妊娠期糖代谢异常孕妇血清瘦素水平及其与胰岛素和血糖关系的研究

目的　探讨妊娠期糖代谢异常孕妇血清瘦素水平及其与胰岛素和血糖的关系。方法　采用放射免疫法 ,测定 36例妊娠期糖代谢异常孕妇 (糖代谢异常组 )和 2 4例正常孕妇 (正常妊娠组 )的空腹及口服 50g葡萄糖后 3h的血清瘦素水平 ;采用电化学发光法测定两组孕妇的空腹血清胰岛素水平 ;采用低压液相色谱分析法测定两组孕妇的糖化血红蛋白 ;采用葡萄糖氧化酶法测定两组孕妇的口服 50g葡萄糖后 1h的血糖水平。结果　 (1 )糖代谢异常组孕妇血清瘦素水平为 (1 4 9± 4 3) μg/L ,正常妊娠组为 (1 0 0± 1 8) μg/L ,两组比较 ,差异有极显著性 (P <0 0 1 ) ;(2 )糖代谢异常组孕妇空腹血清胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白、服糖后 1h血糖水平分别为 (1 2 9± 4 3)mU/L、 (6 1± 1 1 ) %、(1 1 0±1 4)mmol/L ;正常妊娠组孕妇分别为 (8 6± 3 2 )mU/L、(4 5± 1 0 ) %、(7 8± 1 2 )mmol/L。糖代谢异常组孕妇血清瘦素水平与空腹血清胰岛素、糖化血红蛋白、服糖后 1h的血糖水平呈明显的正相关关系 ,相关系数 (r)分别为 0 835、0 758、0 561。结论　妊娠期糖代谢异常孕妇空腹血清瘦素水平升高 ,其瘦素水平的高低与空腹血清胰岛素及血糖水平相关     

胰岛素抵抗与妊娠高血压综合征发病的关系

目的　探讨胰岛素抵抗与妊娠高血压综合征 (妊高征 )发病的关系。方法　选取 1998年在上海市第一人民医院进行产前妊娠期糖尿病筛选异常的 199例孕妇为研究对象 ,进行 75g葡萄糖耐量试验 ,同时进行胰岛素释放试验 ,计算胰岛素曲线下面积及胰岛素敏感性指数 ,并随访至妊娠晚期发生妊高征的情况 ,比较 199例孕妇中 ,发生妊高征者和血压正常者胰岛素敏感性的差异。结果　 (1)妊高征发病有 39例 ,空腹血糖为 (4 .2± 0 .7)mmol/L ,空腹胰岛素为 (10 7.8± 48.8)pmol/L ,胰岛素敏感性指数为 - 3.2 5± 0 .2 7。血压正常的孕妇 16 0例 ,空腹血糖为 (3.8± 0 .7)mmol/L ,空腹胰岛素为 (5 0 .4± 40 .5 )pmol/L ,胰岛素敏感性指数为 - 2 .5 8± 0 .6 6 (P <0 .0 5 )。 (2 )胰岛素曲线下面积 ,妊高征患者为 112 5 .6± 331.0 ,血压正常孕妇为 10 5 7.6± 44 2 .2 ,两者比较 ,差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　孕中期胰岛素抵抗可能是妊高征发病的原因之一。妊娠中期存在胰岛素抵抗可以作为一项预测妊高征的指标     

