward pathways for different addictive drugs converge to a common pathway in which beta-endorphin is a modulating element. beta-Endorphin is involved also with distress. However, reviewing the data collected so far implies a discrete role, beyond that of a stress response, for beta-endorphin in mediating the substance of abuse reward pathway. This may occur via interacting with the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and also by its interesting effects on learning and memory. The functional meaning of beta-endorphin in the process of drug-seeking behavior is discussed.     

PTEN与信号转导及肿瘤

ＴＥＮ[1] (ｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅａｎｄｔｅｎｓｉｎｈｏｍｏｌｏｇｙｄｅｌｅｔｅｄｏｎｃｈｒｏｍｏｓｏｍｅｔｅｎ)又名ＭＭＡＣ1 [2 ] (ｍｕｔａｔｅｄｉｎｍｕｔｉｐｌｙａｄａｎｃｅｄｃａｎｃｅｒ 1 )和ＴＥＰ1 [3 ] (ＴＧＦ -βｒｅｇｕｌａｔｅｄａｎｄｅｐｉｔｈｅｌｉａｌｃｅｌｌ -ｒｉｃｈｅｄｐｈｏｓｐｈａｔａｓｅ 1 ) (以下均称为ＰＴＥＮ) ,是 1 997年由 3个研究小组先后发现的一个具有双特异磷酸酶活性的抑癌基因。ＰＴＥＮ基因异常广泛存在于人类多种恶性肿瘤 ,如恶性神经胶质瘤、前列腺癌、子宫内膜癌、黑色素瘤等…     

Tobacco and alcohol and the risk of head and neck cancer

Summary We carried out two case-control studies on the relative risk of head and neck cancer in association with tobacco and alcohol consumption. The first study carried out at the ENT Department of the University hospitals of Heidelberg and Giessen (FRG) comprised 200 male patients with squamous cell cancer of the head and neck and 800 control subjects matched for sex, age, and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the tumour patients, 4.5% had never smoked, in contrast to 29.5% of the control group. The average tobacco and alcohol consumption of the patients was approximately twice as high as in the control subjects. The highest alcohol and tobacco consumption was observed in patients suffering from oropharyngeal cancer. Tobacco and alcohol increased the risk of head and neck cancer in a dose-dependent fashion and acted as independent risk factors. In heavy smokers (> 60 pack-years) a relative risk of 23.4 (alcohol adjusted) was calculated. Combined alcohol and tobacco consumption showed a synergistic effect. The risk ratio increased more in a multiplicative than in an additive manner. Oral and laryngeal cancer were associated with the highest tobacco-associated risk values. The highest ethanol-associated risk values were associated with oropharyngeal and laryngeal cancer. The second study was carried out at the ENT Department of the University of Heidelberg on 164 males with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx and 656 control subjects matched for sex, age and residential area (1:4 matching design). Of the cases, 4.2% had never smoked, compared with 28.5% of the control subjects. The risk of laryngeal cancer by tobacco consumption was dose dependent, reaching a maximum value of 9.1 (adjusted for alcohol) for a consumption of more than 50 tobacco-years (TY). The relative risk of laryngeal cancer associated with alcohol intake was also dose dependent, reaching a value of 9.0 (adjusted for tobacco) for a mean daily consumption of more than 75 g alcohol. An analysis of subsite specific risks showed that heavy smokers (> 50 TY) carried a nearly ten times higher risk of supraglottic cancer than of glottic cancer. The risk of supraglottic cancer from alcohol consumption was also higher than that of glottic cancer.     

Muscle strength and serum testosterone,cortisol and SHBG concentrations in middle-aged and elderly men and women

Forty healthy males (M) and females (F) divided into two different age groups i.e. M50 years (range 44–57; n= 9), F50 years (range 43–54; n= 9), M70 years (range 64–73; n= 11) and F70 years (range 63–73; n= 11) volunteered as subjects for examination of muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and maximal voluntary isometric force production characteristics of the leg extensor muscles and serum androgen and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations. The CSA in the male groups was greatly larger (P < 0.01) than in the female groups and both elderly groups demonstrated slightly (n.s.) smaller values in the CSA than the two middle-aged groups. Maximal force of 2854 ± 452 N in M50 was greater (P < 0.05) than that of 2627 ± 752 N recorded for F50 as well as the force of 2787 ± 843 in M70 was greater (P < 0.001) than that of 1849 ± 295 recorded for F70. The force between F50 and F70 differed significantly (P < 0.05) from each other. The maximal rate of force production in M50 was greater (P < 0.01) than in F50 as well as in M70 greater (P < 0.001) than in F70. Both middle-aged groups demonstrated greater (P < 0.05) values than the respective elderly groups of the same sex. The individual values in the CSA correlated with the values in maximal force both in the middle-aged subjects (r= 0.66; P < 0.01) and in the elderly subjects (r= 0.69; P < 0.01). The mean concentration of serum testosterone in M50 was slightly (n.s.) greater than in M70 and in F50 significantly (P < 0.05) greater than in F70. Serum SHBG levels were lower in the males (P < 0.01) than in the females and serum testosterone/SHBG ratio in M70 and in F70 were lower (P < 0.05) than in M50 and in F50, respectively. In the females significant positive correlations were observed between the individual values in serum testosterone concentration and the values both in the CSA (r= 0.46; P < 0.05) and in maximal force (r= 0.62; P < 0.01) as well as between serum testosterone/SHBG ratio and both the CSA (r= 0.55; P < 0.05) and maximal force (r= 0.68; P < 0.01). The present results imply that the decreasing basal level of blood testosterone over the years in aging people, especially in females, may lead to decreasing anabolic effects on muscles thus having an association with age-related declines in the maximal voluntary neuromuscular performance capacity in aging people.     

海洛因成瘾与学习记忆

海洛因成瘾是我国发病最高,危害最大的一种成瘾性疾病,而其中枢机制则是解决临床预防和治疗的关键,至今仍不清楚。既往工作表明,学习记忆功能在海洛因成瘾的中枢机制中居于重要的中心环节。本文在总结既往海洛因成瘾研究工作基础上联系学习记忆功能,试图从系统整合层次分析相关领域研究工作的不足和今后工作的发展方向。