肿瘤疫苗在前列腺癌治疗中的研究进展

免疫治疗在过去十年中飞速发展,彻底改变了几种血液系统和实体恶性肿瘤的治疗格局,在前列腺癌(PCa)治疗中也被广泛探索,其中肿瘤疫苗更是免疫治疗中的研究热点。不过由于免疫微环境的复杂性及患者免疫系统的个体化差异,近年来PCa肿瘤疫苗的研究未能取得突破性进展。本研究旨在讨论PCa肿瘤微环境与免疫治疗发展的关系,总结了目前PCa肿瘤疫苗的相关研究进展,以及与其他疗法的联合应用的探讨,并对这种免疫学“冷”恶性肿瘤的疫苗未来研究方向进行了展望。     

刺激响应型聚合物在肿瘤免疫治疗方面的研究进展

肿瘤微环境刺激响应型聚合物是将肿瘤微环境独特的生理条件作为刺激因子,响应性发生结构或理化性质改变的一系列新型聚合物,具有生物相容性高、稳定性好、机体内可降解代谢、易于修饰等优点.在肿瘤治疗中,免疫治疗法以其突出的治疗效果和长效的免疫记忆而备受关注,将刺激响应型聚合物与肿瘤免疫治疗相结合有望成为肿瘤治疗的新策略.通过对肿...     

肿瘤免疫治疗研究中的机遇与挑战

科学技术的持续革新,带来了肿瘤治疗模式的转变.随着肿瘤免疫学、细胞生物学和分子生物学技术等研究不断深入,肿瘤免疫治疗在实验室研究和临床应用中蓬勃发展,成为继手术、化疗和放疗之后的第4种有效治疗肿瘤的方法.近几年,肿瘤免疫治疗已在多种肿瘤如黑色素瘤、非小细胞肺癌、肾癌和前列腺癌等实体瘤的治疗中展示出了明显的治疗效果.20...     

基于细胞的肿瘤免疫治疗研究进展

肿瘤的免疫治疗被认为是继手术、放疗、化疗之后,对肿瘤有明确效果的又一治疗方法.由于放疗、化疗在肿瘤治疗中带来严重的的不良反应,肿瘤免疫治疗的地位显得尤其重要,引起了人们的高度关注和重视,它的出现便成为该领域的研究热点.本文就基于细胞的免疫生物治疗在恶性肿瘤治疗方面的最新研究成果进行报道.     

恶性黑色素瘤的细胞免疫治疗研究进展

恶性黑色素瘤是一种恶性程度极高且发病率持续增长的肿瘤,对术后辅助放、化疗不敏感,预后较差。研究发现,恶性黑色素瘤为免疫原性较高的肿瘤,因此,肿瘤生物治疗得到广泛应用,细胞免疫治疗已成为恶性黑色素瘤个体化综合治疗的重要组成部分及研究热点。本文就恶性黑色素瘤的细胞免疫治疗研究进展作一综述。     

PD-1/PD-L1表达水平与结直肠癌患者预后的研究进展

结直肠癌(CRC)是常见的消化系统肿瘤。近年来,CRC的治疗已经从外科治疗为主、放化疗为辅的综合治疗转向精准化、个体化治疗,应运而生的免疫治疗也越来越受到重视。程序性细胞凋亡蛋白1(PD-1)及其配体(PD-L1)的信号通路在肿瘤的免疫治疗中起着至关重要的作用。国内外有大量研究聚焦于各类实体肿瘤的PD-1/PD-L1免疫抑制信号通路,但是对于在CRC中这一信号通路的调控机制,尤其是对于PD-1/PD-L1表达水平与CRC患者的预后关系尚未明确,本文就PD-1/PD-L1表达水平与结直肠癌患者预后的相关研究作一综述。     

姜黄素的免疫调节作用及其肿瘤免疫治疗的研究进展

癌症发病率逐年增长,且死亡率居高不下。肿瘤免疫治疗作为目前肿瘤治疗领域中最具前景的研究方向之一,其治疗手段主要包括过继性细胞治疗、免疫调节治疗、肿瘤疫苗治疗、分子靶向治疗等。姜黄素是姜黄中主要活性成分,主要通过抑制细胞增殖、诱导细胞凋亡、抑制肿瘤侵袭等机制发挥抗肿瘤功效。在免疫治疗领域,姜黄素通过调节机体的固有免疫系统、获得性免疫系统以及肿瘤相关分子的表达和活性达到抗肿瘤作用,并联合免疫检查点抑制剂、其他肿瘤免疫治疗方法用于肿瘤治疗。总结了姜黄素的免疫调节作用及其用于肿瘤免疫治疗的研究进展。     

肿瘤免疫治疗的反应模式

肿瘤的免疫治疗已经取得长足进步,其中免疫检查点抑制剂最常用且最受关注.随着临床的广泛应用,研究者们逐步发现肿瘤免疫治疗存在不同的反应模式,包括持久反应、假性进展、超进展、分离反应和耐药等.不同的反应模式预后相差大,相应的治疗策略也随之改变,临床使用中应仔细鉴别并及时调整治疗方案.该文主要介绍肿瘤免疫治疗各种反应模式的特...     