妊娠期糖尿病患者羊水葡萄糖水平与羊水量及新生儿出生体重的关系

目的探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)孕妇羊水葡萄糖水平变化与羊水量及新生儿出生体重的关系。方法对255例足月、单胎孕妇,于孕24~28周行50g葡萄糖筛查试验(50gGCT),口服葡萄糖后1h血糖≥7·8mmol/L,且<10·6mmol/L者为葡萄糖筛查阳性,阳性者进一步行75g葡萄糖耐量试验(75gOGTT)。根据两项试验结果分为GDM组、妊娠期糖耐量低减(GIGT)组和正常妊娠组,每组85例。分别测定3组孕妇的羊水葡萄糖水平、羊水指数、新生儿出生体重、孕妇空腹血糖、脐静脉血糖,并进行各指标间相关与回归的统计学分析。结果(1)GDM组羊水葡萄糖水平为(1·30±0·71)mmol/L,明显高于GIGT组的(1·02±0·57)mmol/L和正常妊娠组的(0·90±0·58)mmol/L,分别比较,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0·01)。(2)GDM组羊水指数为(16·1±4·6)cm,稍高于GIGT组的(14·8±4·3)cm,差异无统计学意义(P>0·05);明显高于正常妊娠组的(12·7±3·2)cm,差异有统计学意义(P<0·01)。(3)GDM组新生儿出生体重为(3612±510)g,低于GIGT组的(3694±490)g,高于正常妊娠组的(3487±458)g,但分别比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0·05)。(4)GDM组羊水葡萄糖水平分别与羊水指数(r=0·330,P=0·002)、新生儿出生体重(r=0·347,P=0·001)、孕妇空腹血糖(r=0·589,P<0·01)、脐静脉血糖(r=0·218,P=0·045)呈正相关关系。GIGT组和正常妊娠组羊水葡萄糖水平仅与羊水指数呈正相关关系。(5)GDM组中血糖控制理想孕妇的羊水葡萄糖水平、羊水指数及新生儿出生体重分别为(1·02±0·50)mmol/L、(13·9±4·2)cm及(3497±475)g,血糖控制不理想孕妇分别为(1·92±0·76)mmol/L、(16·4±4·4)cm及(3869±481)g,两者分别比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0·01、P<0·05、P<0·01)。GDM组中血糖控制理想孕妇的以上3项指标接近正常妊娠组(P>0·05)。结论GDM患者的羊水葡萄糖水平与羊水量、新生儿出生体重有密切关系。血糖控制理想与否对GDM合并羊水过多、巨大儿等并发症起决定因素,而积极管理可极大地改善GDM患者的母儿预后。     

妊娠合并糖尿病孕妇产程中血糖管理的研究进展

产程中妊娠合并糖尿病孕妇的血糖水平波动大,对妊娠合并糖尿病患者分娩期血糖进行管理能明显减少孕妇出现严重低血糖、酮症酸中毒、胎儿窘迫及新生儿的低血糖等。许多学者已达成共识:在产程中根据血糖值维持小剂量胰岛素静脉滴注,同时给产妇提供足够的葡萄糖液输注。我国目前指南与部分国外学者的胰岛素使用原则一致,但关于血糖的控制范围、胰岛素方案还存在分歧。如能针对妊娠合并糖尿病孕妇产程中的血糖水平选择个性化的胰岛素治疗方案,并合理的应用新产程标准处理产程,对于降低剖宫产率,改善母儿结局有重要临床意义。     

252例农村孕妇钙代谢状况分析

目的 :了解农村孕妇缺钙 (Ca)状况。方法 :测定 2 5 2例足月妊娠未补钙者血清钙 (Ca)、磷 (P)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP) ,及新生儿脐血清钙、磷、碱性磷酸酶值。结果 :2 5 2例孕妇中有临床缺钙症状的占 71 4 1% ,血清钙为 2 0 75± 0 2 8mmol/L、磷 2 31± 1 18mmol/L、碱性磷酸酶 2 5 4 4 6± 83 74U/L。其新生儿脐血清钙为 2 2 75± 0 35mmol/L、磷 3 0 5± 1 14mmol/L、碱性磷酸酶 2 2 7 97± 14 6 93U/L。结果显示 :母体血清钙降低、碱性磷酸酶增高 ,新生儿脐血清钙高于母体、碱性磷酸酶低于母体 ,母体及新生儿血清磷均较高。结论 :该 2 5 2例农村孕妇缺钙较明显 ,但胎儿与母体比较缺钙不是很明显     

