白内障术后感染性眼内炎治疗11例

目的探讨白内障术后感染性眼内炎相关因素及治疗方法。方法对我院1999年11月至2005年10月11例11眼白内障术后感染性眼内炎进行回顾性分析。结果7眼细菌培养阳性，培养细菌包括：表皮葡萄球菌2眼，粪肠球菌1眼，催产克雷白菌1眼，腐生葡萄球菌1眼，异型枸橼酸杆菌1眼，醋酸不动杆菌1眼。行后部玻璃体切割术者5眼，其中眼球摘除1眼；单纯前房冲洗加注药2眼；前房冲洗注药联合玻璃体腔注药4眼。结论前房和玻璃体注药，后部玻璃体切割术是治疗的有效方法。     

Coryneform group A-4 endophthalmitis. An experimental animal model

Diphtheroids, members of the coryneform family of bacteria, increasingly have been recognized as the cause of serious ocular diseases. After isolation of coryneform group A-4 from two patients with delayed endophthalmitis after cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation, 10(7) organisms were injected into the vitreous of seven New Zealand white rabbits, producing endophthalmitis in all eyes inoculated. Coryneform group A-4 subsequently was isolated in six of seven eyes receiving 10(7) organisms, proving Koch's postulates. Five of these seven eyes were treated with a single dose of intravitreal gentamicin, and three eyes remained culture positive. Eyes inoculated with 10(5) or 10(2) coryneform group A-4 organisms had transient anterior chamber and vitreal inflammation; all vitreous cultures were negative. These studies demonstrate that coryneform group A-4 endophthalmitis can be reproduced in an animal model and that gentamicin may not sterilize an eye infected with this organism. Future studies are needed to determine the optimum antibiotic regimen for treatment of this type of endophthalmitis.     

304例化脓性眼内炎细菌培养结果分析

目的 分析化脓性眼内炎的细菌培养结果,寻找治疗有效的抗生素。方法 对３０４例（３０４只眼）经临床诊断为化脓性眼内炎患者的玻璃体液进行细菌培养,同时对培养阳性菌株的种类及药物敏感试验结果进行分析。结果 细菌检出纺为５３％,不同年份的细菌检出率变化不明显（Ｘ＾２＝９．２９,Ｐ〉０．０５）,敏感抗生素为头孢哌酮。结论 经玻璃体腔抽取的玻璃体液标本进行细菌培养有助于指导化脓性眼内炎的治疗。     

The use of blood culture bottles in endophthalmitis

PURPOSE: To study the use of blood culture bottles for culturing vitreous specimens in acute-onset postoperative infectious endophthalmitis cases. METHODS: Forty-eight eyes of 48 patients with mean age of 66.4 +/- 14.7 years with postoperative endophthalmitis that occurred within 6 weeks after ocular surgery, presenting from June 2001 to January 2005, were retrospectively studied. Vitreous fluid specimens of these patients were cultured in blood culture bottles. The measured outcome is the yield of positive culture. RESULTS: Vitreous specimens yielded positive in 34 of 48 (70.8%) eyes with blood culture bottles. The most common organism isolated was Staphylococcus epidermidis in 17.6% (6/34) of cases. CONCLUSION: The direct inoculation of vitreous specimens into the blood culture bottles is easy to perform, with a high yield positive rate (70.8%). It may be an alternative to conventional culture media for culturing vitreous specimen in infectious endophthalmitis especially in clinics or hospitals that are unable to have adequate microbiology laboratory facilities.     

内源性眼内炎病因和临床治疗13例分析

目的分析内源性眼内炎的病因、全身易感因素及治疗结果。方法回顾13例（14眼）内源性眼内炎患者发病时的全身状况及眼部情况,玻璃体液的涂片和培养结果,治疗方法和视力愈后。结果13例（14眼）内源性眼内炎均行玻璃体液涂片和培养,阳性9例（10眼）,其中细菌6例（7眼）,包括革兰阳性球菌2例（2眼）、大肠埃希菌1例（1眼）、结核杆菌1例（1眼）、绿脓杆菌2例（3眼）;真菌3例（3眼）。11例患者有全身易感因素。在药物治疗的同时,除2眼行眼内容摘出外,其余均行玻璃体切割术,7眼保住眼球并有数指或以上视力,其中2眼最终视力〉0.05。结论内源性眼内炎的病因为全身感染性病灶或败血症的微生物感染所致,包括细菌和真菌感染,处理棘手,及时行玻璃体切割术,有助于改善患者的视力愈后。     