新生抗原在精准肿瘤免疫治疗中的研究进展

个体化精准医疗是肿瘤免疫治疗中非常重要的一部分。新生抗原是一类特异的存在于肿瘤细胞表面主要组织相容性复合物（major histocompatibility complex，MHC）上的抗原表位肽，经由突变的体细胞基因编码、转录和翻译而成的具有特异性氨基酸序列变异的抗原肽。肿瘤细胞的突变"千人千面"，根据新生抗原设计治疗方案，就会造成"一人一药"的"定制化"局面。基于新生抗原的个体化肿瘤疫苗疗法是对以PD-1/PD-L1抗体为代表的免疫药物疗法和以CAR-T为代表的免疫细胞疗法的发展。本文从新生抗原的发现过程、新生抗原疫苗在肿瘤免疫治疗方面的临床试验等进行了综述。     

肿瘤免疫治疗:进入最后冲剩

1987年,一篇关于高剂量白介素-2(IL-2)治疗肿瘤的文章的发表,敲开了肿瘤免疫治疗的大门.最近, <新英格兰医学杂志>中Finn等人的一篇关于肿瘤免疫学的综述以及Hunder等人的一项报告再次表明,免疫疗法治疗肿瘤是大有潜力的.     

食管鳞癌的肿瘤免疫微环境和免疫检查点抑制剂研究进展

食管鳞状细胞癌(esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, ESCC)是食管癌的主要组织学类型, 占全球病例的90%。尽管已经开展了广泛的研究和治疗, 但其预后仍较差。近年来, 抑制程序性死亡受体-1(programmed death-1, PD-1)或程序性死亡受体配体-1(programmed death ligand-1, PD-L1)的单抗在包含食管癌在内的多种恶性肿瘤中获得了较好的疗效。然而, 由于耐药性, 只有少数患者得到了临床获益。因此, 在临床中, 应明确能够精确预测的生物标志物, 以便进行个体化免疫治疗。由于肿瘤免疫微环境可能会影响患者对免疫检查点抑制剂的反应, 因此, 肿瘤免疫(如肿瘤细胞的PD-L1表达、肿瘤浸润性淋巴细胞、肿瘤相关巨噬细胞和髓系来源的肿瘤抑制细胞)在ESCC中值得进一步研究。本文综述了近年来有关ESCC中肿瘤免疫微环境和免疫检查点抑制剂的研究进展。     

嵌合抗原受体修饰T细胞治疗前列腺癌的研究进展

摘要：嵌合抗原受体修饰T细胞（CAR-T）是近年来免疫治疗的热点,在血液系统疾病的治疗中取得了显著的临床疗效。目前,CAR-T在前列腺癌（PCa）治疗的研究中也取得了较大进展,其中以前列腺特异性膜抗原（PSMA）和前列腺干细胞抗原（PSCA）为靶点的CAR-T治疗进展较快,其可显著抑制肿瘤细胞生长,一定程度地延缓疾病进展。本文综述了前列腺肿瘤相关抗原（TAA）在前列腺癌CAR-T治疗中的最新研究进展,并对CAR-T在前列腺癌治疗中的挑战予以简要探讨,以期为临床提供参考。     

Light-responsive nanomedicine for cancer immunotherapy

Immunotherapy emerged as a paradigm shift in cancer treatments, which can effectively inhibit cancer progression by activating the immune system. Remarkable clinical outcomes have been achieved through recent advances in cancer immunotherapy, including checkpoint blockades, adoptive cellular therapy, cancer vaccine, and tumor microenvironment modulation. However, extending the application of immunotherapy in cancer patients has been limited by the low response rate and side effects such as autoimmune toxicities. With great progress being made in nanotechnology, nanomedicine has been exploited to overcome biological barriers for drug delivery. Given the spatiotemporal control, light-responsive nanomedicine is of great interest in designing precise modality for cancer immunotherapy. Herein, we summarized current research utilizing light-responsive nanoplatforms to enhance checkpoint blockade immunotherapy, facilitate targeted delivery of cancer vaccines, activate immune cell functions, and modulate tumor microenvironment. The clinical translation potential of those designs is highlighted and challenges for the next breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy are discussed.     

Positron emission tomography for modeling pathophysiological processes in vivo

Positron emission tomography (PET) is a powerful tool for imaging and quantifying (patho)physiological processes in the human body. PET has been successfully used for staging diseases and evaluating response to treatment. Furthermore, PET may contribute to drug development and individualized treatment planning. This article reviews the use of several PET tracers in drug development and their clinical application in the fields of neurology, oncology and cardiology.     