妊娠糖代谢异常孕妇葡萄糖耐量试验结果评价

目的　分析妊娠期糖代谢异常孕妇口服葡萄糖耐量试验 (oralglucosetolerancetest ,OGTT)的特点 ,探讨OGTT 3h血糖检测 ,在妊娠糖尿病 (gestationaldiabetesmellitus ,GDM)和妊娠糖耐量受损 (gestationalimpairedglucosetest ,GIGT)诊断中的价值。　 方法　回顾性收集、分析我院1989年 1月至 2 0 0 2年 12月 6 4 7例GDM和 2 0 0 0年 1月至 2 0 0 2年 12月 2 33例GIGT孕妇的OGTT血糖特点 ,以及各点血糖在糖代谢异常孕妇中的诊断价值。　结果　 (1) 6 4 7例GDM孕妇中 ,112例因空腹血糖明显异常被确诊为GDM ;5 35例进行了OGTT ,4 9.2 % (2 6 3/5 35 )的孕妇空腹血糖异常 ;90 .1% (482 /5 35 )的孕妇 1h血糖异常 ;6 4 .7% (35 9/ 5 35 )的孕妇 2h血糖异常 ;仅 2 1.3% (114 / 5 35 )的孕妇 3h血糖达到异常 ,其中 ,4 9.1% (5 6 / 114 )伴有OGTT其它三项血糖异常 ,34.2 % (39/114 )伴有OGTT另外两项异常 ,19例伴有另外一项异常 ,即省略OGTT 3h血糖检测 ,2 .9% (19/6 4 7)的GDM被漏诊为GIGT。 (2 ) 2 33例GIGT中 ,只有 1.72 % (4/2 33)依靠OGTT 3h血糖异常得出诊断。(3)GDM孕妇空腹血糖达异常 (≥ 5 .8mmol/L)时 ,5 9.7%需要胰岛素治疗 ,高于空腹血糖 <5 .8mmol/L需要胰岛素治疗者 (41.6 % ) ,P <0 .0 1;5 0g葡萄     

妊娠合并糖尿病产妇产程和产后血糖管理研究现状

妊娠合并糖尿病产妇临产后饮食、用药及分娩均会使血糖水平出现较大波动,忽视对血糖水平的管理,可出现低血糖、酮症酸中毒和新生儿严重低血糖.维持分娩期血糖水平在正常范围,必要时给予小剂量短效胰岛素持续静脉滴注.产后糖代谢逐渐恢复到妊娠前水平,应根据空腹血糖水平调整胰岛素用量.妊娠期糖尿病多可在产后6周完全恢复正常,仍有约1/3病例于产后5～10年转为糖尿病,应定期随访.     

妊娠妇女及新生儿脐血瘦素水平与体重,胰岛素,C—肽,胰岛 …

目的　探讨妊娠晚期妇女及新生儿脐血瘦素水平与孕妇体重及新生儿体重的关系 ,以及新生儿脐血瘦素水平与C 肽、胰岛素、胰岛素样生长因子 Ⅱ (IGF Ⅱ )等的关系。方法　采用放射免疫法测定 5 0例孕 37～ 38周正常妊娠妇女 (研究组 )及其新生儿、2 9例健康未妊娠妇女 (对照组 )的血瘦素水平 ,并同时测定新生儿脐血C 肽、胰岛素、IGF Ⅱ的水平等。结果　 (1)妊娠晚期妇女血瘦素水平为 (13.6 2± 3.6 8) μg/L ,明显高于对照组妇女的 (6 .6 0± 3.0 4) μg/L及新生儿脐血瘦素的 (8.0 5± 4.6 1) μg/L。 (2 )妊娠晚期妇女血瘦素水平与本身体重及体重指数明显相关 (r分别为 0 .33、0 .35 ,P<0 .0 5 ) ;妊娠晚期妇女血瘦素水平与新生儿体重无明显相关 (r=0 .10 ,P >0 .0 5 )。 (3)新生儿脐血瘦素水平与其体重、体重指数明显相关 (r分别为 0 .5 4、0 .49,P <0 .0 0 1) ;而与妊娠晚期妇女血瘦素水平无明显相关 (r=0 .19,P >0 .0 5 )。 (4 )对照组妇女血瘦素水平与其体重、体重指数明显正相关 (r分别为 0 .72、0 .78,P <0 .0 0 1)。 (5 )新生儿脐血C 肽为 (0 .86± 0 .35 ) μg/L ,胰岛素为 (8.49± 4.76 )mU/L ,IGF Ⅱ为 (0 .2 18± 0 .0 76 ) μg/L ;新生儿脐血瘦素水平与C 肽明显相关 (r=0 .37,P <0 .0 5 )     