Retrospective analysis of etiopathogenesis of all cases of endophthalmitis at a large tertiary referral center

Purpose To report a large, consecutive series of endophthalmitis of all causes managed at a tertiary referral retina center. Methods Retrospective chart review of all cases diagnosed with endophthalmitis that received reatment and follow-up between January 2000 and January 2005. Results A total of 67 patients were diagnosed with endophthalmitis. The most common cause was postoperative endopthalmitis after cataract surgery. Initial management was vitreous needle biopsy with intravitreal antimicrobial injection in a majority of cases (79%). Vitreous cultures were positive in 32 eyes (44.4%); the most common isolate was coagulase negative Staphylococci. Final visual acuity was improved in 61% of patients. More than a third (38%) had vision worse than count fingers. Twenty-eight eyes (39%) needed pars plana vitrectomy for secondary complications as a consequence of endophthalmitis. Conclusions Cataract surgery remains the most common cause of endophthalmitis in this large tertiary referral retina center. Endophthalmitis resolved with vitreous needle biopsy and intravitreal injections in more than half of the cases. However, more than a third of patients required additional vitreoretinal surgery for secondary complications. More than a third of patients had nonfunctional vision after the resolution of endophthalmitis, which highlights the severity of this condition in the current expanding era of office-based intravitreal pharmacotherapy for retinal diseases.     

Eubacterial PCR for bacterial detection and identification in 100 acute postcataract surgery endophthalmitis

PURPOSE: To evaluate eubacterial PCR compared with conventional cultures for detection and identification of bacterial agents in ocular samples from patients with acute postcataract endophthalmitis. METHODS: Broad-range eubacterial PCR amplification was used, followed by direct DNA sequencing in ocular samples (aqueous humor, vitreous samples from tap or vitrectomy) from 100 consecutive patients presenting with acute postcataract endophthalmitis. Bacterial cultures were performed on the same ocular samples by using traditional methods (brain-heart infusion broth). RESULTS: At the time of admission, the detection rate was not significantly different between cultures and PCR (38.2% for cultures versus 34.6% for PCR in aqueous humor samples; 54% versus 57% in vitreous from a vitreous tap). In contrast, in the vitreous obtained from vitrectomy, after intravitreous injection of antibiotics, PCR detected bacteria in 70% of the cases, compared with 9% in cultures. By combining PCR and cultures, bacterial identification was obtained in 47% of aqueous humor samples at admission, in 68% of vitreous samples from a vitreous tap at admission, and in 72% of vitreous samples from pars plana vitrectomy. Gram-positive bacteria predominated (94.3%). The concordance between cultures and PCR was 100%. The contamination rate was 2%. CONCLUSIONS: Cultures and eubacterial PCR are complementary techniques for bacterial identification in eyes with acute postcataract endophthalmitis. PCR technique was needed for identification of the involved microbial pathogen in 25% of all the cases. Eubacterial PCR is more effective than cultures in detecting bacteria in vitreous samples from patients with previous intravitreous administration of antibiotics.     

Eyes removed for primary ulcerative keratitis with endophthalmitis: microbial and histologic findings

OBJECTIVES: To study the microbiological and histological findings in patients whose eyes are removed for primary ulcerative keratitis with suppurative endophthalmitis. METHODS: Survey of consecutive cases of ulcerative keratitis with histologically defined endophthalmitis treated by enucleation or evisceration. RESULTS: Eighteen cases of ulcerative keratitis with suppurative endophthalmitis were identified. Thirteen corneal ulcers were culture positive (72%). Microorganism were found in histologic sections of the anterior segment of 9 eyes (50%), but no microorganisms were identified in the vitreous. Two eyes (11%) had culture-positive endophthalmitis. Half of the patients in this study who had undergone elective intraocular surgery had done so within 4 months of enucleation. CONCLUSIONS: Considerable vitreous inflammation can occur with microbial keratitis in the absence of histologically demonstrable microorganisms in the vitreous. Microbial keratitis associated with suppurative endophthalmitis is usually caused by virulent organisms. The factors that contributed to the spread of purulent inflammation inside the eye could not be assessed in this morphologic study because of the lack of clinical data.     