Radiolabeled nucleosides for predicting and monitoring the cancer therapeutic efficacy of chemodrugs

Uncontrolled cell proliferation is an important hallmark of cancer. Cancer treatment with cytostatic chemodrugs usually results in insignificant changes in tumor size, and thus limits the applications of anatomical imaging modalities for determining the therapeutic efficacy. Positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with cell proliferation probes to assess the clinical outcome during or soon after treatment is becoming acceptable. At present, monitoring DNA synthetic pathways with radiolabeled nucleoside probes that are essential for cell proliferation has been considered a more specific approach to predict tumor response. Among the four nucleosides, thymidine analogues, such as (18)F-FLT, have undergone years of development for clinical practice, while cytidine, adenosine and guanosine analogues receive less attention. Recently, several literatures have demonstrated that PET imaging with radiolabeled cytidine and adenosine analogues may have potential to evaluate immune response after chemotherapy, and may enable the prognosis forecast. In this review, we summarize the results of recent preclinical and clinical studies regarding using radiolabeled nucleoside analogues for predicting and monitoring tumor response in cancer treatment. The preparation protocols of these nucleoside scintigraphic probes are also described.     

Can PET imaging facilitate optimization of cancer therapies?

Positron emission tomography (PET) has become an indispensable tool in the study of cancer biology, as well as in the clinical management of patients with cancer. Quantitative measurements of tracer accumulation enable researchers to detect tumor changes much earlier than by conventional imaging modalities. 1?F-FDG has been widely utilized for staging and restaging of cancer, evaluation of response to the treatment, and assessment of prognosis; however, recently target-specific PET tracers have raised even more attention. This overview discusses the current status of PET imaging in optimization of cancer therapies in preclinical and clinical studies.     

热疗在直肠癌治疗中的研究进展

热疗通常与放化疗结合用于肿瘤的治疗.近年来,免疫疗法和热疗开创了令人振奋的新局面,已成为当今流行的研究领域.本文主要通过阐述热疗的抗肿瘤机制,并分析热疗与放化疗、免疫治疗联合应用发挥作用的原理以及在直肠癌中的治疗效果,进而提出热疗在直肠癌临床应用中面临的问题及未来的发展前景.     

肿瘤药物基因组学研究进展

药物基因组学对于解释药物反应的个体差异及开展个体化用药具有重要意义。近年来药物基因组学新技术在肿瘤药物治疗方面的进展和应用鉴定出多种影响肿瘤药物治疗的遗传变异,深刻影响肿瘤治疗的药物研发及个体化治疗。本文通过举例说明近期肿瘤药物基因组学重要研究进展的临床应用评价及面临的挑战,对肿瘤药物基因组学的发展及其临床应用进行综述。     

Research progress of the engagement of inorganic nanomaterials in cancer immunotherapy

Cancer has attracted widespread attention from scientists for its high morbidity and mortality, posing great threats to people’s health. Cancer immunotherapy with high specificity, low toxicity as well as triggering systemic anti-tumor response has gradually become common in clinical cancer treatment. However, due to the insufficient immunogenicity of tumor antigens peptides, weak ability to precisely target tumor sites, and the formation of tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment, the efficacy of immunotherapy is often limited. In recent years, the emergence of inorganic nanomaterials makes it possible for overcoming the limitations mentioned above. With self-adjuvant properties, high targeting ability, and good biocompatibility, the inorganic nanomaterials have been integrated with cancer immunotherapy and significantly improved the therapeutic effects.     

Technologies for translational imaging using generators in oncology

Improvement of scintigraphic tumor imaging is extensively determined by the development of more tumor specific radiopharmaceuticals. Thus, to improve the differential diagnosis, prognosis, planning and monitoring of cancer treatment, several functional pharmaceuticals have been developed. The application of molecular targets for cancer imaging, therapy and prevention using generator-produced isotopes is the major focus of many ongoing research projects. Radionuclide imaging modalities (single photon emission computed tomography, SPECT; positron emission tomography, PET) are diagnostic cross-sectional imaging techniques that map the location and concentration of radionuclide-labeled radiotracers. Generator produced isotopes, such as 99mTc and 68Ga, are readily available and affordable. 99mTc (t1/2=6 hr; 140 keV) is used for SPECT and 68Ga (t1/2=68 min; 511 keV, 89%) is used for PET. 99mTc- and 68Ga-labeled agents using various chelators have been synthesized and their potential uses to assess tumor targets have been evaluated. Molecular targets labeled with 99mTc and 68Ga can be utilized for the prediction of therapeutic response, monitoring tumor response to treatment and aiding in the differential diagnosis of tumor versus non-tumor tissue. Molecular targets for oncological research in (1) cell apoptosis, (2) gene and nucleic acid-based approach, (3) angiogenesis (4) tumor hypoxia, and (5) metabolic imaging are discussed. Numerous imaging ligands in these categories have been developed and evaluated in animals and humans. Molecular targets were imaged and their potential to redirect optimal cancer diagnosis and therapeutics was demonstrated.