糖尿病孕妇分娩新生儿的监护和处理

近年来 ,由于妊娠期严格控制糖尿病孕妇血糖 ,产前加强胎儿监测 ,糖尿病孕妇分娩的新生儿死亡率明显下降 ,但新生儿近期、远期并发症仍较高 ,出生后应对新生儿加强监测 ,给予及时处理。妊娠合并糖尿病对围生儿的影响程度与孕妇病变程度及妊娠期高血糖出现的时间、血糖水平等密切相关 ,糖尿病孕妇所导致的新生儿常见并发症包括[1] :巨大儿、新生儿产伤、新生儿低血糖等。远期并发症有肥胖、2型糖尿病发生率增加等。1　妊娠合并糖尿病对新生儿的影响糖尿病孕妇导致新生儿一系列合并症 (除畸形外 )均与胎儿高胰岛素血症相关。妊娠合并糖尿病时…     

孕妇外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病与糖代谢异常程度的关系

目的 探讨孕妇外阴阴道假丝酵母菌病（VVC）与糖代谢异常程度的关系。方法 选择2004年1月至2005年6月在北京大学第一医院产科行产前检查并分娩的401例妊娠期糖代谢异常孕妇为观察对象,其中妊娠期糖尿病244例,妊娠期糖耐量受损157例。401例中,51例孕期合并WC（VVC组）,其中16例孕期曾有VVC再次发作（反复VVC组）;350例未合并VVC（NVVC组）。比较3组孕妇的50g葡萄糖筛查试验（GCT）、75g葡萄糖耐量试验（OGTY）结果。结果 妊娠期糖尿病患者VVC的发病率（16％,39／244）高于妊娠期糖耐量受损（7．6％,12／157）者,两者比较,差异有统计学意义（P=0．014）;VVC组及NVVC组GCT分别为（9．6±2．0）、（9．3±1．6）mmol／L;OGTr空腹血糖分别为（5．4±1．1）、（5．3±0．9）mmol／L;1h血糖分别为（11．1±1．7）、（11．0±1．5）mmol／L;2h血糖分别为（9．4±1．8）、（9．2±1．6）mmol／L;分别比较,差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。反复VVC组GCT为（10．4±1．2）mmoL／L;OGTr空腹、1、2h血糖分别为（5．3±0．6）mmol／L、（11．4±1．0）mmol／L和（9．4±1．4）mmol／L与NVVC组比较,差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论 妊娠合并糖代谢异常伴VVC时,GCT、OGTr各点血糖水平无显著升高,但妊娠期糖尿病与妊娠期糖耐量受损孕妇比较,VVC发病率呈现上升趋势。     

Clinical outcomes of pregnancy in women with type 1 diabetes(1)

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate predictors of neonatal hypoglycemia and macrosomia in 107 consecutive pregnancies in type 1 diabetic women. METHODS:We conducted a case record analysis of singleton type 1 diabetic pregnancies between January 1994 and January 1999 following institution of standardized management. RESULTS:The duration of diabetes in the women was 12.9 +/- 6.8 years, and 44 were primigravidas. The mean HbA1c throughout pregnancy was 7.2 +/- 0.8%. There was no relationship between neonatal blood glucose (checked before the second feed) and HbA1c at any point in pregnancy or mean pregnancy HbA1c (R = 0.20, P >.1). However, there was a negative correlation between neonatal blood glucose and maternal blood glucose during labor (R = -0.33, P <.001). When maternal blood glucose during labor was greater than 8 mM (144 mg/dL), neonatal blood glucose was usually less than 2.5 mM (mean 1.7 +/- 0.4 mM or 31 mg/dL). There was no relationship between mean HbA1c and birth weight (R = 0.02, P >.1) or between maximum insulin dose and birth weight (R = 0.09, P >.1). Fetal abdominal circumference measured by ultrasound at 34 weeks correlated strongly with birth weight (R = 0.72, P <.001). CONCLUSION:Neonatal hypoglycemia correlates with maternal hyperglycemia in labor, not with HbA1c during pregnancy. Macrosomia does not correlate with HbA1c during pregnancy.     