Etiology and diagnosis of bacterial postoperative endophthalmitis.

It is necessary to determine if postoperative endophthalmitis is of infectious or sterile etiology. Intraocular contents should be cultured and were positive in 50% of 58 eyes tested at our institute with suspected postoperative endophthalmitis. The vitreous aspirate is more sensitive than the anterior chamber aspirate in making a diagnosis. The use of a membrane filter to concentrate vitreous samples obtained at vitrectomy increases diagnostic yield. Fifty percent of culture-positive eyes yielded gram-positive organisms. Stained smears were consistent with the cultured organism in half of the cases.     

127例外源性化脓性眼内炎病原体及药敏试验结果分析

目的：分析外源性化脓性眼内炎病原体及其对药物敏感性的变迁，为临床合理用药提供依据。方法：对127例(127眼)经临床诊断为化脓性眼内炎的前房水或玻璃体液标本进行涂片检查、细菌培养、真菌培养，对细菌培养阳性菌株进行药物敏感试验，然后对培养结果及药物敏感试验结果进行统计分析。结果：外源性化脓性眼内炎涂片阳性率为22．05％，细菌及真菌培养阳性率为42．52％。其主要致病菌为表皮葡萄球菌、枯草杆菌及铜绿假单孢杆菌。大多数细菌对环丙沙星敏感，对氯霉素、利福平、头孢唑琳耐药。结论：对化脓性眼内炎患者的前房水或玻璃体液进行涂片、培养及药物敏感试验有助于明确眼内炎的性质及指导临床用药的选择。     

白内障术后眼内炎的治疗分析

目的：探讨白内障术后眼内炎的治疗方案及效果。方法：对我院2006-01/2010-12白内障摘除术＋人工晶状体植入术的21973例28722眼患者的资料（超声乳化20937例27521眼,囊外摘除术1036例1201眼）进行回顾性分析。结果：在全部术眼中,感染性眼内炎11眼,感染率为0.04%,9眼发生于超声乳化术后,2眼发生于白内障囊外摘除术后。共有5眼病原菌培养阳性,其中表皮葡萄球菌2眼,金黄色葡萄球菌,浅绿色气球菌,真菌各1眼。感染发生于白内障术后2wk以内者占73%（8/11）,房水混浊或前房积脓者行前房灌洗＋玻璃体腔注射万古霉素;前房积脓合并明显玻璃体混浊或经前房灌洗＋玻璃体腔注射万古霉素治疗观察1～2d感染加重者行前房灌洗＋玻璃体切割术。治疗后11眼均保住眼球。结论：白内障术后眼内炎经常发生于白内障术后2wk以内,经及时有效的治疗可控制感染发展,保留部分有用视力;前房灌洗＋玻璃体腔注射万古霉素必要时联合玻璃体切割术是有效的治疗方法。     

Ultrasonographische Befunde bei Endophthalmitis nach Kataraktoperationen

Purpose

Review and analysis of ultrasonographic data of patients with endophthalmitis following cataract surgery.

Patients and methods

We conducted a retrospective analysis of data and ultrasound findings of 81 patients with endophthalmitis following cataract surgery between 2000 and 2005. We evaluated the type of surgery, time of onset of endophthalmitis, and different ultrasonographic findings.

Results

During the study period, acute endophthalmitis following cataract surgery developed in 41 eyes, subacute endophthalmitis in 25 eyes, and late-developing endophthalmitis in 20 eyes. In 51% of the cases, the endophthalmitis occurred after the phacoemulsification method. Ultrasonographic findings such as membrane formation were found in 23 eyes (28%), and dense vitreous opacities were detected in nine eyes. Posterior wall thickness was measured in 73 eyes. Two initial echography findings were associated with acute and subacute endophthalmitis: dense vitreous opacities and detachment of the posterior vitreous limiting membrane.

Conclusion

Ultrasonographic findings such as increased thickness of the posterior wall and dense organization of the vitreous can be useful in the clinical evaluation, prediction, and treatment of postoperative endophthalmitis.     

Intraocular fluid cultures after primary pars plana vitrectomy.