Effect of fetal hyperinsulinism on oral glucose tolerance test results in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of the fetoplacental glucose steal phenomenon on the results of oral glucose tolerance testing in pregnancies complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus with fetal hyperinsulinism. STUDY DESIGN: This was an analysis of the cases of 34 patients with two consecutive abnormal oral glucose tolerance test results and amniotic fluid insulin measurement before institution of insulin therapy. Patients were divided into groups on the basis of normal versus elevated amniotic fluid insulin concentrations. RESULTS: Oral glucose tolerance tests were done at a mean (+/-SD) of 24.9 +/- 5.7 and 30.7 +/- 3.2 weeks' gestation, and amniotic fluid insulin measurements were done at 31.1 +/- 3.2 weeks' gestation. In 13 women with gestational diabetes mellitus with normal amniotic fluid insulin concentration, maternal postload blood glucose levels at 1 hour increased by 12 mg/dL (168 vs 180 mg/dL; 9.3 vs 10.0 mmol/L; P = .0006) during the course of 6 weeks. In contrast, in 21 women with gestational diabetes mellitus with elevated amniotic fluid insulin levels (>7 microU/mL; >42 pmol/L), 1-hour postload blood glucose levels decreased by 22 mg/dL (201 vs 179 mg/dL; 11.2 vs 9.9 mmol/L; P = .002) during the same period. The higher the amniotic fluid insulin level, the larger the decrease (R = 0.504; P =.02). Although low amniotic fluid insulin levels were correlated significantly with 1-hour glucose levels of the first and second oral glucose tolerance tests, high insulin levels were no longer correlated with the second oral glucose tolerance test. CONCLUSION: Exaggerated fetal glucose siphoning may provide misleading oral glucose tolerance test results in pregnancies complicated by fetal hyperinsulinism by blunting maternal postload glucose peaks. Consequently, oral glucose tolerance test results in a pregnancy complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus with a fetus that already has hyperinsulinemia may erroneously be considered normal.     

Insulin glargine versus neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin for treatment of diabetes in pregnancy

We compared maternal and neonatal outcomes in diabetic pregnancies treated with either insulin glargine or neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin. We performed a retrospective chart review of diabetic pregnant patients using the Diabetes Care Center of Wake Forest University during the years 2000 to 2005. Outcomes of interest included maternal hemoglobin A1C, average fasting and 2-hour postprandial blood sugars, mode of delivery, birth weight, 5-minute Apgar score < 7, umbilical artery pH < 7.20, incidence of neonatal hypoglycemia, and pregnancy complications. A total of 52 diabetic pregnant patients were included in this study. Twenty-seven women used insulin glargine. A total of 13 women used insulin glargine during the first trimester. Glycemic control was similar in women who used NPH insulin and insulin glargine, as determined by hemoglobin A1C levels and mean blood sugar values. There were no differences in mode of delivery, average birth weight, or neonatal outcomes. Maternal and fetal/neonatal outcomes appear similar in pregnant diabetic women who use either NPH insulin or insulin glargine in combination with a short-acting insulin analogue to achieve adequate glycemic control during pregnancy. Insulin glargine appears to be an effective insulin analogue for use in women whose pregnancies are complicated by diabetes.     

Does maternal hypoglycemia during screening glucose assessment identify a pregnancy at-risk for adverse perinatal outcome?

OBJECTIVE: To determine the perinatal outcome in pregnancies with maternal hypoglycemia following a second trimester oral glucose challenge test (GCT). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study of pregnancies undergoing a second trimester 1-hour oral glucose challenge test (GCT). Hypoglycemic pregnancies (<88 mg/dl) were matched with pregnancies with 1-hour glucoses of >88 mg/dl. Antepartum, intrapartum, and neonatal outcomes were assessed. RESULTS: Over 29 months, 334 hypoglycemic singleton pregnancies were matched with 334 controls. A greater number of special/neonatal intensive care unit (SCN/NICU) admissions occurred in the hypoglycemic group (48/334 (14.4%) vs 29/334 (8.7%) in the control group) (p=0.02). The SCN/NICU admission rate remained after controlling for maternal hypertension, smoking, and preterm birth (p=0.037). The development of pregnancy-induced hypertension in women with hypoglycemia 24/334 (7.2%) compared with euglycemic women 13/334 (3.9%, p<0.06) was not significant. CONCLUSION: Admission to SCN/NICU is increased in pregnant women with hypoglycemia following a GCT.     

Randomized trial of human versus animal species insulin in diabetic pregnant women: improved glycemic control, not fewer antibodies to insulin, influences birth weight.

OBJECTIVE: Macrosomia occurs in infants of diabetic mothers in spite of "nearly normal maternal blood glucose levels" with insulin treatment. Insulin antibodies may carry bound insulin into the fetal blood and thus may be associated with fetal hyperinsulinemia and macrosomia in these infants. Our objective was to test the hypothesis that human insulin is associated with lower insulin antibody levels and less macrosomia than is animal species insulin. STUDY DESIGN: Forty-three insulin-requiring pregnant (< 20 weeks' gestation) women, previously treated with animal insulin, were randomized to human and animal insulins and studied at weeks 10 through 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, and 38, at delivery, and at 3 months post partum. Infant blood was drawn at delivery (cord) and at 1 day and 3 months post partum 1 hour after a glucose-amino acid challenge. RESULTS: Women receiving human insulin required significantly less insulin per kilogram of body weight and showed significant dampening of glucose excursions (p < 0.05 for each comparison). Infants born to mothers receiving human insulin weighed 2880 +/- 877 gm compared with 3340 +/- 598 gm for infants of women treated with animal insulin (p < 0.05). There was no difference in insulin antibody levels between groups for either mothers or infants. Infants born to mothers receiving human insulin had a 1 hour C-peptide level after the glucose-amino acid challenge at 3 months of age of 0.21 +/- 0.13 pmol/ml compared with 0.32 +/- 0.13 pmol/ml (p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Administration of human insulin to pregnant diabetic women has a therapeutic advantage over animal insulin, with less maternal hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia, fewer larger-for-gestational-age infants, and less neonatal hyperinsulinemia. Our data do not support the hypothesis that maternal antibodies to insulin influence infant birth weight.     

对孕妇行重复性血糖筛查必要性的研究

目的　探讨对孕妇行重复性血糖筛查的必要性及相关因素。方法　 2 0 0 1年 12月 1日至 2 0 0 2年 12月 31日 ,选取自孕早期开始在我院行产前检查并分娩的单胎、初产孕妇 714例 ,在孕中期行口服 5 0 g葡萄糖负荷试验 (GCT) ,对其中的 6 39例在孕晚期行第 2次 5 0 gGCT ;5 7例第 2次直接进行 75g葡萄糖耐量试验 (OGTT)。妊娠期糖尿病的诊断以国内董志光等的标准为准 ,并与美国糖尿病资料组 (NDDG)标准进行比较。同时对发生妊娠期糖尿病相关因素进行分析。结果　 (1)以5 0 gGCT 1h血糖≥ 7 8mmol/L为异常 :第 1次 5 0 gGCT异常 190例 ,异常率为 2 6 6 % ,正常 5 2 4例 (73 4 % ) ;第 2次 5 0 gGCT异常 2 2 5例 ,异常率为 35 2 %。 5 0gGCT异常组孕妇年龄大于正常组(P <0 0 5 ) ,而两组孕妇在家族史及体重指数 (BMI)间比较 ,差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 )。第 2次 5 0 gGCT异常组的新生儿出生体重及巨大儿例数均比正常组明显增加 (P <0 0 5 )。 (2 )按董志光的标准 ,第 1次 5 0 gGCT筛查出妊娠期糖尿病 2 8例 ,葡萄糖耐量低减 4 0例 ;第 2次 5 0gGCT又新筛查出妊娠期糖尿病 15例 ,葡萄糖耐量低减 2 7例。按NDDG的标准 ,第 1次 5 0 gGCT筛查出妊娠期糖尿病 14例 ,葡萄糖耐量低减 2 4例 ;第 2次 5 0 g     

Role of prostaglandins in the metabolic responses of the fetus to hypoxia.