To determine what organisms enter the eye and remain in the eye after pars plana vitrectomy, vitreous cavity aspirates were cultured postoperatively. Two of 33 (6%) consecutive eyes undergoing primary pars plana vitrectomy had positive cultures. One sample grew a single colony of Staphylococcus epidermidis, the second grew two colonies of Acinetobacter lwoffi. Neither of these eyes developed endophthalmitis. This study demonstrates that bacteria enter the eye at a low rate during pars plana vitrectomy and that the eye on which a vitrectomy has been performed is capable of clearing a low inoculum of bacteria.     

Role of the posterior capsule in the prevention of postoperative bacterial endophthalmitis: experimental primate studies and clinical implications.

The posterior capsule has an important effect on the risk of postoperative bacterial endophthalmitis. In order to investigate whether the posterior capsule inhibited the spread of infection into the vitreous we performed extracapsular cataract extraction in both eyes of 10 primates. In one eye of each primate the posterior capsule was left intact and in the other eye a large posterior capsulectomy was performed. When the anterior chambers were challenged with equivalent inocula of Staphylococcus aureus, one of 10 eyes with an intact posterior capsule developed culture-positive vitreous infection. In contrast, nine of 10 eyes with a large posterior capsulectomy developed culture-positive vitreous infection. In a second experiment we investigated the effect of an intraocular lens on the barrier effect. Ten primates received extracapsular cataract extraction in both eyes and pseudophakic implantation. In one eye of each primate the posterior capsule was left intact and a J-loop monoplanar lens was implanted in the ciliary sulcus. In the other eye of each primate a large posterior capsulectomy was followed by implantation of a monoplanar, non-vaulted pseudophakos into the anterior chamber. None of the 10 eyes with a posterior capsule intact and a posterior chamber lens in place developed positive vitreous cultures or histopathological evidence of vitreous infection. Thus the presence of a posterior chamber lens did not appreciably compromise the barrier effect of the intact posterior capsule. 40% of the eyes with a large posterior capsulectomy and a non-vaulted pseudophakos in the anterior chamber developed culture-positive vitreous infection, and 60% of the eyes showed histopathological evidence of vitreous infection.     

丁胺卡那霉素地塞米松复方脂质体在兔眼玻璃体内的药代动力学研究

目的 应用丁胺卡那霉素地塞米松(丁卡地塞)复方脂质体玻璃体内注射以延长两种药物的半衰期.方法 大白兔随机分4组,正常眼2组和眼内炎眼2组均分别注射复方脂质体和游离药物.结果 丁卡在正常眼复方脂质体的半衰期较游离药物延长1.8倍,在眼内炎眼延长3.4倍.地塞在正常眼复方脂质体半衰期较游离药物延长22.5倍,在眼内炎眼延长46.2倍.结论 丁卡地塞复方脂质体玻璃体内注射使丁卡和地塞两种药物的半衰期有明显延长.     

血培养瓶在眼内炎患者玻璃体标本细菌培养中的应用

目的对比研究采用血培养瓶和传统培养基对眼内炎患者玻璃体标本的细菌培养的方法及效果。方法回顾性分析我院2008年至2010年所诊治的眼内炎患者102例(102眼),平均年龄(35.6±8.5)岁。所有患者均行玻璃体切割术,术中收集玻璃体腔液样本,分别注入血培养瓶和肉汤管(传统培养基)中进行培养,对培养结果及阳性率进行统计分析。结果血培养瓶细菌培养阳性率为60.8%(62例),传统培养基细菌培养阳性率为31.4%(32例)。葡萄球菌是最常见的致病菌,两种培养基阳性率分别为24.19%(15/62)、25.00%(8/32)。结论将玻璃体腔液直接注入血培养瓶中进行细菌培养,操作方便,细菌培养阳性率高于传统培养方法,值得推广。     

内源性眼内炎的临床特征及治疗

目的：探讨内源性眼内炎的临床特征及治疗。方法：对2005/2011年所收治的内源性眼内炎患者8例进行常规眼科检查,取前房水及玻璃体标本涂片和培养,血培养。给予局部及全身抗菌药物治疗,行玻璃体注药或（和）玻璃体切割术。观察病变特点及治疗效果。结果：患者8例9眼中男6例7眼,女2例2眼,年龄45～78岁。患者可有前葡萄膜炎症表现,玻璃体炎性改变,5例患者病原菌培养阳性,3眼行玻璃体腔注射,6眼行玻璃体切割手术。经治疗,患者病情控制,6眼视力提高。结论：内源性眼内炎根据病史、危险因素、临床表现以及实验室检查等综合进行诊断。局部＋全身治疗可有效控制感染。     