OBJECTIVE: The effect of inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis on the fetal metabolic response to hypoxemia was examined by infusing indomethacin during periods of reduced maternal uterine blood flow. STUDY DESIGN: In seven fetal sheep we administered a 6-hour infusion of either indomethacin (n = 5), indomethacin plus prostaglandin E2, or a vehicle solution (n = 5). The last 4 hours of each infusion period coincided with a period of fetal hypoxemia induced by reduced maternal uterine blood flow. RESULTS: During reduced maternal uterine blood flow indomethacin infusions caused a significantly greater reduction in pHA (reduced from 7.36 +/- 0.01 to 7.10 +/- 0.02) than both the vehicle (from 7.36 +/- 0.01 to 7.20 +/- 0.03) and indomethacin plus prostaglandin E2 infusions (from 7.36 +/- 0.01 to 7.18 +/- 0.02). Before reduced maternal uterine blood flow was induced, indomethacin significantly elevated fetal plasma glucose and lactate concentrations from 0.6 +/- 0.04 and 2.2 +/- 0.1 to 1.3 +/- 0.2 and 6.7 +/- 0.7 mmol/L, respectively. During reduced maternal uterine blood flow indomethacin caused a significantly greater increase in plasma glucose and lactate concentrations than the vehicle; plasma glucose and lactate concentrations increased to a maximum of 1.8 +/- 0.2 and 22.7 +/- 0.8 mmol/L, respectively, during indomethacin infusions compared with 1.1 +/- 0.1 and 15.7 +/- 1.7 mmol/L, respectively, during vehicle infusions. The addition of prostaglandin E2 to the indomethacin infusion prevented the enhanced increase in glucose and lactate concentrations during reduced maternal uterine blood flow and caused a significant increase in fetal plasma insulin concentrations from 12.6 +/- 0.7 to 60.9 +/- 28.1 microU/ml. CONCLUSION: The inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis during fetal hypoxemia alters the metabolic response of the fetus, leading to a severe metabolic acidosis.     

特发性胎儿生长受限的病因研究

目的 通过研究胎儿生长受限(FGR)的相关因素,探讨特发性FGR的可能病因。方法63例孕期拟诊为FGR的孕妇,按新生儿出生体重分组,小于该孕龄平均体重第10百分位数的29例为研究组A;大于该孕龄平均体重第10百分位数的34例为研究组B。另选择25例分娩正常体重新生儿的孕妇为对照组。3组孕妇于孕期检测50 g葡萄糖负荷试验(50 g GCT)、75 g葡萄糖耐量试验(75 g OGTT)、瘦素、血红蛋白水平及红细胞压积、感染系列、抗心磷脂抗体(ACA)、脐动脉收缩期与舒张期(S/D)比值。于分娩时检测脐血瘦素、C肽、胰岛素水平及病毒系列、染色体。结果 (1)研究组A孕妇的空腹血糖和餐后3 h血糖分别为(3.8±0.6)mmol/L和(4.5±1.1)mmol/L,脐血瘦素、C肽、胰岛素水平分别为(7.3±5.2)ng/ml、(0.5±0.3)nmol/L、(2.3±1.3)mU/L,脐动脉S/D比值、母、儿巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染率、ACA-IgM阳性率及无症状菌尿症发生率分别为3.06、20.7％、24.1％、44.8％和62.1％。(2)研究组B孕妇的空腹血糖和餐后3 h血糖分别为(4.4±0.7)mmol/L和(4.6±1.1)mmol/L,脐血瘦素、C肽、胰岛素水平分别为(13.2±11.3)ng/ml、(0.7±0.4)nmol/L、(4.3±3.3)mU/L,脐动脉S/D比值、母、儿CMV感染率、ACA-IgM阳性率及无症状菌尿症发生率分别为2.63、2.9％、0、5.9％和44.1     

Impaired glucose tolerance associated with adverse pregnancy outcome: a population-based study in southern Sweden

OBJECTIVE: We conducted a population-based study of maternal and neonatal characteristics and delivery complications in relation to the outcome of a 75-g, 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test at 25 to 30 weeks' gestation. STUDY DESIGN: An oral glucose tolerance test was offered to pregnant women in a geographically defined population. Pregnancy outcome was analyzed according to the test result. RESULTS: Among women delivered at Lund Hospital, we identified 4526 women with an oral glucose tolerance value of <7.8 mmol/L (<140 mg/dL), 131 women with a value of 7.8 to 8.9 mmol/L (140-162 mg/dL), and 116 women with gestational diabetes (> or =9.0 mmol/L [> or =162 mg/dL]). A further 28 cases of gestational diabetes were identified, giving a prevalence of 1.2%. An increased rate of cesarean delivery and infant macrosomia was observed in the group with a glucose tolerance value of 7.8 to 8.9 mmol/L (140-162 mg/dL) and in the gestational diabetes group. Advanced maternal age and high body mass index were risk factors for increased oral glucose tolerance values in 12,657 screened women in the area. CONCLUSION: The study stresses the significance of moderately increased oral glucose tolerance values.