16S rDNA测序技术对细菌性眼内炎房水和玻璃体标本中细菌的鉴别作用

背景 眼内炎是多种内眼手术的严重并发症,以往感染菌的确定多采用细菌培养和涂片染色法,但存在花费时间长和阳性率低的问题.16S rDNA是细菌染色体上编码rRNA的序列,利用16S rDNA分子测序技术检测细菌具有高度的特异性. 目的 利用16S rDNA测序技术对细菌性眼内炎房水和/或玻璃体标本中的感染菌进行鉴定,探讨该技术在眼部感染性炎症诊断中的作用.方法 收集2015年6-12月在青岛眼科医院临床诊断为细菌性眼内炎的患者5例5眼,抽取每例患者的房水0.1～0.2 ml或玻璃标体标本0.5 ～1.0ml,各取50 μl用于高通量测序,剩余标本行涂片检查和细菌培养.采用D3096-01微量DNA试剂盒提取标本中细菌DNA,对收集的标本DNA样品进行16S rRNA基因V3-V4区PCR扩增,应用MiSeq 300测序仪对扩增的16S rDNA高变区序列进行测序,分析标本中病原菌的分类组成、分布特点以及各病原菌在标本中的相对含量,取50 μl无RNA酶水于一次性无菌离心管内作为空白对照. 结果 共收集到5份房水或玻璃体标本,涂片染色结果阳性者2例,外伤性细菌性眼内炎为革兰阳性杆菌,滤过泡感染性细菌性眼内炎为革兰阴性杆菌,而细菌培养法结果均为阴性.16S rDNA测序技术发现,5例标本检测阳性率为100％.外伤性细菌性眼内炎标本中高丰度菌属为葡萄球菌属、链球菌属和假单胞菌属,分别占65.28％、18.90％和12.76％;白内障术后2d急性细菌性眼内炎患眼标本中高丰度菌属有假单胞菌属、不动杆菌属和Limnobacter菌属,分别占53.68％、8.62％和5.96％;滤过泡感染性细菌性眼内炎标本中高丰度菌属有莫拉菌属和假单胞菌属,分别占88.89％和9.52％;白内障术后22 d迟发性细菌性眼内炎标本中相对含量较高的菌属有假单胞菌属,占84.63％;白内障术后1d急性细菌性眼内炎患眼标本中相对含量较高的有假单胞菌属,占97.89％.结论 16S rDNA测序可准确鉴别眼内炎患者房水和玻璃体标本中的致病菌,该方法检测的阳性率明显高于传统的涂片染色法和细菌培养法.     

肝脓肿致内源性眼内炎的临床观察

目的:分析肝脓肿致内源性眼内炎的临床表现与治疗效果。方法:对我院2005/2010年诊治的因肝脓肿致内源性眼内炎7例(9眼)患者进行回顾性分析。所有患者取血或玻璃体标本行微生物培养;4眼行玻璃体切割术,2眼因全身状态差行玻璃体注药术,3眼因眼内炎表现较轻仅应用广谱抗生素治疗。结果:其中2眼以眼内炎为首诊,经全身检查后发现患有肝脓肿;4眼伴有糖尿病,1眼伴有糖耐量异常。血或玻璃体标本微生物培养阳性6眼(67%),其中肺炎克雷伯菌3眼,大肠埃希菌1眼,白色念珠菌2眼。经药物或手术治疗后,5眼获得手动及以上视力,1眼存有光感,3眼失明。结论:肝脓肿致眼内炎是一种严重危害视功能的眼科急症,及早就医、及时诊断、及时抗感染治疗是控制感染的最有效方法。玻璃体切割术联合抗生素治疗,有助于保存患者的部分视力。     

Management of Infectious Endophthalmitis

Diagnostic anterior chamber and vitreous aspiration confirmed an infectious etiology in 78 of 140 eyes (56%) with suspected endophthalmitis. In 27 eyes the vitreous aspirate was positive, while the anterior chamber aspirate was negative. Intraocular antibiotics were used in 88 eyes including 50 which underwent therapeutic vitrectomy. Vision of 20/20 to 20/400 was achieved in 57% of recently operated, culture-positive eyes treated with intraocular antibiotics, and in 59% of those treated with combined vitrectomy and intraocular antibiotics.